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Distances in metres from the centroid to the lake boundaries. The trend line (dashed) shows the shape's elongation on the axis WbN – EbS. A – 1832, B – 1895, C – 2008
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The article presents the results of landscape analysis of the surroundings of Lake Rzecin in Noteć Forest depicted on cartographic materials. Morphometrical analysis and analysis of changes in the water conditions of Lake Rzecin were conducted. Thanks to many cartographic data, changes in lake geometry could be observed during almost the whole of t...
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... and the aerial photo) is 108 m. This, representing a stage from the 19 th century, was situated to the north-west of the last one. Although the boundaries of the lake seem to vary considerably throughout the time period, the investigation of the distances from the centroids to the lake's borders in eight azimuths did not change much (Fig. 4). The analysis of the geometry of each stage shows that all shapes are more or less elongated in a direction from west-by-north to ...
Citations
... Such an approach therefore allows the consideration of a period with substantially lower human pressure in comparison to that of the modern times [28]. Historical maps are a helpful source of information in research on the scope of limnology, among other areas [29]. In the case of Poland, lakes play an important role, particularly in the northern part of the country where they are the most abundant due to the range of the last Scandinavian glaciation. ...
Lakes are an important element of the hydrosphere that contribute to the stabilisation of water circulation by providing biodiversity conditions or supporting the development of different branches of the economy. All these properties depend on the longevity of lakes in the environment and the processes related to their evolution. Based on archival morphometric data from historical maps and modern cartographic studies, this paper presents an analysis of changes in their surface area over a period of 100 years. Among 169 lakes, a decrease in surface area was recorded in 156 cases (including the complete disappearance of two lakes); no change was observed in four lakes; and seven lakes increased their surface area. The total surface area of all the lakes has decreased by 11.4% in comparison with the initial state in the early 20th century. The highest rate of decline concerned the shallowest lakes with a maximum depth of up to 5.0 m and lakes with the smallest surface area of up to 20 ha, averaging 24.1% and 22.2%, respectively. The spatial distribution of changes in the surface area of lakes is variable, and at a larger scale it presents no similarities. This suggests that factors determining the rate and direction of changes in the surface area of lakes depend on their individual features and local conditions, which is in accordance with similar studies from the territory of Poland. The obtained results reveal the scale of the changes in the surface area of the lakes, potentially providing important information for authorities in charge of water management in the context of activities aimed at slowing down the disappearance of these valuable ecosystems.
... This ecosystem is protected within the Natura 2000 Network (PLH300019) Habitats Directive. Rzecin peatland is a result of the shallowing of the lake that remains in the eastern part of the ecosystem (Barabach, 2012) and is classified as a fen (Chojnicki et al., 2007) with about 260 years of carbon accumulation time (Milecka et al., 2016;Salmon et al., 2022). The total area covers 86 ha, including 15 ha of the lake (Basińska et al., 2020). ...
... • E, 59 m a.s.l.) of the Poznan University of Life Sciences (PULS), a peatland with average air temperature of 8.5 • C, annual precipitation of 526 mm and prevailing surface wind from W (Chojnicki et al., 2007;Harenda et al., 2021). The peatland rose as a result of lake shallowing (Barabach, 2013) and surrounded by Noteć Forest (Kondracki, 1998), is the place of measurements of CO 2 /H 2 O exchange between ecosystem and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance technique (Chojnicki et al., 2007) as well as conducted manipulation experiments (Górecki et al., 2021;Rastogi et al., 2019). Peatlands are a special type of wetland, representing one of the largest natural terrestrial carbon storages that have a strong interaction in the climate system (Harenda et al., 2018;Lappalainen, 1996). ...
The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) over two middle-latitude rural sites was characterized in terms of mean horizontal wind and turbulence sources using a standard classification methodology based on Doppler lidar. The first location was an irrigated olive orchard in Úbeda (Southern Spain), representing one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean basin and a typical site with Mediterranean climate. The second location was PolWET peatland site in Rzecin (Northwestern Poland), representing one of the largest natural terrestrial carbon storages that have a strong interaction with the climate system. The results showed typical situations for non cloud-topped ABL cases, where ABL is fully developed during daytime due to convection, with high turbulent activity and strong positive skewness indicating frequent and powerful updrafts. The cloud-topped cases showed the strong influence that clouds can have on ABL development, preventing it to reach the same maximum height and introducing top-down movements as an important contribution to mixing. The statistical analysis of turbulent sources allowed for finding a common diurnal cycle for convective mixing at both sites, but nocturnal wind shear driven turbulence with marked differences in its vertical distribution. This analysis demonstrates the Doppler lidar measurements and the classification algorithm strong potential to characterize the dynamics of ABL in its full extent and with high temporal resolution. Moreover, some recommendations for future improvement of the classification algorithm were provided on the basis of the experience gained.
... This method can produce valid data [17] and extend the time frame beyond the duration of instrumental records. Among the hydrological dynamics that can be addressed are long-term lake level fluctuations [9,[17][18][19][20][21][22], past river courses [23][24][25][26], surface water areas in floodplains [27], changes in floodplain geomorphologies [28,29], multi-centennial changes in aquatic ecological connectivities [30] and complex socio-hydrological models [17,31,32]. These studies focus on the exploration of the long-term consequences of hydraulic engineering interventions by humans [33,34] and of the possible influence of climatic changes on the water balance. ...
... In the second phase, there was an additional need for water, as it was desired to raise the groundwater level in the fens during the summer months [59,99]. The land reclamation activities of the first phase led to a sharp decline in groundwater levels within the directly affected peatlands [19,92,93,108] but probably had a low impact on the water received by the Lower Havel Inner Delta and Lake Gülpe. Based on the analysis of the historical maps (Figure 7d,e), only a slight decline in the surface water area could be inferred. ...
Instrumental data show that the groundwater and lake levels in Northeast Germany have decreased over the past decades, and this process has accelerated over the past few years. In addition to global warming, the direct influence of humans on the local water balance is suspected to be the cause. Since the instrumental data usually go back only a few decades, little is known about the multidecadal to centennial-scale trend, which also takes long-term climate variation and the long-term influence by humans on the water balance into account. This study aims to quantitatively reconstruct the surface water areas in the Lower Havel Inner Delta and of adjacent Lake Gülpe in Brandenburg. The analysis includes the calculation of surface water areas from historical and modern maps from 1797 to 2020. The major finding is that surface water areas have decreased by approximately 30% since the pre-industrial period, with the decline being continuous. Our data show that the comprehensive measures in Lower Havel hydro-engineering correspond with groundwater lowering that started before recent global warming. Further, large-scale melioration measures with increasing water demands in the upstream wetlands beginning from the 1960s to the 1980s may have amplified the decline in downstream surface water areas.
... This study was conducted over Rzecin peatland and surrounded ecosystems ( Figure 1) located in the western part of Poland (52 • 45 N, 16 • 18 E, 54 m a.s.l.) [59][60][61][62][63]. ...
In this study, we are testing a proxy for red and far-red Sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) using an integrated fuzzy logic modelling approach, termed as SIFfuzzy and SIFfuzzy-APAR. The SIF emitted from the core of the photosynthesis and observed at the top-of-canopy is regulated by three major controlling factors: (1) light interception and absorption by canopy plant cover; (2) escape fraction of SIF photons (fesc); (3) light use efficiency and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) processes. In our study, we proposed and validated a fuzzy logic modelling approach that uses different combinations of spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) reflecting such controlling factors to approximate the potential SIF signals at 760 nm and 687 nm. The HyPlant derived and field validated SVIs (i.e., SR, NDVI, EVI, NDVIre, PRI) have been processed through the membership transformation in the first stage, and in the next stage the membership transformed maps have been processed through the Fuzzy Gamma simulation to calculate the SIFfuzzy. To test whether the inclusion of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (APAR) increases the accuracy of the model, the SIFfuzzy was multiplied by APAR (SIFfuzzy-APAR). The agreement between the modelled SIFfuzzy and actual SIF airborne retrievals expressed by R 2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.69 for SIF760 and from 0.85 to 0.92 for SIF687. The inclusion of APAR improved the R 2 value between SIFfuzzy-APAR and actual SIF. This study showed, for the first time, that a diverse set of SVIs considered as proxies of different vegetation traits, such as biochemical, structural, and functional, can be successfully combined to work as a first-order proxy of SIF. The previous studies mainly included the far-red SIF whereas, in this study, we have also focused on red SIF along with far-red SIF. The analysis carried out at 1 m spatial resolution permits to better infer SIF behavior at an ecosystem-relevant scale.
... In the past, it limited the expansion of agricultural land; today, its deficits in particular vegetation phases of plants can affect production yields. As a result of various hydrotechnical works, the water level of many lakes has reduced [40,41] and, in extreme situations, completely drained [42,43]. In the context of civilisation changes, many melioration works previously undertaken, originally aimed at the optimal use of the environmental resources for economic purposes, can be currently considered inappropriate or undesirable for the current state. ...
The historical effects of land development on water management currently require a new approach, in many cases involving attempts at the restoration of the quasi-natural state. This is evident in reference to many regions in Poland, where the hydrographic network has been diminishing over the centuries, among others in favour of obtaining new agricultural land. Such activities overlap with natural processes causing transformations of the hydrosphere. The most serious problems currently include water deficits resulting from climate change and human activity. This paper employed archival bathymetric maps from the beginning of the 20th century for the determination of the scale of changes in the morphometric parameters of six lakes in western Poland. It was determined that over a period of more than a hundred years, the surface area (12.2%) and original volume of water bodies (13.9%) were largely reduced. This situation was caused by both natural (overgrowing and shallowing) and anthropogenic (change in water level) factors. The obtained information points to the need of an inventory of historical bathymetric maps of lakes. In combination with modern research, this will allow for the determination of changes in the water resources of lakes and, in a longer-term perspective, potential possibilities of their renaturisation. This knowledge is important in the context of the reconstruction of water resources in the territory of Poland, where their deficits are recorded increasingly frequently. It should also be emphasised that the restoration of the natural capacity of water retention in lakes is a more economical solution and, most importantly, it is not invasive for the environment.
... lasiocarpa), common cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium), and roundleaf sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), with LAI < 1.0 m 2 ·m −2 dominate in the middle of the ecosystem [55,56]. At the eastern part of this ecosystem, there is a shallow lake (remnants of a larger body of water) that has been partly covered within the peat formation process [57]. The floating carpet of poorly degraded peat (approximately 70 cm thick) is a particular feature of the Rzecin peatland. ...
Peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle due to the high carbon storage in the substrate. Ecosystem production depends, for example, on the solar energy amount that reaches the vegetation, however the diffuse component of this flux can substantially increase ecosystem net productivity. This phenomenon is observed in different ecosystems, but the study of the atmosphere optical properties on peatland production is lacking. In this paper, the presented methodology allowed us to disentangle the diffuse radiation impact on the net ecosystem production (NEP) of Rzecin peatland, Poland. It allowed us to assess the impact of the atmospheric scattering process determined by the aerosol presence in the air mass. An application of atmospheric radiation transfer (ART) and ecosystem production (EP) models showed that the increase of aerosol optical thickness from 0.09 to 0.17 caused NEP to rise by 3.4–5.7%. An increase of the diffusion index (DI) by 0.1 resulted in an NEP increase of 6.1–42.3%, while a DI decrease of 0.1 determined an NEP reduction of −49.0 to −10.5%. These results show that low peatland vegetation responds to changes in light scattering. This phenomenon should be taken into account when calculating the global CO2 uptake estimation of such ecosystems.
... In the opinion of many authors, the Messtischblatt maps are very accurate and precise for the times when they were developed. Therefore, they have been used very often as source material for reconstructions (Barabach, 2012;Chudziak et al., 2014;Kowalewski, 2013;Ptak, 2017). In recent years in Poland, the hydrographic network has increasingly often been subject to analysis historical in order to be categorized as inland flowing or standing water in the light of the Water Law Act (Kubiak-Wójcicka et al., 2017;Kubiak-Wójcicka & Marszelewski, 2012). ...
The study objective was to prepare a quantitative inventory of lakes and to assess their long-term changes. The research area included the Osa river basin (northern Poland), which is located in a lake district. The research was based on historical cartographic materials published in 1900-1947 (German 1:25,000 ‘Messtischblatt’ topographic maps) and modern topographic maps from 2010 (The 1:50,000 Digital Map of the Hydrographic Division of Poland [MPHP]. The number of lakes increased from 173 to 235, while the total surface area of the lakes fell by 107.55 ha. The largest number of lakes belonged to the 1.0-5.0 ha range on both MPHP and Messtischblatt maps. It was in this range that the largest increase in number of lakes and lake area relative to the historical maps was found. A significant reduction in area of lakes was recorded in the group of lakes with an area from 50 to 100 ha.
... A locality for Hamatocaulis vernicosus was confirmed there (Rusińska 2008, while the literature also reports the occurrence of Liparis loeselii, Paludella squarrosa, Helodium blandowii, Scorpidium scorpioides and Cinclidium stygium ( Wojterska et al. 2001, Stachnowicz & Wojterska 2006). The history of this site is exceptionally well known based on old maps and aerial photographs ( Barabach 2012, Barabach & Milecka 2013and Milecka et al. 2017). Moreover, different aspects of the balance of greenhouse gasses have been investigated here for over ten years. ...
Review of knowledge on alkaline fens (7230 habitats) in Poland. Enflish translation of the book originally pritned in Polish language. Contains: characteristic of the habitat type, ecohydrological considerations, ecosystem ecology, ecosystem services, diversity of plant cover in Poland, related fauna, resources and conservation staus in Poland on the European Union background, details of current distribution and diversity in Poland, analysis of inclusion to protected areas system, conservation experience, monitoring methods, results and experiences.
... The whole Rzecin peatland, which is considered a poor fen, covers an area of 114 hectares [39]. According to historical and cartographic data, the peatland is a result of lake shallowing, a decelerated but ongoing process [39,40]. At the middle of the peatland, there is a station where measurements of greenhouse gas exchange (CO2, CH4, H2O) have been carried out continuously since 2004 [41][42][43][44][45]. Geomorphologically, this peatland is located in between the dune areas of the Noteć Forest within the drainage basin of the Warta and Noteć rivers. ...
Hyperspectral remote sensing (RS) provides unique possibilities to monitor peatland vegetation traits and their temporal dynamics at a fine spatial scale. Peatlands provide a vital contribution to ecosystem services by their massive carbon storage and wide heterogeneity. However, monitoring, understanding, and disentangling the diverse vegetation traits from a heterogeneous landscape using complex RS signal is challenging, due to its wide biodiversity and distinctive plant species composition. In this work, we aim to demonstrate, for the first time, the large heterogeneity of peatland vegetation traits using well-established vegetation indices (VIs) and Sun-Induced Fluorescence (SIF) for describing the spatial heterogeneity of the signals which may correspond to spatial diversity of biochemical and structural traits. SIF originates from the initial reactions in photosystems and is emitted at wavelengths between 650-780 nm, with the first peak at around 687 nm and the second peak around 760 nm. We used the first HyPlant airborne data set recorded over a heterogeneous peatland area and its surrounding ecosystems (i.e., forest, grassland) in Poland. We deployed a comparative analysis of SIF and VIs obtained from differently managed and natural vegetation ecosystems, as well as from diverse small-scale peatland plant communities. Furthermore, spatial relationships between SIF and VIs from large-scale vegetation ecosystems to small-scale peatland plant communities were examined. Apart from signal variations, we observed a positive correlation between SIF and greenness-sensitive VIs, whereas a negative correlation between SIF and a VI sensitive to photosynthesis was observed for large-scale vegetation ecosystems. In general, higher values of SIF were associated with higher biomass of vascular plants (associated with higher Leaf Area Index (LAI)). SIF signals, especially SIF 760 , were strongly associated with the functional diversity of the peatland vegetation. At the peatland area, higher values of SIF 760 were associated with plant communities of high perennials, whereas, lower values of SIF 760 indicated peatland patches dominated by Sphagnum. In general, SIF 760 reflected the productivity gradient on the fen peatland, from Sphagnum-dominated patches with the lowest SIF and fAPAR values indicating lowest productivity to the Carex-dominated patches with the highest SIF and fAPAR values indicating highest productivity.
