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Protein is essential for the maintenance of optimal health. Without adequate amounts of amino acids, organs become dysfunctional and ultimately death can result. Protein deficiency is a common problem in both adults and children. Numerous nutritional supplements have been developed to help optimize protein intake. The purpose of this paper is to de...
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Context 1
... & Insel, 1993) Soeters and colleagues (2004) suggest that amino acid adequacy does not just depend on amino acid composition and digestibility of a specific protein food but on the quality and quantity of the entire meal as well. Table 2 illustrates dispensable, indispensable, and conditionally indispensable amino acids Amino acid requirements are affected by metabolic need which is influ- enced by stage of development, reproductive state, environmental factors, and diseased state (Furst & Stehle, 2004). Amino acid requirement needed to sustain metabolic demands will be affected by digestibility and amino acid pattern of the dietary protein (Furst & Stehle, 2004). ...
Context 2
... and amino acid requirements have been studied for over a cen- tury. Rose et al., first determined the daily essential amino acid require- ments of humans in 1946 (Table 2). According to Furst and Stehle (2004) Rose defined the essential amino acid requirement as the highest amino acid requirement needed to achieve a positive nitrogen balance. ...
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Citations
... Generally, the PDCAAS does a good job discerning between complete (PDCAAS: 1) and incomplete protein sources (PDCAAS: 0). For example, whey protein has a PDCAAS of 1 [97], whereas hydrolyzed collagen has a PDCAAS of 0 [98]-hydrolyzed collagen lacks the essential amino acid, tryptophan. Indeed, ingestion of whey protein, but not hydrolyzed collagen, leads to significant hyperaminoacidemia and hyperleucinemia, and the stimulation of MPS [99][100][101], in both younger [100] and older adults [99,101]. ...
Skeletal muscle plays an indispensable role in metabolic health and physical function. A decrease in muscle mass and function with advancing age exacerbates the likelihood of mobility impairments, disease development, and early mortality. Therefore, the development of non-pharmacological interventions to counteract sarcopenia warrant significant attention. Currently, resistance training provides the most effective, low cost means by which to prevent sarcopenia progression and improve multiple aspects of overall health. Importantly, the impact of resistance training on skeletal muscle mass may be augmented by specific dietary components (i.e., protein), feeding strategies (i.e., timing, per-meal doses of specific macronutrients) and nutritional supplements (e.g., creatine, vitamin-D, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids etc.). The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based account of nutritional strategies to enhance resistance training-induced adaptations in an attempt to combat age-related muscle mass loss. In addition, we provide insight on how to incorporate the aforementioned nutritional strategies that may support the growth or maintenance of skeletal muscle and subsequently extend the healthspan of older individuals.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00013.].
Protein needs for otherwise healthy individuals older than 19 years are defined by the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) at 0.80 g protein/kg/day. There is no recommendation in the current RDA for subpopulations of older adults or people in various pathological situations. Despite the lack of a separate recommendation, there exists a growing body of evidence that is strongly suggestive of an increased need and/or benefit for protein in older persons. That is, intakes beyond the RDA are, in older persons, associated with benefits. In addition, a number of catabolic states including critical illness also result in a sharp elevation in the needs for protein and amino acids. An underappreciated issue in protein nutrition is the impact of protein quality on clinically relevant outcomes. The introduction of a new protein scoring system—the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)—for protein quality has raised a forgotten awareness of protein quality. The DIAAS, which replaces the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), is based on ileal digestibility of protein and a different test protein than PDCAAS and has values greater than 1.0. The aim of this article is a brief review and summary recommendations for protein nutrition and protein requirements in populations who would benefit from more protein than the RDA. The emphasis of the review is on muscle protein turnover, and there is a discussion of the impact of protein quality, particularly as it applies to commercially available protein sources. The evidence for more optimal protein intakes is considered in light of the potential health risks of consumption of protein at levels greater than the RDA.
Tilapia scales were chosen to prepare hydrolyzed collagen using Papain and Alcalase following by decalcification in HCl and demineralization in Ca (OH)2. The degree of hydrolysis was 23.58%. After dehydrated, the white powder of density, ash, moisture and protein content were 0.22g/mL, 4.7%, 1.4% and 96% respectively. As results of amino acid composition, the amount of Gly, Pro, Hpro and Glu is up to 58% Hydrolyzed collagen were given to ICR mouse at dose of 20 g/kg body weight in both male and female mice(n = 10 per sex). There were no difference in gross morphological, physiological, behavioral changes were closely observed for 14 days, and zero mortality was obtained.
