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A taxonomic revision of the flowering plant genus Gaultheria (Ericaceae) in the Gaoligong Shan region of western Yunnan Province and extreme southeastern Xizang Province (Tibet) in China, and eastern Kachin State in northern Myanmar (Burma), is presented. Twenty-four species, three of which (G. bryoides, G. notabilis, and G. pseudonotabilis) are en...
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... (Chipwi Township); Figure 25. Outside of GLGS: Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Tai- wan, Yunnan [Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam]. ...
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Citations
... As a traditional medicinal plant, Gaultheria nummularioides D. Don 1825 is often used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (Luo et al. 2018). This species is a small shrub predominantly distributed in alpine meadows from 1300 to 4600 m in China (mainly in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region [HHM] in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet), as well as in other regions in Southeast Asia (Fritsch et al. 2008). It is morphologically distinct from most other Gaultheria species from the HHM region based on characteristics such as growth habit and leaf and corolla indumentum (Middleton 1991). ...
Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don 1825 (Ericaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The complete chloroplast genome of G . nummularioides has been sequenced and assembled. The genome is 176,207 bp in total with one large single copy (LSC: 107,726 bp), one small single copy (SSC: 3,389 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb; each 32,546 bp). The chloroplast genome encoded a total of 110 unique genes; the GC content of these genes is 36.6%. The results based on phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome suggests that G. nummularioides diverged later than G. praticola , the sister relationship between G. nummularioides and the clade comprising G. fragrantissima Wall. 1820 and G. hookeri C.B. Clarke 1882 was strongly supported. This study provides additional information on the genetic diversity of G . nummularioides , its closely related taxa, and further exploration of chloroplast genomes in the Ericaceae family.
... The latter occurs south of the Yangtze River Basin and was distinguished from G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis only by its glandular-hirsute twigs, petioles, leaf margins, and inflorescences (Fritsch et al., 2008). ...
... Another variety in mainland China with taxonomic controversy is G. leucocarpa var. pingbienensis, collected from Pingbian County, Yunnan Province (barcode KUN 1208603). This variety was differentiated by coriaceous elliptical leaves but treated as a synonym of G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis by Fang and Stevens (2005) . Fritsch et al. (2008) placed G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis in the synonymy of G. leucocarpa var. pingbienensis because they considered these to be the same variety and the varietal epithet pingbienensis has nomenclatural priority over the varietal epithet yunnanensis. In the description of Hsu (1981), no diagnostic characters for G. leucocarpa var. pingbien ...
Gaultheria leucocarpa and its varieties form a clade of aromatic shrubs that is widely distributed in subtropical and East Asian tropical regions. The group is taxonomically difficult and in need of thorough taxonomic investigation. This study focused on taxonomic delimitation within the G. leucocarpa group from mainland China. Field surveys
covering the distributional range of G. leucocarpa in mainland China were conducted, wherein four populations from Yunnan and one from Hunan were found bearing morphological and habitat differences. A 63-species phylogenetic tree of Gaultheria based on one nuclear and three chloroplast markers that included samples from the G. leucocarpa group was reconstructed with maximum likelihood to clarify the monophyly of the G. leucocarpa group. Taxonomic relationships among populations were investigated with morphology and population genetics, the latter by using two chloroplast
genes and two low-copy nuclear genes. Based on the sum of morphological and genetic analyses, we described three species of Gaultheria as new to science, clarified the taxonomic status of G. leucocarpa var. pingbienensis, elevating it to the species level, and resurrected G. crenulata and treated the varieties G. leucocarpa var.
crenulata, and G. leucocarpa var. yunnanensis as synonyms of this species. We provide a key to the five species now recognized, along with descriptions and photographs.
... clade. Literature- Kress et al. 2003, Fang & Stevens 2005, Fritsch et al. 2008. Notes-Because no holotype was indicated in the protologue of Gaultheria fragrantissima, the selection of a lectotype is warranted. ...
... clade. Literature- Kress et al. 2003, Fang & Stevens 2005, Fritsch et al. 2008(including G. stapfiana Airy Shaw (1952 Shaw 1941, Kress et al. 2003, Fang & Stevens 2005, Fritsch et al. 2008 Shrubs or trees 1-5 m tall. Branchlets flexuous, when young brown in sicco, narrowly 3-winged, 2.2-5.0 mm wide, glabrous; overwintering floral buds ovoid. ...
... clade. Literature- Kress et al. 2003, Fang & Stevens 2005, Fritsch et al. 2008(including G. stapfiana Airy Shaw (1952 Shaw 1941, Kress et al. 2003, Fang & Stevens 2005, Fritsch et al. 2008 Shrubs or trees 1-5 m tall. Branchlets flexuous, when young brown in sicco, narrowly 3-winged, 2.2-5.0 mm wide, glabrous; overwintering floral buds ovoid. ...
An updated list of the species of Gaultheria (Ericaceae) from Myanmar is presented, with additions and corrections to a previously published list. Gaultheria natmataungensis, a new species from Natma Taung National Park, Chin State, Myanmar, is described and illustrated. It is the only species of Gaultheria endemic to the country. Additionally, G. griffithiana var. insignis is raised to the rank of species (G. insignis), and G. insignis and G. suborbicularis are newly recorded for Myanmar. Photographs of living plants of G. insignis are included, along with an updated description and illustration that incorporate new morphological data, including the first documentation of floral characters. Lectotypes are provided for G. fragrantissima, G. insignis, and G. nummularioides. A key to the species is provided. The number of Gaultheria species recorded from Myanmar is 24.
... As a traditional medicinal plant, Gaultheria nummularioides D. Don 1825 is often used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (Luo et al. 2018). This species is a small shrub predominantly distributed in alpine meadows from 1300 to 4600 m in China (mainly in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region (HHM) in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet), as well as in other regions in Southeast Asia (Fritsch et al. 2008). It is morphologically distinct from most other species from the HHM region based on characteristics such as growth habit and leaf and corolla indumentum (Middleton 1991). ...
Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don 1825 (Ericaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The complete chloroplast genome of G . nummularioides has been sequenced and assembled. The genome is 176,207 bp in total with one large single copy (LSC: 107,726 bp), one small single copy (SSC: 3,389 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb; each 32,546 bp). The chloroplast genome encoded a total of 110 unique genes; the GC content of these genes is 36.6%. The results based on phylogenetic analysis confirmed that G. nummularioides diverged later than G. praticola , and the sister-group relationship between G. nummularioides and the clade comprising G. fragrantissima Wall. 1820 and G. hookeri C.B.Clarke 1882 was strongly supported, revealing the phylogenetic position of G . nummularioides . This work provides additional information for studying the genetic diversity of G . nummularioides and its closely related taxa, as well as further exploration of chloroplast genomes in the Ericaceae family.
... The morphological characters of the taxon based on sampled populations are consistent with the original description of G. cumingiana given by Vidal (Elmer, 1911) but the description in this present study is more detailed. It is generally consistent with the descriptions for G. leucocarpa and its varieties given in Sleumer (1957), Fang andStevens (2005) andFritsch et al. (2008) but with some distinctions. The leaves of our specimen are smaller (3.3-6.9 × 1.9-4.6 cm) compared to 4-14.5 × 2-6.5 cm in the earlier descriptions. ...
... Calyx and corolla are larger in this study compared to previous descriptions (calyx: 3-4 mm long vs 2.5 mm in Sleumer and 1.5 in Fang and Stevens; corolla: 5-8 × 7-8 mm vs 3.5-4 × 3-4 mm in Sleumer and 6-7 mm in Fang and Stevens). Lastly, the fruit diameter recorded in this study is more variable (3-18 mm, smaller and larger) than the previous descriptions (9-11 mm in 4-7 mm in Fang andStevens, 2005 andFritsch et al., 2008). The differences of G. cumingiana documented in this study compared with the earlier descriptions of G. leucocarpa support the results of Powell and Kron (2001) which found samples of G. cumingiana to be not closely related with G. leucocarpa in the matK analysis; and, the distinct pollen structures of G. cumingiana compared to G. leucocarpa in Lu et al. (2009). ...
Gaultheria leucocarpa var. cumingiana (S.Vidal) T.Z.Hsu was long been treated as a variety but recent evidences on its matK analysis and pollen structure showed a distinct species. To verify this, we revisited its taxonomic treatment using field data on its morpho-anatomical and ecological characters. The taxon is distinct from G. leucocarpa and its varieties with its smaller leaves, larger calyx and corolla, red to purple or blackish fruit at maturity, distinct pollen structures and distinct in matK analysis; hence, we are proposing the alteration as Gaultheria cumingiana Vidal to be recognized as a distinct species and not just a variety of G. leucocarpa. Additionally, we presented its detailed anatomical features that shows a typical dicot shade leaf with well-defined air spaces and unusually high abaxial stomatal density, eustele stem and protostele root anatomy. The ecological characters of the plant are also presented in terms of edaphic factors, biodiversity indices and surrounding floral species. Elevation and shading emerged as the major factors contributing to the distribution of the taxon showing a narrow elevation range at high altitude and preference for shading particularly at lower elevation populations but higher elevated populations can tolerate full sunlight. These information are important baseline for conservation and better understanding of the unique but understudied flora of the Cordillera Central Range.
... Gaultheria griffithiana Wight belongs to the Leucothoides clade of Gaultheria of the tribe Gaultherieae within Ericaceae (Lu et al. 2019), which has been indigenously of use to treat rheumatism and anti-inflammatories due to containing benzoic acid derivatives, anthraquinones and alkaloids (Liu et al. 2013). As an evergreen shrub, G. griffithiana has a unique geographical distribution in the junction of eastern Himalaya and Hengduan Mountain including northeast India, Indochina (Myanmar, Vietnam), and southwest China, with elevations ranging from 2000 m to 3600 m (Fang and Stevens 2005;Fritsch et al. 2008). Based on the combined data of multiple genes from ITS and plastid loci, G. griffithiana was not monophyletic in the Leucothoides clade and its phylogenetic position was unresolved in the work of Lu et al. (2010). ...
Gaultheria griffithiana is an evergreen shrub in the family Ericaceae. It is used as a source of the Chinese traditional medicine, Tougucao, with distribution of the junction of eastern Himalaya and Hengduan Mountain. The chloroplast genome of G. griffithiana is 175,649 bp in length with 135 genes, including eight rRNA genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 85 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis has converged on the placement of G. griffithiana as sister to G. praticola, G. nummularioides, and G. hookeri within the Leucothoides clade of Gaultheria in this study.
... Flowering and fruiting of the species seems year-round, at least represented by the var. leucocarpa f. scandens (Argent 2008;Fang 1999;Fang and Stevens 2005;Fritsch et al. 2008;Pelser et al. 2011onwards;Sleumer 1957Sleumer , 1967Watthana 2015) (Figs. 1 and 2). ...
... The group has been taxonomically challenging because of the relatively few collections available for study (at least until recently), the fact that fruits, recently understood to harbor important taxonomic characters, are poorly preserved on herbarium specimens, and the difficulty in field accessibility of these plants due to the challenging environmental conditions and remote locations in which they occur. Fritsch et al. (2008) postulated that the considerably high morphological variation within some species that appear to intergrade with other sympatric http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.01.015 1055-7903/Ó 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ...
... Subsequent taxonomic work has revealed that taxonomic characters such as leaf shape, leaf size, and corolla shape employed in the previous treatments (e.g., Fang and Stevens, 2005) are of little significance in species delimitation, whereas other previously neglected characters, including the number of leaf marginal teeth (setae), calyx lobe shape and size, and various characters of the fruit are valuable (Fritsch et al., 2015a;Lu et al., 2010). On this basis, a number of new species have now been described, either as completely new taxa or as former varieties raised to the species level, and the circumscription of many species have been clarified (Fritsch et al., 2008(Fritsch et al., , 2015a(Fritsch et al., , 2015b(Fritsch et al., , 2016. Other plants still known only from herbarium specimens, or only in flower or fruit, likely represent further undescribed species in the group. ...
... To assess the systematic significance of morphological characters in Gaultheria ser. Trichophyllae and reveal the extent of convergent evolution, 10 characters previously suggested having diagnostic importance and taxonomic utility in the series were selected for analysis, i.e., habit, presence of puberulence on the lamina midvein adaxial-basally, presence of setose trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade, calyx lobe trichome presence, corolla color, corolla shape, anther theca awn number, fruiting calyx openness, fruiting calyx color, and capsule color (Fang and Stevens, 2005;Fritsch et al., 2008;Lu et al., 2010;Middleton, 1991;Xu, 1981; Table 2). Characters were scored from literature sources, herbarium specimens, and field observations (Table 1). ...
Gaultheria series Trichophyllae Airy Shaw is an angiosperm clade of high-alpine shrublets endemic to the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains and characterized by recent species divergence and convergent character evolution that has until recently caused much confusion in species circumscription. Although multiple DNA sequence regions have been employed previously, phylogenetic relationships among species in the group have remained largely unresolved. Here we examined the effectiveness of plastid genome for improving phylogenetic resolution within the G. series Trichophyllae clade. Plastid genomes of 31 samples representing all 19 recognized species of the series and three outgroup species were sequenced with Illumina Sequencing. Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic analyses were performed with various datasets, i.e., that from the whole plastid genome, coding regions, noncoding regions, large single-copy region (LSC) and inverted-repeat region a (IRa). The partitioned whole plastid genome with inverted-repeat region b (IRb) excluded was also analyzed with ML and BI. Tree topologies based on the whole plastid genome, noncoding regions, and LSC region datasets across all analyses, and that based on the partitioned dataset with ML and BI analyses, are identical and generally strongly supported. Gaultheria series Trichophyllae form a clade with three species and one variety that is sister to a clade of the remaining 16 species; the latter comprises seven main subclades. Interspecific relationships within the series are strongly supported except for those based on the coding-region and IRa-region datasets. Eight divergence hotspot regions, each possessing > 5% percent variable sites, were screened across the whole plastid genome of the 28 individuals sampled in the series. Results of morphological character evolution reconstruction diagnose several clades, and a hypothesis of adaptive evolution for plant habit is postulated.
... Gaultheria Kalm ex L. (Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae) comprises about 135 species distributed primarily in eastern Asia, Malesia, and the Americas (Fritsch et al. 2008). Th e genus is generally defi ned by the combination of an evergreen habit, the presence of methyl salicylate, and a fl eshy fruiting calyx, although the latter two features have been lost in various species. ...
... Th e series was recognized in the most recent global revised classifi cation of Gaultheria (Middleton 1991) and is strongly supported as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic studies (Bush et al. 2009, Lu et al. 2010, Fritsch et al. 2011. Recent fi eld expeditions to the mountains fl anking the Salween (Nu) River in far western Yunnan Province by the fi rst two authors and others have uncovered a number of new species in this series (Fritsch et al. 2008(Fritsch et al. , 2015a(Fritsch et al. , 2015b). An expedition to western Sichuan Province was undertaken in September 2011 in an attempt to locate populations of possible new Gaultheria species based on the collections of S. Y. Hu made in the 1940 ' s. ...
... Gaultheria marronina is easily distinguished from all others in Gaultheria series Trichophyllae by several distinctive characters. Its consistently maroon capsule alone distinguishes it from all species of the series except for G. bryoides , a species from the Adung Valley of northern Myanmar (Fritsch et al. 2008) In addition to the capsule color, Gaultheria marronina and G. bryoides share elliptic, slightly rhombic, or slightly obovate leaf blades with sparse white puberulence proximally on the midvein, narrowly deltoid and eciliolate calyx lobes, anthers with 1 awn per theca, and fruits with a white mature calyx. However, G. marronina is distinguished from G. bryoides by many other characters, i.e. stem setae 0.34 -0.50 mm long (vs 0.20 -0.24 mm), petioles 0.4 -0.6 mm long (vs 0.2 -0.4 mm), leaf blades 5.1 -6.2 ϫ 2.1 -3.1 mm (vs 2 -3 ϫ 1.2 -1.6 mm), leaf blade marginal teeth (setae) 3 to 6 per side (versus 0 to 3 per side), overwintering fl ower bud pedicels 0.6 -0.8 mm long (vs 0.1 -0.2 mm), overwintering fl owering buds 0.9 -1.3 ϫ 0.6 -1.0 mm (vs 0.7 -0.9 ϫ 0.5 -0.6 mm), calyx lobes 2.2 -3.0 mm long (vs 1.5 -2.0 mm), and a fl eshy calyx that is subglobose-cupuliform and usually slightly open, 5 -8 ϫ 6 -8 mm, with a truncate base in outline (versus globose and closed, 4 -6 ϫ 4 -6 mm, and a rounded base). ...
Gaultheria marronina, a new species from the Hengduan Mountain chain of western Sichuan Province, China, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to G. bryoides P. W. Fritsch & L. H. Zhou from the Gaoligong Mountains in its white fleshy calyx with a maroon capsule but differs in its stem setae 0.34-0.50 mm long, petioles 0.4-0.6 mm long, leaf blades 5.1-6.2 × 2.1-3.1 mm, overwintering flower bud pedicels 0.6-0.8 mm long, calyx lobes 2.2-3.0 mm long, and usually slightly open fruiting calyx, among other characters. The species is known only from two widely separated unprotected populations and is categorized as endangered.
... Various subsequent taxonomic additions and other changes (see, e.g., Xu 1981;Long 1988;Fang and Stevens 2005;Fritsch et al. 2008) have resulted in the current recognition of ten species. Fritsch et al. (2008) considered G. hypochlora Airy series Trichophyllae on the basis of its 1-flowered inflorescences (versus several-flowered), 5-parted corolla (versus 4parted), and blue fruiting calyx (versus red or white), among other characters differentiating the two sections. Because of a similar overall size and other characters, and because they often grow together, the identities of G. albiflora and G. eciliata (S.J.Rae & D.G. ...
... Long in Long (1988: 334) but these plants are in fact G. albiflora, as are the other duplicates of these collections. The illustration of G. eciliata in Fritsch et al. 2008: Fig. 13 is a mixture of G. albiflora and G. eciliata. Gaultheria albiflora is illustrated in subfigures 13C-F (C and E are drawn from the duplicate of Yü 19877 at E), and F is drawn from the image of the living fruit in Fig. 14 of Fritsch et al. (2008; the caption erroneously states that 13F is based on the CAS specimen of Gaoligong Shan Biodiversity Survey 16874). ...
... The illustration of G. eciliata in Fritsch et al. 2008: Fig. 13 is a mixture of G. albiflora and G. eciliata. Gaultheria albiflora is illustrated in subfigures 13C-F (C and E are drawn from the duplicate of Yü 19877 at E), and F is drawn from the image of the living fruit in Fig. 14 of Fritsch et al. (2008; the caption erroneously states that 13F is based on the CAS specimen of Gaoligong Shan Biodiversity Survey 16874). Gaultheria eciliata in figures 13A-B in that work is drawn from the duplicate of Gaoligong Shan Biodiversity Survey 16874 at CAS. Figure 14 in Fritsch et al. (2008), showing a fruit image, is indicated as G. eciliata but is in fact G. albiflora. ...
Expeditions to the Gaoligong Mountains and Biluo Snow Mountains in western Yunnan Province, China have uncovered new taxonomic information about the species of Gaultheria series Trichophyllae (Ericaceae) that are known to occur in these ranges. Based on these data, we describe two species as new to science (G. ciliisepala and G. stenophylla) and elevate four varieties (Chiogenes suborbicularis var. albiflorus, G. sinensis vars. crassifolia and major, and G. trichophylla var. obovata) to the species level (as G. albiflora, G. crassifolia, G. major, and G. obovata, respectively). We provide a lectotype and a revised description for G. eciliata because the type was discovered to also include individuals of G. albiflora. Similarly, we provide a lectotype and a revised description for G. sinensis because the type was discovered to also include an individual of G. crassifolia; moreover, the protologue of G. sinensis includes paratypes of three other species. Illustrations and photographic images of living plants in the field are included for all species. Our additions and changes raise the number of species recognized in G. series Trichophyllae from 10 to 16, with more to be expected as the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains are further surveyed for these plants.
