Figure 9 - uploaded by Sumeet Singh Bhatia
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
In this paper a multiband fractal based rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed. FR4 substrate having thickness of 1.58 mm is used as substrate material for the design of proposed antenna and microstrip feed line provides the excitation to the antenna. The antenna operating frequency range is from 1 to 10 GHz. The proposed antenna resonate...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
In this presented work, Split Ring Resonator (SRR) is arranged in 7X7X4 form to create a metamaterial superstrate which is incorporate on patch antenna. The SRR based metamaterial slab is analysed with Nicolson–Ross–Wier approach to extract the effective parameters of the medium. The Extracted parameters Shows that the relative permeability of the...
In this study, a simple architecture of UWB antenna with microstrip patch operating in a frequency range of 3.1 to 11 GHz with dual feed structure is proposed. The compactness and low profile of the designed antenna has gained its importance in commercial and industry oriented applications. The proposed antenna radiates well with good return loss,...
This study aimed to investigate the compact 1-bit coding metamaterial design with various conventional and cuboid shapes by analysing the bistatic scattering patterns as well as the monostatic radar cross-section for microwave applications. The construction of this metamaterial design depends on binary elements. For example, 1-bit coding metamateri...
In this paper, the design of a frequency reconfigurable antenna for Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, and C-band applications is presented. Dual and triple frequency reconfigurable antennas are designed and their parameters were plotted. A rectangular patch (18 mm × 14.5 mm) with microstrip line feed is taken as radiating element. FR4 dielectric substrate with ϵr = 4...
In this proposed work a compact dual band and wideband slot loaded multilayered patch antennas are presented for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna parameters such as return loss, radiation pattern, gain, frequency ratio, VSWR, efficiency, group delay and beam-width are discussed. The bandwidth of the proposed dual band antenna at lower reson...
Citations
... In the last decade, various types of fractal antennas capable to exhibit multiband or wideband characteristics have been expounded by researchers for attaining desired parameters. Microstrip rectangular patch antenna based on fractal geometry has been demonstrated by Sivia & Bhatia (2015) for multiband wireless applications. Lizzi et al. (2012) exemplified a multiband antenna with improved impedance matching characteristics for wireless communication system in emergency management. ...
Stub loaded Pocket Shaped Fractal Antenna (PSFA) with defected ground structure of volumetric dimensions 32×36×1.6mm³ for UWB technology has been presented in this manuscript. Proposed antenna’s structure exhibits improved impedance bandwidth in juxtaposition to other geometries like antenna with partial ground plane and ground plane with defects. The ground plane of the proposed antenna has been modified for attaining the improved results. Final, structure of antenna with modified ground plane reveals the wider impedance bandwidth of 11.80GHz (149.36%) and 5.33GHz (30.75%) in the frequency range from 2.0 – 13.80GHz and 14.67 – 20.0GHz respectively. The peak realized gain of antenna is also being computed and divulged as 7.02dB at 9.7GHz frequency band. The co and cross-polarization radiation patterns in E and H-plane of proposed antenna are measured and presented at frequency points 3.0, 4.9, 7.3, 8.8, 10.2, 13.0, 16.6 and 19.4GHz. The proposed antenna has been simulated and its performance is also being investigated by using HFSS V13 simulator. Further, optimized antenna geometry is fabricated, and fair comparison between simulated and measured results has been drawn and divulged in reasonable agreement with each other. The proposed antenna has reported the wider bandwidth which made it a suitable candidate for distinct wireless applications in the UWB frequency range.
... This research examines three multiband MPAs that operate in the WiMAX (3.5/5.5 GHz), WLAN (5.2/5.8 GHz), and C frequency bands [6][7][8][9][10]. The patch size can be reduced by utilizing a patch substrate material with a high permittivity and a short substrate height. ...
This review research paper examines the evolution of the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) in the field of wireless communication technology. Distinguished researchers have made several efforts to develop MPA in order to meet market demands. To begin, this paper provides a quick overview of wireless technology and MPA. Following that, a literature review is provided in order to better comprehend the concept of a patch antenna that is small in size, has multiband and wideband functionalities, and is widely used in wireless communication. Reported antennas simulation have been accomplished with the help of CST, HFSS, and other tools. Return loss, VSWR, directivity, gain, efficiency, and radiation pattern are all examined with this software. The end result of numerous investigations has been mentioned which can be primarily based on antenna performance factors like patch slot, antenna dimensions, substrate material, and feeding techniques. For their better understanding these findings delineated within the tabular form and finally conclusion of the overview paper is discussed.
... There is an excess of literature that has been presented that is linked to patch antennas but the fractal antenna has made its exceptional identity in the family of antennas because of its unusual features and capability to inhabit the huge surface area in restricted space [1,2]. The fractal was first presented in 1975 by B. Mandelbrot on naturals fractals [3,4]. Fractals are complicated in shape which occurs in nature or can be generated by means of IFS (Iterative Function System) [5,6]. ...
A unique dual hexagonal-shaped radiating patch design with hybrid fractal curves (Meander and Koch) is presented for quad-band wireless applications. Initially, the antenna from 0th to 2nd iteration of hybrid fractal curves with PGP (Partial Ground Plane) is designed and investigated. Further, to get better results of the designed antenna in respect of Bandwidth (BW) and coefficient of reflection these hybrid curves are superimposed on the limited ground plane of 1st and 2nd iteration of the antenna and the generated antennas are designated as Antenna–1 and Antenna–2. A comparison between both the antennas has been made and it is observed that Antenna–2 shows better results in respect of improved BW and coefficient of reflection. The proposed antenna exhibits four resonant frequency bands 1.6, 4.8, 6.9, and 8.8 GHz with improved corresponding impedance BW of 2.09, 1.36, 0.86, and 1.51 GHz. The designed antenna is simulated and made on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with an overall size of 20 × 40 × 1.6 mm3. The fabricated proposed antenna is tested experimentally for the authentication of simulated results with experimental results and these are compatible with each other. The other performance indicators like radiation pattern, peak realized gain, and radiation efficiency are also determined for the proposed Hybrid Fractal Antenna (HFA) and all are found satisfactory. Due to the improved operational parameters, the designed HFA can be considered as a suitable applicant for distinct wireless applications in anticipated operational frequency ranges.
... Fractal antennas are generally utilized for the framework that needs a broadband behavior and high information rate. Presently, the developing interest in remote frameworks requires smaller antennas with more extensive data transmission rate and wideband qualities with increased reflection coefficient [4,5]. By utilizing iterative recursive procedure in the antenna geometries, one can make a unique structure [6]. ...
In this manuscript, a compact wideband antenna using a partial ground plane has been designed by the hybridization of Minkowski fractal curves on the hexagonal radiating patch. Further, the corners of this partial ground plane have been truncated and the Minkowski curves superimposed on each truncated corner. The L shaped stub has been employed to enhance the performance parameters of the antenna in terms of the number of frequency bands and impedance bandwidth. Different prototypes of an antenna have been compared and found that prototype with L-shaped stub and ground plane with truncated corners using Minkowski curve (proposed prototype) exhibits better antenna performance parameters. The proposed prototype of the antenna reveals the maximum bandwidth of 10.86 GHz (140.10%) with four distinct frequency bands 4.4, 7.1, 10.8, 16.3 GHz. Designed antenna has also been fabricated and tested for authentication of simulated results with measured results and found in reasonable agreement with each other. The proposed antenna uses a low-cost FR4 substrate with a compact size of 24 × 30 × 1.6 mm3. Due to the wider bandwidth, stable radiation pattern, and desired gain at the desired frequency points, the proposed antenna can be used for different wireless applications.
... (A) U Shaped Parasitic Element [44] (B) U-Shaped Slot [46] (C) Fractal -1 st and 2 nd iteration [42] (D) Feeding Techniques [19] (E) Reconfigurable Antenna [45] (F) Metamaterial Antenna [43] Lee, Yang, and Kishk [46] proposed a wide band patch antenna for dual and multi-band application with Lprobe feeding and U-slots on the patch structure. The antenna operates for 4.95-5.20, ...
The rapid increase of mobile users, subscriber demands, and various enabling technologies of next-generation mobile and wireless communication systems such as 4G, 5G, WiMAX, and many more have triggered antenna researchers to develop new solutions. The evolving technologies such as mmWave, 5G require high gain and high capacity antennas. The rising demands for small size, low-cost, low-profile, and efficient multi-band antennas in a single system for various communication standards have also created many opportunities for researchers. The design and development of such multi-band and compact size antenna requires more attention towards other limitations like gain, directivity, bandwidth, high efficiency, various frequency bands, operating set-up, design complexity, etc. Microstrip antenna has characteristics like simple structure, small size, cost-effective and easy integration with Microwave Integrated Circuits. This review paper aims to overview the current research trends and presents the various approaches, design, and development techniques used by researchers in multi-band antennas comprising 5G wireless systems. This study will help the researchers to review and analyze the existing methodologies, design procedures, and future challenges.
... Mandelbrot on naturals fractals [3,4]. Fractals are complicated in shape which occurs in nature or can be generated by means of IFS (Iterative Function System) [5,6]. ...
A unique dual hexagonal-shaped radiating patch design with hybrid fractal curves (Meander and Koch) is presented for quad-band wireless applications. Initially, the antenna from 0th to 2nd iteration of hybrid fractal curves with PGP (Partial Ground Plane) is designed and investigated. Further, to get better results of the designed antenna in respect of Bandwidth (BW) and coefficient of reflection these hybrid curves are superimposed on the limited ground plane of 1st and 2nd iteration of the antenna, and the generated antennas are designated as Antenna – 1 and Antenna – 2. A comparison between both the antennas has been made and it is observed that antenna -2 shows better results in respect of improved BW and coefficient of reflection. The proposed antenna exhibits four resonant frequency bands 1.6, 4.8, 6.9, and 8.8GHz with improved corresponding impedance BW of 2.09, 1.36, 0.86, and 1.51GHz. The designed antenna is simulated and made on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with an overall size of 20×40×1.6 mm3. The fabricated proposed antenna is tested experimentally for the authentication of simulated results with experimental results and these are compatible with each other. The other performance indicators like radiation pattern, peak realized gain, and radiation efficiency are also determined for the proposed Hybrid Fractal Antenna (HFA) and all are found satisfactory. Due to the improved operational parameters, the designed HFA can be considered as a suitable applicant for distinct wireless applications in anticipated operational frequency ranges.
... 1,2 First fractal geometry was introduced by B. Mandelbort in 1975 and his theory was based on natural fractals. 3,4 Fractals are usually complex in structure which occur naturally or can be produced by using iterative recursive procedure. 5,6 The properties of the fractal are space-filling, fractional dimensions, self-similarity, and infinite complexity due to which they exhibit unique characteristics such as wideband and multiband. ...
The comprehensive review of hybrid fractal antenna (HFA) has been presented in this article. Distinguished researchers have designed, analyzed, and investigated numerous types of HFA's as per the requirement of the market. Firstly, it gives introduction about the fractal antennas (FAs) along with the need of integration of the fractal geometries then research motivation. The extensive literature survey has been divided into three different parts as, fusion of same type of fractal geometries, amalgamation of two distinct fractal geometries and concoction of three different fractal geometries, further, the comparative analysis among these HFA's has been made on the basis of their size, geometries used for designing, number of resonant frequency bands, gain, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, circular polarization, and their applications. The juxtaposition among different HFA's has also been delineated in tabular form for more limpidity along with the findings of individual research article. The challenges faced by researchers while designing the antennas are also being portrayed in this article. This review may be supportive for the novices to carry out their research on HFA as such type of comparative analysis on HFA's is not existing in the open state of art literature as per best of authors knowledge.
... Mandelbort introduced fractal geometry as he was inspired by the natural fractals such as snowflakes, broccoli, peacock fins etc. According to Mandelbort, it is a geometry that repeats itself in a certain scale [1]. Fractal geometries are expansively used in antenna designing, because of its two key properties: Self-similarity and Space-filling. ...
This paper presents the unique structure of a hybrid antenna with a blend of Peano–Gosper, Koch and Minkowski curves using a modified partial ground plane for multi-standard wireless applications. Initially, the Minkowski and Koch curves are amalgamated by using a versatile mathematical tool called Iterative Function System (IFS), and furthermore, their resultant structure is superimposed on each segment of Peano–Gosper curve to obtain the novel geometry of hybrid fractal antenna named Gosper–Koch Minkowski Hybrid Fractal Antenna (GKMHFA). The partial ground plane with 50Ω transmission line fed is used to analyse the performance of designed structure and found that it exhibits five different frequency bands above 9 GHz in the frequency range 1–20 GHz. Consequently, to attain the frequency bands below 9 GHz with enhanced bandwidth
and reflection coefficient, the partial ground plane has been modified. The proposed antenna with the modified ground plane reveals seven distinct frequency points 1.5, 3.4, 8.6, 12.2, 14.1, 15.3 and 18.9 GHz with a maximum bandwidth 5.0 GHz along with improved reflection coefficient i.e.−45.65 dB at 1.5 GHz. The proposed antenna also reports positive gain and stable radiation patterns in the operational frequency bands, which make it a proficient candidate for the multi-standard wireless applications such as GPS, terrestrial communication, PCS, UMTS, advance wireless services, Bluetooth, WLAN,
Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, military satellite communication, television broadcasting, broadcasting satellite, FSS, Ku-band and K-band.
... Even though fractal antennas are accessible in reduced size as a result of its space-filling property is the most appropriate for accomplishing multiband attributes [12][13][14][15] yet at the same time, it's a test for specialists to improve bandwidth and gain. Indeed, even a multiband arrangement may not accomplish the best possible impedance coordinating [16]. To accomplish the ideal outcomes, metamaterials [17,18] can be utilized with it as metamaterials have picked up the immense prominence in a limited ability to focus time. ...
This manuscript presents the novel design of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) and rectangular stubs loaded Circular Fractal Antenna for multiband wireless applications. Initially, the antenna is designed by introducing various fractal iterations from 0th to 3rd and the final iteration is designated as Antenna-I. This antenna exhibits the maximum bandwidth of 8.35 GHz from 4.12 to 12.47 GHz. Further, this bandwidth has been enhanced and inflated as 10.29 GHz from 2.07 to 12.36 GHz, by introducing the SRR structure in the geometry of 3rd iteration of the designed antenna and designated as Antenna-II. Similarly, to further improve the performance parameters the rectangular stubs are introduced in the structure of Antenna-II to obtain the proposed antenna final geometry called Antenna-III. The final structure of the proposed antenna shows improved impedance matching and exhibits the bandwidth of 11.43 GHz (1.30–12.73 GHz) and 5.17 GHz (14.83–20.0 GHz) in 1 to 20 GHz frequency range. The total dimensions of the proposed antenna is 36 × 32 mm² and can be valuable for different multiband wireless applications such as a DCS, PCS, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiMAX, GSM, IEEE 802.16e, ITU, IEEE802.11a (WLAN)/b/g, C/S/X/Ku and K band.
... Day-by-day revolutionary changes have been noted in the field of communication and this revolution is unimaginable without appropriate antenna designing techniques. Wellknown scientists have carried out their research in this direction and found that antenna which is designed with fractal shapes somehow proficient to meet the modern market standards because of its unique properties such as self-similarity and space-filling Sharma & Sharma, 2016;Sivia & Bhatia, 2015). Fractal word was first time being introduced by B. Mandelbort whose meaning is fracture or broken into similar kinds of shapes. ...
The metamaterial inspired low-cost diamond shaped fractal antenna (DSFA) based on edge-coupled (EC) parasitic split ring resonator (SRR) for multiband wireless application is presented and investigated in this manuscript. Initially, three iterations of DSFA are designed and found that 2nd iteration reveals the more number of frequency bands as compared to the other iterations. For proper impedance matching characteristics, partial ground plane has been introduced in the designing of antenna and low-cost FR4 glass epoxy substrate with thickness 1.6mm is used with overall size of 32 × 36 mm2. Further, the EC parasitic SRR is loaded in the geometry of proposed antenna and compared with unloaded antenna and noted that loaded antenna reports the better results in terms of bandwidth and reflection coefficient. Loaded antenna exhibits the maximum bandwidth 5.68GHz (1.67 – 7.34GHz) and a maximum gain 8.63dB at 2.3GHz and 9.90dB at 19.9GHz. The prototype of proposed DSFA has been fabricated and tested for the authentication of measured results with the simulated results, and found both are in agreement with each other. Proposed DSFA with EC parasitic SRR is best suitable for different wireless applications because of its multiband behavior.
