Figure - available from: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Dissection of mouse paw and multiphoton SHG imaging after decalcification. (A) Mouse paw. (I) Anatomy of mouse foot and ankle. (Left) Graphical depiction of skeletal model (transverse plane view, from Gao et al., 2019). Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). (Right) Musculoskeletal model of a mouse’s right hindlimb (craniolateral view) developed with biomechanics software (from Charles et al., 2016 section of Figure). Musculo-tendon units (red) were incorporated into the model. The image shows a multitude of tendon structures running through the metatarsus region. (II) Skinned and PFA-fixed mouse foot. The metatarsus region is marked (red circle). (III) The lower foot was isolated and all muscle tissue on the sole entirely dissected, then it was placed in a glass bottom dish on top of the objective to optically access the region of interest (red circle). (B) Multiphoton SHG images from the metatarsus region (200 μm × 200 μm, 1,024 × 1,024 pixels). (I) Images series of a region of interest at increasing depths and (II_a-d) images of various regions showing areas with very different collagen-I fiber morphologies and arrangements. Z-projections of the complete image sequences (images in cyan) show the global organization of collagen network (compare to Supplementary Videos). Images (a,b) are from the same stack.
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Chronic inflammatory disease of bones and joints (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, gout, etc.), but also acute bone injury and healing, or degenerative resorptive processes inducing osteoporosis, are associated with structural remodeling that ultimately have impact on function. For instance, bone stability is predominantly orchestrated by the structural...
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The observed differences in the structure of native tissue and tissue formed in vitro cause the loss of functional activity of cells cultured in vitro. The lack of fundamental knowledge about the protein mechanism interactions limits the ability to effectively create in vitro native tissue. Collagen is able to spontaneously assemble into fibrils in...
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... Moreover, the design of these bone substitutes also considers the structure of bones, where similarity with natural bone extracellular matrix must be kept for an optimal osteointegration and bone regeneration. In fact, bone has two distinct structures or architectures, compact and trabecular [7]. Compact (cortical) bone is located on the outer layer of long, short, and flat bones. ...
Bone tissue engineering emerged as a solution to treat critical bone defects, aiding in tissue regeneration and implant integration. Mainly, this field is based on the development of scaffolds and coatings that stimulate cells to proliferate and differentiate in order to create a biologically active bone substitute. In terms of materials, several polymeric and ceramic scaffolds have been developed and their properties tailored with the objective to promote bone regeneration. These scaffolds usually provide physical support for cells to adhere, while giving chemical and physical stimuli for cell proliferation and differentiation. Among the different cells that compose the bone tissue, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, stem cells, and endothelial cells are the most relevant in bone remodeling and regeneration, being the most studied in terms of scaffold–cell interactions. Besides the intrinsic properties of bone substitutes, magnetic stimulation has been recently described as an aid in bone regeneration. External magnetic stimulation induced additional physical stimulation in cells, which in combination with different scaffolds, can lead to a faster regeneration. This can be achieved by external magnetic fields alone, or by their combination with magnetic materials such as nanoparticles, biocomposites, and coatings. Thus, this review is designed to summarize the studies on magnetic stimulation for bone regeneration. While providing information regarding the effects of magnetic fields on cells involved in bone tissue, this review discusses the advances made regarding the combination of magnetic fields with magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic scaffolds, and coatings and their subsequent influence on cells to reach optimal bone regeneration. In conclusion, several research works suggest that magnetic fields may play a role in regulating the growth of blood vessels, which are critical for tissue healing and regeneration. While more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between magnetism, bone cells, and angiogenesis, these findings promise to develop new therapies and treatments for various conditions, from bone fractures to osteoporosis.
