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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important leguminous crops grown predominantly in tropical and temperate areas. The beneficial effects of chickpea on soil health and human health are well recognized. The area under chickpea production in India is 9.6 million ha with an average production of 8.8 million tons. Yield of chickpea is la...
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Citations
... ciceris reproduces asexually and root-inhabiting fungus that survives inactive in soil [18]. The fungus can persist as mycelium and chlamydospores in seed, soil, crop residues, roots, and stem tissue for up to 6 years [35,36,38]. Chlamydospores can survive in soil as dormant or saprophytic without a host [39]. ...
“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the agent responsible for Fusarium wilt, poses a serious risk to the global production of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). There are different races of this soil-borne pathogen, and each one has a different amount of virulence, which makes crop resilience difficult. Early yellowing and late wilting are two indicators of chickpea wilt that cause significant output losses. Complex genetic interactions are involved in chickpea resistance to Fusarium wilt. Resistance against particular pathogen races is conferred by a number of resistance genes, including h1, h2, and h3. Breeding procedures include both cutting-edge genomic techniques like marker-assisted selection (MAS) and traditional techniques like hybridization and backcrossing. By facilitating the accurate identification and stacking of resistance genes, MAS speeds up breeding. To treat this illness, it is essential to comprehend the genetic diversity of Fusarium wilt races, figure out the genetic basis of resistance, and use efficient breeding techniques. The goal of developing resilient chickpea varieties through the integration of genomic techniques and traditional breeding is to provide sustainable crop production in the face of changing disease problems”.
... Among these markers, STMS markers showing parallelism to the markers used in our study take attention. In another study, 83 RAPD, STMS, ISSR and RGA markers were found for seedling and body resistance, and they were successfully used in the detection of Ascochyta blight in the Cicer genome (Kukreja et al., 2018). Similarly, 6 different STMS markers were suggested to use for the productions of breeding chickpea genotypes resistant to Fusarium blight, a fungal disease (Sahu et al., 2020). ...
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a prominent legume plant, is an important agricultural plant that is widely grown both in Türkiye and around the world. Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungal phytopathogen Ascochyta rabiei, is one of the major causative agents responsible for yield reductions across the spectrum of chickpea diseases. The impact of diseases varies depending on crops, countries, seasons and cropping systems, and yield loss data collected under well-defined conditions is limited. It is noteworthy that this pathogen shows significant genetic diversity in Türkiye's agricultural environment. In light of this, this study aimed to conduct a research to determine the resistant/tolerant and susceptible genotypes of 34 certificated chickpea varieties grown in different regions of Türkiye by using Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Site (STMS) markers that are related to the genes that provide resistance against Ascochyta blight. The results obtained in this study showed that the primers Ta2, Ta146 and Ts54 used as STMS markers have distinctive features in providing highly effective results in the detection of resistant/tolerant and susceptible varieties of Ascochyta blight.
... harmful disease in chickpea (Sheshma et al., 2022). According to Kukreja (2018), some of the fungi that seriously affect chickpea crops are Alternaria sp., Ascochyta pisi, Uromyces sp., Botrytis sp., Fussarium sp., Sclerotinia sp., and Phytophthora medicaginis. Chickpea is one of the several plant species that S. scterotiorum (Lib.) de Bary infects in subtropical and temperate climates. ...
One of the most harmful infections to chickpea plants, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causes stem rot and causes financial losses all over the world. Beneath the soil's surface, as sclerotia, the pathogen can live for a very long time alongside the detritus. As a result, the condition is extremely difficult to manage, has nearly no known treatments, and only a few types have been shown to be somewhat successful against the infection. Thus, the primary goal of the research is to investigate the effects of a variety of treatments, including Rhizobium leguminosarum + Pseudomonas fluorescens combination, Trichoderma viride, Saaf (Carbendazim 12%+ Mancozeb 63% WP), Vitavax Power (Carboxin 37.5%+ Thiram 37.5%), Hexaconazole, and Rhizobium leguminosarum + Pseudomonas fluorescens, to investigate their impact on S. sclerotiorum suppression. While maintaining sustainability, bioagents improve the soil's properties and productivity. Fungicides have been found to be effective when bio-agents are not able to control a disease. Therefore, in this investigation, both methods of treatment were used. The results of an experiment conducted in both in vitro and in vivo conditions showed that chemical treatment with Saaf fungicide and seed treatment with T. viride were highly efficient against S. sclerotiorum.
... than other treatments. Nwagboso et al. (2024) [17] and Kukreja et al. (2018) [12] confirmed and submitted that seed treatments and field application of pesticides can significantly improve the growth and yield of cowpea. Awurum and Enyiukwu (2013) [2] specifically confirmed and reported the efficacy of the seed-dressing of Carica papaya and Piper guineense extracts on the germination and against the seed-borne fungi associated with cowpea seeds. ...
... The estimated yield of chickpea loss due to insects and diseases varies depending on the region, with temperate regions experiencing a loss of 5 -10% and tropical regions seeing a much higher loss of 50-100%. (Kukreja et al., 2018). Most of the diseases (> 30) are caused by fungi. ...
... The disease was produced by artificially inoculating the pathogen via seed treatment and sowing. A Neubauer hemocytometer was used to determine the spore concentration of FOC, and a suspension of 10 6 spores/ml was prepared by serial dilution (14). Seeds of all genotypes were surface sterilized and then treated with the spore suspension. ...
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (FOC), an extremely destructive pathogen, infects chickpea plants leading to over 100% losses. Although using chemicals like Carbendazim and Mancozeb control the disease but ruin the soil’s natural flora and fauna. Also, the emergence of new FOC races threatens the current genotypes. Many efforts have been made towards improving chickpea genotypes through breeding and selection, but the situation has not been improved over the last 2 decades. The current research uses pot screening and molecular-based approaches to screen out the resistant chickpea cultivars. In that view, the present research uses 16 chickpea genotypes collected from diverse agro-climatic areas and checked against FOC race-3. After the pot screening and ANOVA (P<0.001), the genotypes were categorized as highly Resistant (C 235, HC 1), resistant (GNG 2477, PHULeG 0517, GNG 2171, HC 7, PHULe G 0127), susceptible (ICCV 10) and highly susceptible (PUSA 547, RSG 931, RSG 888, ICCV 512, CSJ 513, ICCV 6). In Marker-assisted selection (MAS), the DNA of genotypes was subjected to PCR with STMS markers TA-96 and TA-27. The results revealed that the genotypes ICCV 512, C 235, GNG 2171, ICCV 10, HC 7, PHULe G 0127 and HC 1 were resistant. These results are significant for selecting resistant genotypes and can be utilized in the future validation and development of more wilt-resistant chickpea genotypes. Our results based on pot-screening and molecular-based datasets suggested a more reliable identification system for screening of FOC resistance cultivar inhibiting, which can help narrow down the selection.
... International production of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a grain legume, is under constant threat from the fungal disease Ascochyta blight (AB) caused by the pathogen Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph: Didymella rabiei; Davidson and Kimber, 2007;Banniza et al., 2011;Kukreja et al., 2018;Benzohra et al., 2020). Ascochyta blight can cause significant yield losses and complete crop failure in susceptible cultivars in the absence of control measures (Chongo et al., 2003;Bretag et al., 2008). ...
... To prevent grain yield losses due to AB, integrated disease management is recommended worldwide. This includes utilising partially resistant cultivars, avoiding inoculum sources through crop rotation, manipulating sowing times, sowing clean seed, and applying fungicides (Davidson and Kimber, 2007;Kukreja et al., 2018). ...
International production of chickpea is under constant threat from the fungal disease Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei). In Australia, there is limited cultivar resistance, and disease management is reliant on foliar applied fungicides. Several recently registered fungicides in Australia that combine active ingredients with different modes of actions, have been shown to have curative properties. In this study, in the presence of Ascochyta blight, disease severity, grain yield and quality were measured and the subsequent gross margin for growers calculated in seven field experiments conducted in Victoria (Australia) across three seasons. These experiments investigated the effects of: two cultivars with differing disease resistance (PBA Striker and Genesis 090), and several fungicide strategies for the control of Ascochyta blight. Fungicides that combine different modes of actions (Tebuconazole + Azoxystrobin, Bixafen + Prothioconazole and Fludioxonil + Pydiflumetofen) were applied before a rainfall event (preventative) or after the first signs of disease (post-infection). Older, single active fungicides compared included Captan, Chlorothalonil, and Propiconazole, all applied preventatively. Maximum disease severities ranged from 87% at Horsham and 94% at Curyo across three seasons with Nhill recording 87% during 2020. Demonstrating the benefit of cultivar resistance for Ascochyta blight management, grain yield losses were substantially lower in the partially resistant cultivar Genesis 090 (64%) compared to the susceptible cultivar PBA Striker (96%), at Curyo in 2020. The preventative fungicide strategies reduced grain yield losses from 96 and 64% to 51 and 15% for PBA Striker and Genesis 090, respectively, demonstrating the benefit of fungicides in Ascochyta blight management. Across seasons and environments, a comparison between fungicides applied preventatively or post-infection highlighted both were both profitable ($23–$1,095/ha), except when dry conditions limited grain yield to less than 0.6 t/ha. The post infection timing had greater yield losses in sites/seasons with higher rainfall, but with dual active ingredient fungicides and partially resistant cultivars this timing could allow a reduction in the number of fungicide applications, thus improving profitability. These experiments highlighted the importance of controlling Ascochyta blight through cultivar resistance and fungicides to improve grain yields, grain quality, and grower profitability.
... In Pakistan the cultivated area of chickpea in 2020-21 was 873 thousand hectares 261 thousand tons production (Govt. of Pakistan 2020-21). In the world 54 countries are chickpea producing, but its major portion is contributed by developing countries (Kukreja et al., 2018). The major chickpea producing countries incudes India, Turkey, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Australia, Canada, Iran, Mexico, and USA (Jukanti et al., 2012;. ...
Chickpea yield is threatened by the Sclerotinia minor resulting in significant
every year. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the response of
chickpea germplasm against Sclerotinia minor and its management. Different
available chickpea germplasm was sown in sick plot in augmented design. The
maximum percentage of infection (54%) was recorded in check variety CM-
2006 followed by TG 12K07 (29.73), TG 16/9 (29.62), TG 1415 (29.17), TG 1410
(26.53) and TG 1624 (25.64). Out of total 51 lines/varieties, 6 were resistant
against Sclerotinia minor, 31 moderately resistant, 3 susceptible and 11
moderately susceptible. The efficacy of different fungicides was evaluated
against Sclerotinia minor in vitro. Culture of Sclerotinia minor was isolated from
infected chickpea samples and was multiplied on potato dextrose agar (PDA)
media. For evaluation of fungicides, PDA was amended with different
fungicides (Score; Nanok; Topsin-M; Antracoal & Success) at different
concentrations (10, 50, 100 & 200). Current study was carried out under
completely randomized design (CRD) with five repeats. All fungicides
significantly decreased mycelial growth of Sclerotinia minor at all
concentrations. Among them, Nanok was the most effective fungicide against
Sclerotinia minor followed by Topsin-M, Score, Antracol and Success
respectively. The most effective concentration at which the maximum
inhibition of mycelial growth of Sclerotinia minor was recorded was 200 ppm
compared to other concentrations (10, 50 & 100).
... Research on genetic and molecular management of various fungal pathogens in chickpeas, such as Aschochyta rabiei and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, has led to the identification of genetic and pathological variabilities leading to shifting from cultural practices to the development of new genetic and molecular management approaches [3]. However, limited information is available on the molecular biology of S. sclerotiorum during chickpea infection, despite the fact that, in a conducive environment, disease caused by Sclerotinia species can cause up to 100% chickpea yield loss [4,5]. ...
Background
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , the cause of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), is a host generalist necrotrophic fungus that can cause major yield losses in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) production. This study used RNA sequencing to conduct a time course transcriptional analysis of S. sclerotiorum gene expression during chickpea infection. It explores pathogenicity and developmental factors employed by S. sclerotiorum during interaction with chickpea.
Results
During infection of moderately resistant (PBA HatTrick) and highly susceptible chickpea (Kyabra) lines, 9491 and 10,487 S. sclerotiorum genes, respectively, were significantly differentially expressed relative to in vitro. Analysis of the upregulated genes revealed enrichment of Gene Ontology biological processes, such as oxidation-reduction process, metabolic process, carbohydrate metabolic process, response to stimulus, and signal transduction. Several gene functional categories were upregulated in planta , including carbohydrate-active enzymes, secondary metabolite biosynthesis clusters, transcription factors and candidate secreted effectors. Differences in expression of four S. sclerotiorum genes on varieties with different levels of susceptibility were also observed.
Conclusion
These findings provide a framework for a better understanding of S. sclerotiorum interactions with hosts of varying susceptibility levels. Here, we report for the first time on the S. sclerotiorum transcriptome during chickpea infection, which could be important for further studies on this pathogen’s molecular biology.
... Fungal infections have been shown to destructive effects on the chickpea production compared to various diseases triggered by a wide range of pathogens. Within numerous fungal diseases, the most prevalent foliar and root infections are the diseases caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Ascochyta blight) and Fusarium oxysporum (fusarium wilt), respectively, which cause serious crop yield decline (4). ...
Chickpea is an important crop that delivers nutritious food to the increasing global community and it will become increasingly popular as a result of climate change. Our objective was to use comprehensive data analysis to locate and identify candidate genes for fungal disease resistance. We used a comprehensive bioinformatics pipeline of sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, protein chemical and physical properties assessment and domain structure classification. In order to study gene evolution and genetic diversity, we compared these genes with known anti-fungal genes in different species of plants. A total of 19721 protein sequences belonging to 187 plant species have been downloaded from public databases, including the entire chickpea genome. We have successfully identified 23 potential anti-fungal genes in 10 different chromosomes and genomic scaffolds using sequence alignment and gene annotation. Ca2 and Ca6 have the highest number of genes followed by Ca3 and Ca4. Anti-fungal chickpea proteins have been identified as cysteine-rich (10), thaumatin (6), pathogenesis (4) and plasmodesmata (3) proteins. Analysis of the chemical and physical correlation of anti-fungal proteins revealed a high correlation between different aspects of anti-fungal proteins. Five different pattern patterns have been detected in the anti-fungal chickpea proteins identified, including domain families associated with fungal resistance. The maximum likelihood of phylogenetic analysis was successful in distinguishing between anti-fungal chickpea proteins as seen in their protein patterns/domains.
