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Distribution map of Abies guatemalensis forests (black dots) in Guatemala , with the location of the two nurseries (black arrow), and the origin of the nine provenances studied (with Department ): MA, Mataquescuintla (Jalapa ); EP, El Eden Palestina de los Altos (Quetzaltenango); BA, Buenos Aires (San Marcos); TO, Totonicapán (Totonicapán ); SL, Sibilia La Laguna (Quetzaltenango ); VB, San Vicente Buenabaj (Quetzaltenango); JO, San José Ojetenan (San Marcos); PC, Puerta del Cielo (Huehuetenango); and IX, Ixchiguán (San Marcos).
Source publication
Conservation through utilization is a controversial strategy that deserves more attention from researchers and practitioners. This case study focuses on Abies guatemalensis, a Vulnerable Mesoamerican conifer that is illegally used for timber, shingles, charcoal and Christmas tree production. Conservation of the remnant populations would preserve so...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... upper montane forests of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2007). For a morphological, taxonomic and ecological review of the species, see Strandby Andersen et al. (2006). In Guatemala A. guatemalensis occurs in a total of c. 26,000 ha in montane areas at altitudes of 2,200-3,600 m (Fig. 1). Density is usually low and the species is dominant only in about 4% of the forests in which it occurs; most stands are fragmented and relatively small (c. 500 ha). Germination of A. guatema- lensis is low. In a nusery experiment we found a mean percentage germination of only 3.8% for nine populations (Fig. 2), and germination in the ...
Context 2
... 26% had no particular preference among the two types. Plastic trees were favoured by 18%, imported Abies trees by 4%, and a group consisting of mainly Pinus and Cupressus Percentage germination (columns, n 5 2,000 seeds per provenance) and mean -SE seedling height (solid circles, n 5 50-750 seedlings) of nine provenances of Abies guatemalensis ( Fig. 1) after 14 weeks in two nurseries at 2,300 and 2,900 m. Percentage germination and seedling height for the two nurseries were pooled because there were no significant differences between them. Order of prove- nances is by increasing altitude (2,600- 3,381 m). Provenance abbreviations as 2002-2005. species constituted 12% (U. Strandby ...
Context 3
... quality of Abies species is important in Christmas tree cultivation because of the short rotation system and high value of the crop. Provenance analysis of Abies spp. PLATE 1 Abies guatemalensis plantation (1.8 ha) in El Eden Palestina de los Altos (at 2,600 m) in the Department of Quetzaltenango (Fig. 1). This plantation produces c. 500 high quality Christmas trees annually, with intensive management. has shown marked differences in growth, number of saleable trees and economic return (Arnold et al., 1994;Madsen, 1994;Hansen et al., 2004). Hence, identifying good provenances is a successful way to improve product quality and thereby ...
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Khinghan fir (Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.) is the most common species among the conifers of Primorsky Krai. It plays an important role in forest consumption. However, forest fires and logging lead to a reduction in the range of this species. Thanks to the use of growth stimulants, it is possible to accelerate the restoration of the Far Easte...
Citations
... Anderson's behavioral model of health services use (BM) (Phase 5) was applied as a conceptual framework in this research study, as shown in Fig. 1. The fth phase of the model stresses that health services use is best accomplished by focusing on contextual and individual determinants (20). ...
Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in older adults with hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia increases the risks of cardiovascular diseases by 2.5 times and type 2 diabetes by five times. This study aimed to explain the multilevel relationships between health service system factors and individual-level factors influencing the control of MetS among older adults with NCDs receiving health care services at the NCD Clinic Plus of hospitals in 1 year.
Methods
This cross-sectional analytical study employed a systematic sampling method to have two groups of samples from 4 regions of Thailand: 1) 600 older adults having at least one diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia and receiving services at NCDs Clinic Plus and 2) 12 nurses in charging of the NCDs Clinic Plus at the hospitals providing services to these patient samples. Data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression analysis.
Results
Only 24% of older adults with NCDs could control their MetS within one year. Receiving service from NCDs Clinic Plus at the hospitals providing complete MetS screening was significantly correlated with the MetS control (OR = 1.76, 95% CI [1.06, 2.92]). Older adults who were female and who had polypharmacy had a 66% (OR = .34, 95% CI [.22, .53]) and a 54% (OR = .46, 95% CI [.29 − .71]) reduction chance in MetS control. Older adults, who were ≥ 80 years old, labor-employed, healthy dietary patterns, and medication adherence increased chances of controlling MetS by 2.38 times (95% CI [1.12, 5.05]), 2.14 times (95% CI [1.03, 4.42]), 1.61 times (95% CI [1.06–2.46]), and 3.18 times (95% CI [1.51, 6.70]), respectively.
Conclusion
Health service provision at the NCD Clinic Plus should include MetS screening, polypharmacy assessment, dietary pattern assessment, and following-up on medication adherence every time older adults with NCDs come for the services. Especially to control the MetS in older adults with NCDs having high risks for MetS, the service should pay particular attention to those who are female, labor-employed, and take polypharmacy.
... To address the national demand for Christmas trees, Guatemalan fir plantations were established in the 1990s, which not only mitigated the impact on natural forests but also contributed to species conservation. The cultivation of Guatemalan fir has emerged as an effective conservation strategy rooted in sustainable utilization (Strandby et al., 2006;Strandby et al., 2008). ...
... En los años 90 se establecieron plantaciones de pinabete para satisfacer la demanda de árboles navideños a nivel nacional, lo que redujo el impacto sobre los bosques naturales y contribuyó a la conservación de la especie. El cultivo de pinabete ha demostrado ser una estrategia de conservación efectiva basada en el aprovechamiento sostenible (Strandby et al., 2006;Strandby et al., 2008). ...
... Uno de los principales retos de las plantaciones de pinabete es el control de plagas forestales como áfidos (Mindarus sp.), la fumagina (Capnodium sp.) causada por excreciones de áfidos y la pudrición de raíz por Phytophthora. En los últimos años, se ha reportado una nueva plaga que está afectando significativamente las plantaciones: el "alga verde" del pinabete (Strandby et al., 2008;INAB, 2018). Esta se reconoce por una cobertura polvosa de color verde que se forma sobre el tronco, las hojas y puede llegar a cubrir ramas completas. ...
In recent years, a new pest has been reported in Guatemalan fir (Abies guatemalensis) plantations, a biofilm of microorganisms known as “green algae”. The objective of this research was to identify the algae and fungi that make up the biofilm growing on Guatemalan fir leaves. Leaf samples were collected from three locations where the biofilm has been reported, and the algae and fungi present on the leaves were isolated. Microorganisms were cultured in vitro and identified by light microscopy; in the case of fungi, DNA extraction and amplification of the ITS region were also performed. Four algae of the genera Desmococcus, Klebsormidium and the class Trebouxiophyceae, and 11 fungi of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Trichoderma and Ulocladium were identified from 120 leaves of 15 trees. It was concluded that the biofilm affecting Guatemalan fir plantations in Guatemala is composed of several species of epiphytic algae and fungi, which may vary according to the locality. The factors affecting the richness of microorganisms in the biofilm and their symbiotic relationship still need to be addressed.
... Sáenz-Romero et al. [34] reported elevational-related genetic variation among Pinus oocarpa populations. Andersen et al. [59] observed differences in growth traits (number of secondary branches and seedling height), which were caused by differences in abiotic factors, in nine provenances of Abies guatemalensis. Castellanos-Acuña et al. [60] showed that the mean temperature of the coldest month and an aridity index are strongly related to the genetic adaptation of Mexican tree species. ...
The distributions of the three Mexican spruces are fragmented, possibly leading to phenological, morphological and genetic differentiation, which is partly caused by local adaptation. In this study, we estimated for the first time the intra- and inter-specific phenotypic variation in 5641 seedlings from provenances of the three Mexican spruces. We examined (i) provenance-related differences in the seedling survival rate, diameter (D), height (H) and seed weight (SW) as quantitative traits, (ii) the association between the survival rate, D, H and SW and climatic and soil variables in the Picea provenances and (iii) (narrow-sense) heritability (within-provenance) based on D and H under the same nursery conditions, assuming that the response can be considered as a proxy for quantitative genetic differentiation between provenances. All Mexican spruce species differed significantly in H, and all eight provenances studied were significantly different in D and H, except for two neighboring provenances of P. mexicana. Very strong, significant correlations (up to R2 = 0.96) were found between H, the survival rate and SW with respect to environmental factors of provenance/seed origin. Additionally, the heritability index explained a high percentage of the provenance-related variance. The use of germplasm for restoration in different sites and with different populations requires collecting seeds from numerous trees from as many provenances as possible, but should be carried out with caution owing to the apparently strong local adaptation in provenances of the Mexican spruces.
... Domestication and the fate of genetic resources in cultivation over-harvesting, has been widely assumed (e.g. Lambert et al., 1997;Lange, 1998;Strandby-Andersen et al., 2008) and at first sight it would appear intuitive. With rare exceptions (e.g. ...
(Full document can be obtained via: http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb2488en)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Products and services derived from trees in forests, on farmland and within other landscapes provide benefits to hundreds of millions of people in the tropics, but these benefits from the trees and their genetic resources have not been well quantified. This is the case, in part, because trade often takes place outside formal markets; there are a multiplicity of species, product sources and ways in which trees are used; and the value of genetic diversity within tree species has not been properly considered.
This study reviews what is known about the value of trees for tropical rural communities and considers the following:
• Non-timber products harvested from trees in natural and managed forests and woodlands.
• The various products and services obtained from trees planted and/or retained in agroforestry systems.
• The commercial products of tree commodity crops.
The study focuses, where possible, on the role of intra-specific genetic variation in determining the value of trees in supporting livelihoods in each of the above three contexts. The more systematic, standardized approaches to quantifying non-timber forest product (NTFP) value applied in the last decade or so have illustrated the importance of NTFPs for marginalized households and for women’s incomes. Analyses of wild tree foods from forests have considered the diversity of foods available but have also shown that availability does not necessarily mean that humans consume these foods. In the tropics, significant changes in fruit properties have taken place in many fruit trees over several millennia be- cause of human selection that better conforms to the communities’ food needs. Knowledge of these changes can help guide future domestications.
To improve the lives of rural people through NTFP harvesting, they need technical sup- port in harvesting and processing, business support to establish enterprises, and they need market information to be shared, among other interventions. The ecological implications and genetic aspects of NTFP harvesting regarding productivity, sustainability, etc. have received limited attention and require further research.
Database searches indicate a wide range of agroforestry tree products (AFTPs) such as timber, medicine and fuel, which are commonly mentioned. Examples that show larger benefits from having trees on farms are soil fertility replenishment, timber production and fodder provision. There are specific opportunities to bring into cultivation food trees through participatory domestication methods, making use of the great biological diversity found within and between indigenous fruit tree species in tropical regions, and improving human diets by filling nutritional gaps.
Human-driven climate change and forest displacement mean that tree products and services will in future be sourced increasingly from farms. Key constraints to agroforestry, however, must be addressed in policies, markets, and in developing and delivering appropriate high-quality tree planting material and farm management methods. Delivery systems should involve small-scale, local, entrepreneurial tree seed, seedling and clone suppliers, supported with business and technical training and with starter germplasm.
Many tree commodity crops are grown by smallholders, often in locations away from the centres of origin of the tree crops. This emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in exploiting genetic resources for sustaining and enhancing commercial production of these crops. The value of wild resources of tree commodity crops needs to be properly quantified. The geographic separation of origin and production centres for these commodity crops presents a dilemma for conservation, which also applies to other widely cultivated tree species.
Although tree commodity crops play an important role in supporting rural livelihoods, it will be necessary to better understand the complicating factors that result in land being converted to monoculture production systems, and to understand the impact of single- source incomes on a community’s food and nutritional security. Commodity varieties that are highly productive in mixed farming systems are needed, making use of intra- specific genetic diversity to develop varieties that most favourably interact with the other components of the farming systems.
... Garcinia kola is still at an early step of the domestication process, and yet is overharvested. In circumstances where non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are over-harvested, a widely advocated method to alleviate pressure on natural stands and support their more sustainable use has been the cultivation of additional product sources in farms and plantations (e.g., Lange 1998;Strandby-Andersen et al., 2008). The present work stretches the importance of examining socio-economic factors that determine its conservation and cultivation. ...
Garcinia kola is a multipurpose tree and an important medicinal plant in most Western and Central African communities. The species is highly valued for its edible nuts and its different parts are used for the treatment of diverse ailments. Because of its overexploitation, G. kola is now extinct in the wild in Benin. Conservation and cultivation are crucial for its maintenance. Eliciting determinants that influence farmers’ decisions in maintaining or cultivating the species in their homestead or land would contribute to design effective management policies. A semi–structured survey was carried out with 155 respondents involved in G. kola exploitation to elucidate those determinants. Data collected were related to the socio–economic characteristics of respondents, G. kola ownership and number of individuals owned, current propagation methods and management of the species, willingness to cultivate or in situ conservation of the species. Binomial logistic and Poisson generalized linear models were used to test the effects of land area size, gender, age, and main occupation on respondents’ decision to cultivate and/or to conserve the species in situ and its management. It was found that men were more likely to own G. kola trees than women. Similarly, the likelihood of owning a G. kola tree was higher for farmers than non–farmers, and was positively correlated with respondents’ age. Furthermore, men were more willing to conserve and cultivate G. kola. Our findings suggest that the studied factors are instrumental when designing conservation policies and programs for the species.
... En tercer lugar, merece la pena detenernos brevemente en el debate académico originado por el esfuerzo de investigación sobre el A. guatemalensis que estamos usando como eje de nuestro análisis. Del trabajo iniciado en 2004 fueron publicados varios artículos en revistas especializadas, siendo probablemente el más relevante para la discusión sobre la estrategia de conservación por cultivo el que apareció en la revista Oryx (Andersen et al., 2008) que alienta de forma moderadamente optimista la adopción de una estrategia de este tipo para aliviar la pobreza rural de los asentamientos humanos ubicados en el área de distribución natural de A. guatemalensis y, sobre todo, para reducir las presiones antropogénicas sobre esta especie. Newton (2008), por otro lado, hace un análisis más general sobre la viabilidad de este tipo de estrategias y concluye que, para tener éxito, este tipo de iniciativas presupone las siguientes condiciones: (i) la provisión de ayuda externa; (ii) el desarrollo de las organizaciones comunitarias; (iii) la puesta en marcha de evaluaciones y monitoreo; (iv) la provisión de incentivos; y (v) la protección de la especie contra otras amenazas. ...
Este ensayo pretende interpretar las principales contradicciones inherentes a la coexistencia de distintas formas de apropiación humana del entorno natural, con énfasis en los elementos conceptuales que subyacen a las prácticas productivas y a los problemas contemporáneos asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria en Guatemala. El análisis parte de una contextualización histórica de Guatemala, para luego incluir el caso de las estrategias de conservación por cultivo en un entorno rural con claras debilidades institucionales como ejemplo del desfase entre el modelo productivo hegemónico y las necesidades de las poblaciones rurales periféricas, y trazar una ruta del recorrido ético de, las que para el autor, resultan ser importantes influencias teóricas para entender el alcance del sujeto epistémico crítico en una realidad contemporánea deshumanizada y corporativizada. Finalmente se sugieren algunas pistas para la estructuración de un sistema alimentario con justicia social.
... In circumstances where NTFPs are over-harvested from the wild, a widely-advocated method to alleviate pressure on natural stands and support their more sustainable use has been the cultivation of additional product sources in farms and plantations (e.g., Lange, 1998;Strandby-Andersen et al., 2008). Although intuitive, there is surprisingly little clear evidence that this approach works, and some authors have suggested that cultivation may have a detrimental impact on forest and woodland NTFP populations (reviewed in Dawson et al., 2013), as planting can, for example, result in forest populations being degraded to 'stop-gap' supply status while cultivated stands mature (Clapp, 2001). ...
Products and services provided by trees in forests and farmland support the needs and promote the well-being of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics. Value depends on managing both the diversity of tree species present in landscapes and the genetic variation within these species. The benefits from trees and their genetic resources are, however, often not well quantified because trade is frequently outside formal markets, there is a multiplicity of species and ways in which trees are used and managed, and genetic diversity within species is frequently not given proper consideration. We review here what is known about the value of trees to rural communities through considering three production categories: non-timber products harvested from trees in natural and managed forests and woodlands; the various products and services obtained from a wide range of trees planted and/or retained in smallholders' agro-forestry systems; and the commercial products harvested from cultivated tree commodity crops. Where possible, we focus on the role of intra-specific genetic variation in providing support to livelihoods, and for each of the three production categories we also consider wider conservation and sustainability issues, including the linkages between categories in terms of management. Challenges to 'conventional wisdom' on tree resource use, value and management – such as in the posited links between commercialisation, cultivation and conservation – are highlighted, and constraints and opportunities to maintain and enhance value are described.
... In circumstances where NTFPs are over-harvested from the wild, a widely-advocated method to alleviate pressure on natural stands and support their more sustainable use has been the cultivation of additional product sources in farms and plantations (e.g., Lange, 1998;Strandby-Andersen et al., 2008). Although intuitive, there is surprisingly little clear evidence that this approach works, and some authors have suggested that cultivation may have a detrimental impact on forest and woodland NTFP populations (reviewed in Dawson et al., 2013), as planting can, for example, result in forest populations being degraded to 'stop-gap' supply status while cultivated stands mature (Clapp, 2001). ...
Products and services provided by trees in forests and farmland support the needs and promote the wellbeing of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics. Value depends on managing both the diversity of tree species present in landscapes and the genetic variation within these species. The benefits from trees and their genetic resources are, however, often not well quantified because trade is frequently outside formal markets, there is a multiplicity of species and ways in which trees are used and managed, and genetic diversity within species is frequently not given proper consideration. We review here what is known about the value of trees to rural communities through considering three production categories: non-timber products harvested from trees in natural and managed forests and woodlands; the various products and services obtained from a wide range of trees planted and/or retained in smallholders’ agroforestry systems; and the commercial products harvested from cultivated tree commodity crops. Where possible, we focus on the role of intra-specific genetic variation in providing support to livelihoods, and for each of the three production categories we also consider wider conservation and sustainability issues, including the linkages between categories in terms of management. Challenges to ‘conventional wisdom’ on tree resource use, value and management – such as in the posited links between commercialisation, cultivation and conservation – are highlighted, and constraints and opportunities to maintain and enhance value are described.
... In circumstances where NTFPs are over-harvested from the wild, a widely-advocated method to alleviate pressure on natural stands and support their more sustainable use has been the cultivation of additional product sources in farms and plantations (e.g., Lange, 1998;Strandby-Andersen et al., 2008). Although intuitive, there is surprisingly little clear evidence that this approach works, and some authors have suggested that cultivation may have a detrimental impact on forest and woodland NTFP populations (reviewed in Dawson et al., 2013), as planting can, for example, result in forest populations being degraded to 'stop-gap' supply status while cultivated stands mature (Clapp, 2001). ...
Products and services provided by trees in forests and farmland support the needs and promote the well-being of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics. Value depends on managing both the diversity of tree species present in landscapes and the genetic variation within these species. The benefits from trees and their genetic resources are, however, often not well quantified because trade is frequently outside formal markets, there is a multiplicity of species and ways in which trees are used and managed, and genetic diversity within species is frequently not given proper consideration. We review here what is known about the value of trees to rural communities through considering three production categories: non-timber products harvested from trees in natural and managed forests and woodlands; the various products and services obtained from a wide range of trees planted and/or retained in smallholders' agro-forestry systems; and the commercial products harvested from cultivated tree commodity crops. Where possible, we focus on the role of intra-specific genetic variation in providing support to livelihoods, and for each of the three production categories we also consider wider conservation and sustainability issues, including the linkages between categories in terms of management. Challenges to 'conventional wisdom' on tree resource use, value and management – such as in the posited links between commercialisation, cultivation and conservation – are highlighted, and constraints and opportunities to maintain and enhance value are described.
... Although it is often claimed to do so, tree cultivation may not decrease harvesting pressure on natural stands It has been widely proposed that cultivating trees in smallholdings around natural forests and woodlands is a means to conserve wild stands by providing an alternative resource for harvesting (e.g., Dawson 1997; Lambert et al. 1997; Strandby-Andersen et al. 2008; Jamnadass et al. 2010). The example of Murniati et al. (2001), based on research on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, is often quoted. ...
... Both of these trees are currently undergoing domestication, have local and international markets, and are being grown in smallholdings surrounding forests where they are found naturally. Market demands for product traceability, sustainability and uniformity may be factors that promote beneficial linkages between cultivation and in situ conservation, and certification schemes that confirm location of production, germplasm source and farming method may be important (Andersen et al. 2008). Agroforestry trees may promote connectivity between natural forest fragments, but the results may not always be positive Another way that farmland trees may support wild tree stands and natural populations of other flora and fauna is by acting as 'corridors' or 'stepping stones' for seed dispersers, pollinators and other migrating animals between otherwise isolated natural forest fragments , helping to maintain N e above minimum critical levels for survival (Bhagwat et al. 2008; Doerr et al. 2010; Gilbert-Norton et al. 2010). ...
Smallholders' agroforests may be valuable for conserving tropical trees through three main mechanisms. First, trees planted and/or retained by farmers in agricultural landscapes where wild stands were once found may be circa situm reservoirs of biodiversity. Second, farmland trees may support conservation in situ by providing an alternative source of product to reduce extraction from forest, and by acting as 'corridors' or 'stepping stones' that connect fragmented wild stands. Third, the additional value that planting assigns to trees may result in greater interest in including them in seed collections, field trials and field 'genebanks' that support ex situ conservation. Here, we critically review the evidence for these mechanisms, and highlight areas for research and for intervention so that agroforestry practices can better support conservation in each setting, with an emphasis on often neglected genetic-level considerations. Based on current global challenges to diversity, conservation will need to rely increasingly on a smallholder-farm circa situm approach, but concerns on long-term effectiveness need to be properly quantified and addressed. Connectivity between widely dispersed, low density trees in agricultural landscapes is an important factor determining the success of the circa situm approach, while improving farmers' access to a diversity of tree germplasm that they are interested in planting is required. The circumstances in which agroforestry plantings can support in situ conservation need to be better defined, and research on the stability of active tree seed collections (how long are species and populations retained in them?) as ex situ reservoirs of biodiversity is needed.
