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Distinctive features of first, second, third and fourth generations of biofuels. Thirdgeneration biofuel which is produced from microalgae does not create food versus fuel conflict.
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Microalgal biomass has been proved to be a sustainable source for biofuels including bio-oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, etc. One of the collateral benefits of integrating the use of microalgal technologies in the industry is microalgae’s ability to capture carbon dioxide during the application and biomass production process and consequentl...
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... distinctive features of first. second, third and fourth generation biofuel has been presented in Figure 1. Fuel derived from microalgae has benefits which include biodegradability, being environmentally friendly and consisting of higher energy. ...
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... approaches are used for the enzymatic pretreatment of microalgae biomass to produce biomethane (Figure 10). Despite the fact that the use of enzymes considerably boosts methane productivity, the cost of utilising enzymes prevents it from being used in a real-world situation [237]. ...
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... proteins, carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), cellulose, starch, vitamins, food, cosmetics, pesticides, organic fertilizer, livestock feed, animal feed, natural dyes, nutraceuticals, pigments, and even combustion-based electricity generation [60,279] are just a few of the industrially significant co-products or value-added products that algal biomass can be used for. Figure 11 shows the application of algae strains to generate value-added products. ...
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... Dengan diversitas produk ini memungkinkan mikroalga untuk digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi energi. Proses konversi yang inovatif seperti hidrotermal likuefaksi, pirolisis, dan gasifikasi juga telah dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi produksi biofuel dari mikroalga (Siddiki et al., 2022). Penelitian dan pengembangan lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengatasi tantangan teknis dan ekonomi, tetapi mikroalga menjanjikan sebagai solusi energi yang berkelanjutan di masa depan. ...
... Semakin tinggi kadar lipid dari mikroalga tersebut maka semakin berpotensi sebagai bahan baku biodiesel. Mengacu penelitian tentang penggunaan mikroalga untuk biodiesel sebelumnya, mikroalga yang berpotensi menghasilkan biodiesel, yaitu : Botryococcus braunii (Rinna et al., 2017) Sumber: (Ebhodaghe et al., 2022;Kralova & Sjöblom, 2010b;Sajjadi et al., 2018;Siddiki et al., 2022;Vo et al., 2017) Bioavtur Pertimbangan mikroalga digunakan sebagai biovatur karena mikroalga mengandung berbagai senyawa salah satunya yaitu lipid sehingga dapat menyimpan kandungan lemak tinggi. Pada awal 2010, para insinyur Airbus Group mengumumkan bahwa mereka dapat terbang dengan bahan bakar murni dari mikroalga. ...
... Selain produk biodiesel dan boavtur, beberapa produk lainnya yang berpotensi diproduki berbahan baku biomassa mikroalga antara lain boetanol, biometana, syngas dan bio-oil/ biochar/ (Almomani et al., 2022;Chowdhury & Loganathan, 2019;Dharumadurai et al., 2017;Ebhodaghe et al., 2022;Gouveia & Oliveira, 2009;Hosseini, 2019;Ilham, 2021;Jeon et al., 2017;Kralova & Sjöblom, 2010b;Microalgae Biotechnologies Possible Frameworks from Biofuel to Biobased Products, 2020;Siddiki et al., 2022;J. Singh & Gu, 2010;Wang et al., 2023) (Ebhodaghe et al., 2022;Sajjadi et al., 2018) Biomassa mikroalga dianggap sebagai salah satu alternatif produksi bioetanol dimana pernerapannya untuk bahan bakar hijau telah meningkat secara global (Bibi et al., 2021). ...
Microalgae's high lipid content makes them an alternative raw material for the generation of biofuel. This research examines the potential of Aurantiochytrium microalgae sourced from mangrove forests. The capacity to create omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such DHA, which have a high economic value, is one benefit of Aurantiochytrium microalgae and makes integrated production with biofuel production feasible. The possible biofuel products from Aurantiochytrium microalgae, including biodiesel and bioviation fuel, are reviewed in this research. These microalgae go through multiple steps in the biofuel production process, including isolation, cultivation, lipid extraction, and hydroprocessing and transesterification to turn the algae into biodiesel or biojet fuel. The first steps toward producing biofuel from Aurantiochytrium microalgae obtained from Indonesian mangrove forests are expected to be laid by this research.
... While some microalgae species like T. maculata exhibit relatively low lipid concentrations, others like Schizochytrium sp. boast lipid concentrations exceeding 80% [141]. Blending BMC biomass with palm oil is suggested for use as biofuel due to its low monounsaturated acid content [142]. ...
Textile industries discharge significant amounts of toxic chemicals, including residual dyes and various other xenobiotic compounds, into the environment, leading to adverse effects such as toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. While physico-chemical methods are commonly used for dye removal, bioremediation with microorganisms offers a greener and more eco-friendly alternative. Many microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, and microalgae, possess the ability to degrade textile dyes through their metabolic pathways. However, their biodegradation potential is often hindered by factors such as cytotoxic effects of dyes, unfavorable environmental conditions, dye composition, concentration, and microbial types. In recent years, different strains of fungi, bacteria, and microalgae have been employed individually or in consortia for textile dye biodegradation. Nevertheless, there is a notable gap in research regarding the use of “bacterial–microalgal consortia” as a novel approach for efficient textile dye detoxification. This review aims to provide updated insights into the symbiotic interactions between bacteria and microalgae in degrading textile dyes. It discusses various technological, resource recovery, and economic challenges, as well as future prospects of this approach for textile wastewater treatment, emphasizing its potential for environmental and economic benefits.
Graphical Abstract
... Microalgae biomass is highly valued in a bio-based economy, being utilized for the sustainable production of various products such as fuel, food, energy, pharmaceuticals, among others [104]. Microalgae have various advantages in biomass production; they are more productive per unit of land area than any plant system, do not compete for arable lands, and can be cultivated throughout the year [105]. ...
The wide metabolic diversity of microalgae, their fast growth rates, and cost-effective production make these organisms highly promising resources for a variety of biotechnological applications, addressing critical needs in industry, agriculture, and medicine. The utilization of microalgae in consortia with bacteria is proving to be valuable in different biotechnological fields, including treating various types of wastewaters, producing biofertilizers, and extracting various products from their biomass. Monoculture of the microalgae Chlamydomonas has been a prominent research model for many years, extensively utilized in studying photosynthesis, sulfur and phosphorus metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, respiration, and flagella synthesis, among others. Recent re-search has increasingly recognized the potential of Chlamydomonas-bacteria consortia as a bio-technological tool for various applications. Bioremediation of wastewater using Chlamydomonas, and its bacterial consortia presents significant potential for the sustainable reduction of contam-inants, while also facilitating resource recovery and valorization of microalgal biomass. Using Chlamydomonas and its bacterial consortia as biofertilizers can offers several benefits, such as en-hancing crop yield, protecting crops, maintaining soil fertility and stability, aiding in CO2 miti-gation, and contributing to sustainable agriculture practices. Chlamydomonas-bacterial consortia play a significant role in the production of high-value products, particularly in biofuel and en-hancing H2 production. This review aims to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the po-tential of Chlamydomonas monoculture and its bacterial consortia, identifying current applications, and proposing new research and development directions to maximize its potential.
... Biodiesel is a reliable substitute for compression ignition (CI) engines. They are a clean fuel from plant-based (edible and non-edible) and animal-based sources, such as animal fats, vegetable oils and microalgae [17][18][19]. Biodiesel may also be synthesized from cooking oil and agricultural waste [20,21]. The biofuel demand has grown 5 % per year on average between 2010 and 2019, and the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 [22]. ...
... Furthermore, the calorific value of oxygenated additives is lower than that of biodiesel fuels, which is mainly responsible for more fuel consumption [106]. The alcohols with higher carbon chains (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), higher cetane number, and higher density closely resemble diesel fuel. ...
The rise in technology and population has led to an increase in automobiles and the consumption of fossil fuels. Engine power comes from converting the chemical energy of fuel into work during fuel combustion. Scientists are working to improve engine output by using modifications like fuel injection systems, varying compression ratios, electronic ignition systems, and valve timing systems. However, stringent emission regulations are hindering these advancements in response to ecological challenges. Fuel combustion is linked to greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, global warming, air pollution, and health problems on a large scale. The consumption of fossil fuel resources directly correlates with the population and the welfare of society. The trend toward electric vehicles poses a threat to the use of waste biomass resources. However, biofuels are necessary due to their role in recycling waste biomass sources. The main obstacle to large-scale use of biodiesel fuels in diesel engines is their lower energy content, poor atomization, higher density, and viscosity. These biodiesel characteristics result in higher fuel consumption and NOx emissions due to lower thermal efficiency. Fuel additives are chemical compounds that can help optimize engine power and emissions. Fuel additives can be blended with base fuel, either diesel fuel or biodiesel fuel, to improve the thermo-physical properties of fuel and combustion, leading to lower fuel consumption, less engine wear, prevented failure, and optimized performance in cold weather. According to literature review, blending nanoparticles with fuel generally increases BTE from 1 to 25%, except for magnesium and carbon nanotube additives, which can reduce BTE by up to 4.8%. Hydrocarbon emissions generally decrease from 4 to 60%, while NOx emissions generally decline from 4 to 45%, except for manganese, aluminum oxide, 2 silicon dioxide, and carbon nanotubes. This review article comprehensively discusses fuel additives for their potential applications in automotive, making it easier for researchers and manufacturers to select fuel additives for specific purposes. The main objective of this review is to compare the performance and physicochemical properties of multiple fuel additives with biodiesel (base fuel) to extract maximum benefits from biofuels.
... The wide range of available biomass resources, and the diversity of their sources, present a promising opportunity for future energy generation (Li et al., 2018;Siddiki et al., 2022). Non-woody biomass includes household refuse and processed waste, while woody biomass encompasses a range of forestry resources, including trees, shrubs, scrub, bushes, palms, and bamboos (Subramaniam and Masron, 2021). ...
This proposed research investigates sustainable and innovative
use of biomass gasification for generating electricity. Biomass
gasification is a versatile and eco-friendly technology that converts
organic materials, such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and
even municipal solid waste, into a valuable source of clean energy.
This research delves into the various aspects of this technology,
including its processes, efficiency, environmental impact, and
potential applications in power generation. Biomass gasification gas,
often referred to as syngas, presents a promising avenue for
addressing the rising energy demand while lowering greenhouse gas
emissions and preventing climate change.
... 19 The use of biodiesel should be strongly encouraged because it is a kind of clean, renewable energy that is also recognized as an alternative fuel. 20,21 Microalgae are essential for the capture of carbon dioxide, according to research by Bhola 22 and others. Studies by Singh 23 and others have shown that microalgae may cleanse waste gas effectively and improve carbon absorption. ...
This research aimed to model and optimize the growth factors and enhance the lipid yield from Botryococcus braunii microalgae, and to design a system for obtaining biodiesel from these lipids as this does not compromise food security. Botryococcus braunii, grown on a modified Chu‐13 medium, reached the stationary phase after 27 days with a maximum cell count of 265 × 10⁴ cells mL⁻¹ after 27 days and maximum biomass yield of 725 mg L⁻¹ after 30 days on modified Chu‐13 medium, which was higher than growth on Basal SAG medium. The maximum lipid content (18.47%) and lipid yield (4.46 mg L⁻¹day) were obtained when B. braunii was cultivated on modified Chu‐13 medium after 30 days. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis for the lipids indicated that the highest percentages of SFAs (51.03%) and lowest percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (36.47%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (12.49%) were obtained by culturing B. braunii on modified Chu‐13 medium. The effect of different growth parameters (N2 level, NaHCO3, and CO2 concentrations) on growth yield was modeled by using D‐optimal design response surface methodology (RSM).
... Microalgae are rich in valuable proteins, lipids, and carotenoids, making them highly nutritious [1,2]. Their nutritional value has been widely acknowledged, leading to increased interest from various industries and the implementation of large-scale cultivation practices [3]. ...
The biomass and premium extracts derived from D. salina possess diverse applications in industries like food, feed, health products, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. However, D. salina's capacity to absorb and transform heavy metals, notably arsenic, can result in elevated arsenic concentrations in its products. This poses a challenge to large-scale D. salina breeding and introduces potential health risks. The impact of arsenic on D. salina product quality and the specific arsenic forms within its cells remain insufficiently understood. This study explores arsenic uptake and biotransformation mechanisms in D. salina exposed to arsenate (As V) and arsenite (As III). Our findings highlight D. salina's preference for As V , causing a significant rise in intracellular arsenic compared to As III exposure. Lower As V concentrations facilitate arsenic methylation and organic transformation, influencing compound ratios. As V triggers differential gene expression, upregulating metabolic pathways, arsenic transporters, and antioxidative defenses. Our results suggest that D. salina efficiently detoxifies arsenic by converting it into organoarsenicals, specifically arsenosugars and arsenicbetaine. This research offers valuable insights into microalgae's physiological and molecular responses to arsenic exposure, providing a foundation for understanding arsenic biotransformation mechanisms and potential applications in the large-scale breeding industry of D. salina.
... This specialized technique enables for the focused manufacturing of certain proteins, catering to the demands of niche markets with precision and efficiency. The generation of crude proteins utilizing microalgae farming based on the biorefinery idea is highlighted as a robust technology with easy scaling [128,129]. This technique strives to meet the demand of the food and feed markets efficiently. ...
Chlorella vulgaris has considerable promise as a raw material for biofuel production since it has a high productivity per unit area, has a minimum influence on the environment, and does not significantly affect food security. Nevertheless, the low fatty content of their biomass poses a considerable economic obstacle for commercialization. Increasing the amount of biomass and lipids produced by these algae is essential for improving the economic feasibility of using them as biofuel sources. This review highlights the significance of identifying appropriate algal strains, namely those found in local environments, and utilising mutagenesis and genetic engineering techniques to create 'platform strains'. Prior endeavours have primarily concentrated on altering environmental and dietary parameters to enhance the production of biomass and lipids. Here, we review a scientific literature that examines biotechnological approaches and develops methodologies designed to increase lipid production, emphasising the importance of aligning engineering efforts with breakthroughs in DNA manipulation tools. In addition, the review research evaluates the present economic and commercial situation of algal biorefineries, including any related disadvantages. In summary, this thorough research highlights the importance of using creative methods to tackle the intricacies of lipogenesis and enhance the economic viability of producing biofuels from algae.
... The most promising energy sources might be given priority for additional research and development. Researcher-developed technology, such as piezoelectric systems for hydro, micro-hydro, and picohydro [54][55][56], binary cycle electricity generation for geothermal [57,58], biorefineries for biomass [43,59,60], photovoltaic hybrids for solar power [61,62], and triboelectric nanogenerators for wind [63,64], could be used to develop and maximize this potential. Humans are becoming more and more capable of processing renewable energy thanks to advanced technologies. ...
The utilization of biomass residue for energy production holds significant importance within the context of sustainable energy initiatives in Indonesia, aligning with the guidelines set forth in Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 on national energy development. This paper aims to comprehensively review the mapping analysis of biomass potential on Java to support fueling the steam powerplants, with biomass energy sources. This study also places emphasis on the assessment of residual resources, considering it a strategic tool to delineate their distribution and contribute to achieving the mandated target of biofuel constituting over 5% of the total energy supply by 2025. The methodology introduced in this review aims to outline a systematic approach for evaluating energy production from biomass residue, positioning it as a critical element in the country’s energy development trajectory. The estimation of overall residue availability relies on a combination of statistical data and on-site observations. Additionally, the determination of key parameters such as residue-to-product ratio, moisture content, and heating value draws insights from relevant scholarly works. Through this comprehensive analytical approach, the study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted aspects associated with the utilization of biomass residue for energy production.
... Some of these are used as feed and oil for livestock, and they can also be used in various other bio-based products such as biofuels and composts [1]. Around 171 million tons of fish were produced worldwide in 2016, with China producing the most at Around eighty million tonnes come from aquaculture, while ninety-one million tonnes come from rural and marine fishing [2]. Norway and Spain are at the top of the list of the continent's leading producers of catch fish (twenty-three and nine million tonnes) [3]. ...
The quest for novel functional food ingredients from natural sources is one of the most important discuss in food science and technology. Food industries dispose their valuable waste and some food industries re-process their wastes and used them as functional food ingredients, thereby developed their economy to survive in the neck cutting competition of the market. Enormous volumes of food processing by-products (FPBs) are produced from food manufacturing industries, accounting it as the second-largest quota of food waste generation. Fish known as ‘rich food for poor people,’ supplies good quality of fats, minerals vitamins and proteins to billions of populaces across the globe. However, the fish processing industry on daily basis generates huge wastes leading to the quest for management of these wastes. These wastes which can be referred to as by-products are generated during removal of head; gutting of the fish and during other secondary processing carried out either onboard in fishing vessels or at processing plants on the shores. Over the years there are bids for utilization of fish wastes and by products for production of functional food ingredients using bioactive compounds produced from them. This was aimed at reduction of processing waste, creation of sustainable economic boost, environmental safety while formulating value added functional food which could be of importance to human and animal health or wellbeing. By-products from fish processing such as blood, fleshy chunks of fatty fish, tails, liver from white lean fish, Fish heads, offal, viscera (gut, intestines, etc.), skin and shells have potentials utilization as raw materials for production of value-added functional food ingredients. Bioactive peptides isolated from various fish protein hydrolysates have reported to have several bioactivities such as immunomodulatory, antioxidative antihypertensive, antithrombotic, anticoagulant activities among others Hence from the review, the recovery of bioactive compound and utilization of these by-products are untapped sources for functional ingredients which can be applied in several aspects of food processing for the benefit of manufactures, supply series of nourishments, and consequently advancing the usefulness of the fish waste in consumers’ health and economic benefits of all stakeholders.
