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Discosia brasiliensis (MFLUCC 12-0429): A. Specimen on dead leaf. B. Conidiomata on host surface. C–D. L.S. of a conidioma. E–F. Longitudinal sections of a conidioma wall. G–K. Conidiogenous cells with developing conidia. L–M. Conidiogenous cells with developing conidia stained with lactophenol cotton blue. N–P . Conidia. Q–R. Conidia stained with lactophenol cotton blue. S. Germinating conidium. T–U. Colonies on PDA; T. From above; U. From below. Scale bars: C–D = 100 μm; E–S. 10 μm.
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The taxonomy and phylogeny of the coelomycete genera Ciliochorella and Discosia which have appendaged conidia are examined in this paper. The phylogeny of taxa in Amphisphaeriaceae is reconstructed based on analysis of large subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA (LSU) sequence data. This analysis confirms that Ciliochorella and Discosia are members of Amphis...
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... concentric surface zona- tion, and attaining a diam. of 38 mm on PDA in 7 days at 27˚C27˚C. M a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d . -THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Doi Mae Salong, on unidentified dead leaves, 13 July 2012, N. Tangthirasunun, reference specimen of Discosia brasiliensis given here MFLU 13-0284, culture MFLUCC 12-0429 = NTCL 094-2 = ICMP 20054 (Fig. 4). GenBank: LSU = KF827436; TUB = ...
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... analyses The phylogenetic tree built from LSU sequences is shown in Fig. 1. The tree comprising 44 isolates belonging to Amphisphaeriaceae (include Ciliochorella and Discosia ), seven isolates of Xylariales, and Sordaria fimicola as the out group taxon. The manually adjusted dataset comprised 822 characters including gaps among which 615 characters are constant, 83 variable characters were parsimony-uninformative and 124 were parsimony-informative (TL= 472, CI= 0.583, RI= 0.773, RC= 0.451, HI= 0.417) (Fig. 1). Discosia brasiliensis clusters in the Discosia clade. Ciliochorella mangiferae MFLUCC 12-0310 has a close relationship to C. castaneae which was isolated on leaves ( Cer- cidiphyllum japonicum : Hirosaki 4989 and Kalo- panax pictus : Hirosaki 4990) from Japan (Endo et al. 2008). Ciliochorella shows close affinities with other appendage bearing coelomycete genera such as Monochaetia , Neopestalotiopsis , Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis. These are members of Amphisphaeriaceae (Xylariales), and are similar to Discosia species. Phylogenetic affinities of Discosia become clear from the TUB dataset (Fig. 2). The alignment comprised 21 strains including the outgroup taxon, Pestalotiopsis uvicola . The manually adjusted dataset comprised 475 characters including gaps among which 225 characters are constant, 125 variable characters are parsimony-uninformative and 125 are parsimony-informative. The parsimony analysis of TUB data matrix resulted in a single parsimonious tree (TL=433, CI=0.868, RI=0.850, RC=0.738). Our D. brasiliensis isolate MFLUCC 12-0429 clusters with the D. brasiliensis isolates KT 2190, KT2194 and MAFF237018. Ciliochorella mangiferae Syd., Ann. Mycol. 33(1/2): 63 (1935). – Fig. 3 Facesoffungi number: 00657 S a p r o b i c on dead leaves. C o n i d i o m a t a 124–168 μm high, 813–826 μm diam., eustromatic at the base, superficial to semi-immersed and circular, solitary or aggregated, unilocular, black. C o n i d i o m a t a w a l l 6–8-layered, 23–43 μm wide, com- posed of thick-walled, dark brown to black cells of textura angularis and texura prismatica, with a centrally located, circular ostiole. C o n i d i o p h o r e s absent. C o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s en- teroblastic, phialidic, small, obclavate, developing directly from the innermost wall layers at the base and sides. C o n i d i a fusiform to naviculate, slightly curved, 3-euseptate, narrow basal cell (3–4 μm long) with basal appendage 3–9 μm long, wide mid- dle two cells (from a base 9–10 μm long) with apical cell transformed into two forked filiform cellular appendages (5–15 μm long), 12–17 × 2–4 μm (ex- cluding apical and basal appendages), mean conidium length/width ratio = 5:1, with above two cells very pale brown and lower end cell hyaline, thick- walled, continuous, sometimes constricted at median septum; basal cell conic and terminated into a filiform appendage. C o l o n i e s on PDA white or cream from above and white to light yellow from reverse, moderately fast growing with medium to dense mycelium, flat, circular or round, with smooth or entire to erose margin, with faint concentric surface zonation, attaining a diam. of 30 mm in 7 days at 27 ̊C. Discosia brasiliensis (Speg.) Nag Raj, Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-bearing Conidia: 305 (1993). – Fig. 4 ≡ Discosia artocreas var . brasiliensis Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 23: 162 (1919) Facesoffungi number: 00658 S a p r o b i c on dead leaves. C o n i d i o m a t a 79–94 μm high, 363–390 μm diam., stromatic, semi- immersed and superficial, unilocular to plurilocu lar, with one central ostiole at each conidioma, sep- arate or aggregated on leaves. C o n i d i o m a t a w a l l 6–9 layered, 5–12 μm wide above and 21– 65 μm wide below, thick-walled and black shield- like above, with dark brown-coloured cells of textura angularis at the base. C o n i d i o p h o r e s absent. C o n i d i o g e n o u s c e l l s holoblastic, smooth, restricted to the basal conidiomata wall. Conidia fusiform to cylindrical, thick-walled, smooth, 15–20 × 2–3 μm; mean conidium length/ width ratio = 6:1, 3-septate, rounded to slightly re- curved at both ends, with an unbranched appendage at each end. Basal appendage 10–12 μm long; apical appendages 8–11 μm long. C o l o n i e s young white or cream, older dark green to black from above and reverse, with dense mycelium, flat, circular or round form, smooth or entire margin, with faint concentric surface ...
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Dayarathne MC, Phookamsak R, Hyde KD, Manawasinghe IS, To-anun C, Jones EBG 2016 – Halodiatrype, a novel diatrypaceous genus from mangroves with H. salinicola and H. avicenniae spp. nov. Mycosphere7(5), 612–627, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/7/5/7 Abstract Collections of diatrypaceous taxa from mangroves in southern Thailand yielded two novel species from...
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... Among these, only five Ciliochorella species have sequence data for one or more gene loci. Ciliochorella species comprise saprobic taxa that have been reported from India, Japan, South America, and Thailand [42,[50][51][52]. Our isolate is also reported in its saprobic mode. ...
Appressoria are specialized structures formed by certain phytopathogenic fungi during the early stages of the infection process. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the formation, types, and functions of appressoria. Besides being formed primarily by fungal pathogens, many studies have reported their occurrence in other life modes such as endophytes, epiphytes, and saprobes. In this study, we observed the formation of appressoria in fungal genera that have been found associated with leaf spots and, interestingly, by a saprobic species. We used morphological descriptions and illustrations, molecular phylogeny, coalescent-based Poisson tree processes (PTP) model, inter- and intra-species genetic distances based on their respective DNA markers, and Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition Analysis (GCPSR) to establish a new species (Pseudoplagiostoma jasmini), a Ciliochorella sp., and a new host record (Coniella malaysiana). The Ciliochorella sp. is reported as a saprobe, while Pseudoplagiostoma jasmini and Coniella malaysiana were found to be associated with leaf spots of Jasminum species. All three taxa produce appressoria, and this is the first study that reports the formation of appressoria by a Ciliochorella sp. and a Pseudoplagiostoma sp.
... As such, laccase activity is also considered a virulence factor in many fungal diseases. Sydow & Mitter (1935), typified by C. mangiferae Syd., is an important genus of pestalotioid fungi (Sutton 1980;Nag Raj 1993;Lee et al. 2006;Tanaka et al. 2011;Tangthirasunun et al. 2015;Wijayawardene et al. 2016;Liu et al. 2019a). Most taxa classified as pestalotioid fungi are phytopathogens that cause a variety of diseases in plants, some of which are saprobes or endophytes that are widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions (Benjamin and Guba 1961;Barr 1975;Nag Raj 1993;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). ...
... Conidiogenous cells are discrete, ampulliform, or conical with a long neck, colorless, and smooth. Conidia are cylindrical, straight, or slightly curved with septate pale brown middle cells and colorless end cells with appendages at one or both ends (Lee et al. 2006;Allegrucci et al. 2011;Tangthirasunun et al. 2015;Wijayawardene et al. 2016;Liu et al. 2019a). ...
... Ciliochorella mangiferae is the earliest recorded species and described by Sydow and Mitter (1935) as the type species of this genus. Tangthirasunun et al. (2015) discovered a new record of C. mangiferae in Thailand and provided some its molecular data for this species. The first discovery of C. castaneae was in India (Nag Raj 1993), but Endo et al. (2008) added a new record for this species in Japan and also added molecular data. ...
The genus Ciliochorella is a group of pestalotioid fungi, which typically occurs in subtropical and tropical areas. Species from the Ciliochorella genus play important roles in the decomposition of litter. In this study, we introduce two new species ( Ciliochorella chinensis sp. nov. and C. savannica sp. nov. ) that were found on leaf litter collected from savanna-like vegetation in hot dry valleys of southwestern China. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS and tub2 sequence datasets indicated that C. chinensis and C. savannica respectively form a distinct clade within the Ciliochorella genus. The comparison of the morphological characteristics indicated that the two new species are well differentiated within this genus species. Analysis of the evolutionary history suggests that Ciliochorella originated from the Eurasian continent during the Paleogene (38 Mya). Further, we find that both new species can produce cellulase and laccase, playing a decomposer role.
... Morphologically, C. dipterocarpi can be distinguished from other Ciliochorella species based on having conidiogenous cells bearing conidia with mostly 2-septate, slightly guttulate, and shorter apical appendages, 12-15 µm (x = 13 µm) long. In comparison, C. castaneae has conidia that are 0-2-septate with branched conidiophores [64], whereas C. mangiferae and C. phanericola have conidia in the range of 9-18 ×1-3 µm [50,65]. Ciliochorella dipterocarpi conidial sizes include 9-18 × 1-3 µm, with 2-3 apical appendages, and 12-15 µm long, with single basal appendage 8-17 µm long. ...
... Ciliochorella is characterized by its distinct morphological characteristics [64,65] and molecular phylogeny based on the ITS, LSU, and tub2 sequence data [50]. Nevertheless, many species and isolates lack the sequence data for one or more loci, which may cause biases in the tree topology and phylogenetic placement [69][70][71][72] [e.g., 71,72,73,74]. ...
Leaf litter is an essential functional aspect of forest ecosystems, acting as a source of organic matter, a protective layer in forest soils, and a nurturing habitat for micro-and macro-organisms. Through their successional occurrence, litter-inhabiting microfungi play a key role in litter decomposition and nutrient recycling. Despite their importance in terrestrial ecosystems and their abundance and diversity, information on the taxonomy, diversity, and host preference of these decomposer taxa is scarce. This study aims to clarify the taxonomy and phylogeny of four saprobic fungal taxa inhabiting Dipterocarpus alatus leaf litter. Leaf litter samples were collected from Doi Inthanon National Park in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Fungal isolates were characterized based on morphology and molecular phylogeny of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, LSU) and protein-coding genes (tub2, tef1-α, rpb2). One novel saprobic species, Ciliochorella dipterocarpi, and two new host records, Pestalotiopsis dracontomelon and Robillarda australiana, are introduced. The newly described taxa are compared with similar species, and comprehensive descriptions, micrographs, and phylogenetic trees are provided.
... However, the fungus was not identified to the species level. In present study, we collected Discosia samples from Beijing (North China), Hunan and Yunnan (South China), and found it different from any known species [43,45,46]. From the phylogram (Figure 9), Discosia brasiliensis was the closest species to D. castaneae, but they could be distinguished by their conidial width (3.5-4.5 μm in D. castaneae vs. 2-3 μm in D. brasiliensis) [46]. ...
... In present study, we collected Discosia samples from Beijing (North China), Hunan and Yunnan (South China), and found it different from any known species [43,45,46]. From the phylogram (Figure 9), Discosia brasiliensis was the closest species to D. castaneae, but they could be distinguished by their conidial width (3.5-4.5 μm in D. castaneae vs. 2-3 μm in D. brasiliensis) [46]. Notes-Monochaetia concentrica and M. kansensis were recorded to inhabit Castanea leaves, but Monochaetia castaneae from present study is narrower than them (4.7-6.6 μm in M. castaneae vs. 6.5-8.5 μm in M. concentrica vs. 6.0-8.0 μm in M. kansensis) [47]. ...
Two Castanea plant species, C. henryi and C. mollissima, are cultivated in China to produce chestnut crops. Leaf spot diseases commonly occur in Castanea plantations, however, little is known about the fungal species associated with chestnut leaf spots. In this study, leaf samples of C. henryi and C. mollissima were collected from Beijing, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, and leaf-inhabiting fungi were identified based on morphology and phylogeny. As a result, twenty-six fungal species were confirmed, including one new family, one new genus, and five new species. The new taxa are Pyrisporaceae fam. nov., Pyrispora gen. nov., Aureobasidium castaneae sp. nov., Dis-cosia castaneae sp. nov., Monochaetia castaneae sp. nov., Neopestalotiopsis sichuanensis sp. nov. and Pyrispora castaneae sp. nov.
Identification, classification and nomenclature of asexual fungi (including coelomycetes) have been changing rapidly. However, nomenclatural changes of coelomycetous fungi have not been thoroughly discussed since Sutton (1977). Hence, it is essential to compile all scattered data and revisit the list of generic names. In this study, we compiled all published generic names of coelomycetous taxa including invalid and illegitimate names. Further, sexual genera which have coelomycetous asexual morphs are also provided. The present paper is a part of a series of papers on coelomycetous genera.
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Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e. conidiomata. Coelomycetes comprise about, 1000 genera and 7000 species, which can be endophytic, pathogenic or saprobic. Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology, such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis, while it was treated as a distinct group i.e. Deuteromycotina. Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system, resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes, as well as establish asexual-sexual links. Nevertheless, most of genera lack sequence data, thus, morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species. In this paper we illustrate, describe, and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera, including five new genera viz. Apiculospora, Didymellocamarosporium, Melanocamarosporium, Melnikia and Paulkirkia. Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. One-hundred and fifty-two (65 %) of genera have sequence data, thus, their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system, is listed as an outline. However, 83 genera still lack sequence data, hence, they are treated as Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis. In addition, separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
