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Diplodia malorum. A. Culture growing on PDA. B. Pycnidia formed on pine needles. C-E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Hyaline aseptate conidia. G. Hyaline and 1-septate brown conidia. H, I. Brown conidia at two different planes of focus to show the finely verruculose inner surface of the wall. Scale bars: B = 500 μm, C-I = 10 μm.
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In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it se...
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Generic circumscription and species relationships in several lineages in Cactaceae tribe Cacteae remain unresolved. Turbinicarpus s.l. is one of the most species-rich genera in Cacteae, with its centre of distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico. We reconstructed a phylogenetic tree of Turbinicarpus s.l. with Bayesian inference, using plastid...
Citations
... These included a fast-growing, cream-white colony in the first few days, turning dark to black as the days progressed; conidia were dark brown, striated, ellipsoidal and uniseptate (Mbenoun et al. 2008). However, the fungus may show aseptate conidia when young, but these conidia may develop septa as they mature (Burgess et al. 2006;Phillips et al. 2013). In addition, the microscopic morphological characteristics of the conidia were consistent with those reported for this species in previous studies (Coutinho et al. 2017;Huda-Shakirah et al. 2022). ...
... In recent studies, taxonomists have frequently used highly conserved protein-coding genes such as tef1, tub2, and ITS to construct species-resolving phylogenies (Phillips et al. 2019;Slippers et al. 2014). The phylogenetic analysis with the concatenated dataset of ITS, tub2, rpb2 and tef1 sequences clearly placed our isolates within the L. theobromae and L. iraniensis species clusters with reference specimens from previously published studies (Netto et al. 2014;Phillips et al. 2008Phillips et al. , 2013. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the most frequent species in this study, as also found in previous studies (Marques et al. 2013;Netto et al. 2014). ...
Lasiodiplodia spp. are known to cause canker, rot and dieback symptoms in several crops worldwide. In this study, two Lasiodiplodia species were identified as pathogens of native cacao accessions from the department of Amazonas, Peru, causing dieback and pod rot on young and old stems. We evaluated the macro and micro morphological characteristics, and conducted a molecular identification based on a phylogenetic analysis with a multilocus dataset with informative loci for the genus. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of immature conidia that were initially hyaline, subovoid, unicel-lular, and double-layered, which became reddish brown with a central septum and longitudinal grooves at maturity. In the phylogenetic analysis, we identified our isolates as L. theobromae and L. iraniensis with strong bootstrap support values. Koch's postulates were fulfilled after the re-isolation of the same species from diseased tissues of cacao fruits and stems after an artificial inoculation. Therefore, in this study, we report for the first time L. theobromae and L. iraniensis infecting native cacao plants in Amazonas, Peru.
... Fusarium oxysporum has been identified as a pathogen causing rown and root rot in apples [6,7]. Botryosphaeria ribis is linked with apple stem canker and fruit rot [8,9]. Meanwhile, Physalospora piricola is known to cause bull's-eye rot in apples, affecting fruit quality and storability [10,11]. ...
Background
Apple Replant Disease (ARD) is common in major apple-growing regions worldwide, but the role of rhizosphere microbiota in conferring ARD resistance and promoting plant growth remains unclear.
Results
In this study, a synthetic microbial community (SynCom) was developed to enhance apple plant growth and combat apple pathogens. Eight unique bacteria selected via microbial culture were used to construct the antagonistic synthetic community, which was then inoculated into apple seedlings in greenhouse experiments. Changes in the rhizomicroflora and the growth of aboveground plants were monitored. The eight strains, belonging to the genera Bacillus and Streptomyces, have the ability to antagonize pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Botryosphaeria ribis, and Physalospora piricola. Additionally, these eight strains can stably colonize in apple rhizosphere and some of them can produce siderophores, ACC deaminase, and IAA. Greenhouse experiments with Malus hupehensis Rehd indicated that SynCom promotes plant growth (5.23%) and increases the nutrient content of the soil, including soil organic matter (9.25%) and available K (1.99%), P (7.89%), and N (0.19%), and increases bacterial richness and the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria. SynCom also increased the stability of the rhizosphere microbial community, the assembly of which was dominated by deterministic processes (|β NTI| > 2).
Conclusions
Our results provide insights into the contribution of the microbiome to pathogen inhibition and host growth. The formulation and manipulation of similar SynComs may be a beneficial strategy for promoting plant growth and controlling soil-borne disease.
... Neoscytalidium spp. described by (Crous et al. 2006) was an important pathogen group associated with dieback, cankers, stem blight and root rot diseases on several hosts of woody plants displaying an agronomic importance worldwide. N. novaehollandiae has been reported as a destructive pathogen in Turkey causing stem canker and branch dieback of almond trees (Ören et al. 2020), stem blight on tomato (Derviş et al. 2020), and wood canker caused by on grapevine (Akgül et al. 2019b). ...
... As for the morphological traits, they were consistent with the description of Neoscytalidium spp. by Phillips et al. (2006) and in subsequent studies (Akgül et al. 2019b;Kazemzadeh Chakusary et al. 2019;Derviş et al. 2020Derviş et al. , 2021. Among the GTDs, Esca is a very important and destructive disease of grapevine in many grapevine producing countries. ...
For decades, the grapevine has been produced as a commercial fruit crop in Morocco. From 2004 to 2022, the area dedicated to cultivating and producing grapes has increased across the country. Despite the implementation of adequate agricultural practices, grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) lead to significant yield losses and a remarkable reduction in viticultural quality. Many grape growers encounter this issue in their vines each year and seek strategies to cope with it. In the most significant grapegrowing regions globally, including Morocco, grapevine decline is a common and significant disease that is brought on by a multitude of latent fungal plant diseases. Due to the use of poorly informative markers in phylogenetic analyses and the lack of relevant morphological characteristics, the classification of these pathogens has proven to be challenging. Numerous genera and families have not yet been extensively studied, especially in Morocco. To identify the dieback-causing agents, surveys were carried out in 152 Moroccan vineyards in Marrakech-Safi, Casablanca-Settat, RabatSale-Kenitra, and Fez- Meknes regions between 2019-2021. Samples of symptomatic trunks were collected and processed for mycological analysis. Afterward, fungal identification of representative isolates was performed combining morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and protein-coding gene (β-TUB). Pathogenicity tests were fulfilled under greenhouse conditions for 15 days. Among the fungi collected in the current study, 54 fungal isolates were obtained belonging to different genera and families namely: Botryosphaeria (11 species), Fusarium (10 species), Pestialiotiopsis (4 species), Clonostachys (3 species), Entoleuca mammata, Phaeoacremonium hungaricum, Trichothecium roseum, Diaporthe ampelina, Epicoccum nigrum, Alternaria alternata, and Rosellinia convexa. Pathogenicity test revealed that Diplodia mutila, Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, Neopestalotiopsis vitis, and Trichothecium roseum isolates are the most pathogenic. This is the first detailed report of species associated with GTDs in Morocco where new records of species worldwide are highlighted.
... The morphological characteristics closely resembled those described for L. pseudotheobromae (Alves et al. 2008). Fungal species belonging to the Botryosphaeriales order are known as soilborne necrotic plant pathogens with a wide host range and widespread distribution (Slippers and Wingfield 2007;Phillips et al. 2013;Batista et al. 2021). Although members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family are generally recognized as opportunistic pathogens, they can cause severe disease symptoms under unfavourable conditions in mostly woody plants (Slippers and Wingfield 2007;Sakalidis et al. 2011;Xie et al. 2019;Castillo 2023;Wang et al. 2023b). ...
... The bootstrap values for 1000 replicates are displayed on the branches. The numbers on the branches indicate the level of support parvum, Diplodia sapinea, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella sarmentorum, and L. pseudotheobromae are the most common species globally (Phillips et al. 2013;Dissanayake et al. 2016;Mehl et al. 2017). Among these species, L. theobromeae had the highest host range with 666 different hosts, followed by Botryosphaeria dothidea with 403 hosts and Neofusicoccum parvum with 223 hosts. ...
... L. pseudotheobromae has not been reported as a major fungal pathogen causing significant economic losses in peanut-producing countries. Instead, it occurs as a saprophytes, wound parasite or opportunist on a diverse range of host plants (Phipps and Porter 1998;Phillips et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2023b). ...
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) holds significant commercial and dietary importance as a major source of edible oil and protein in Turkey. Stem, collar or root rot, caused by several fungal disease agent, are serious soil-borne diseases of peanut. Accurate and precise identification of the disease agent provides fundamental and precise information for integrated plant management. During the period from June to September 2021, symptoms consistent with collar rot disease, including dark-brown stem rot, chlorotic leaves, wilting, and eventual whole plant death, were observed on peanut plants cultivated in the different districts of Osmaniye Province of Turkey. The disease incidence ranged from 8.0 to 45.0% in the inspected fields with an average of 3.4% overall. Twenty-four single-spore representative isolates were obtained from surface-disinfected symptomatic tissues. Morphological characteristics of fungal mycelium, conidial and pycnidial structures on potato sucrose agar (PSA) and water agar (WA) closely resembled those described for Lasiodiplodia spp. All isolates caused typical collar rot symptoms upon artificial inoculation of peanut seedlings. Morphological identification of Lasiodiplodia spp. isolates was corroborated by MALDI-TOF and molecular analyses utilizing sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin 2 (tub2) and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1-α) loci. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the representative fungal isolates (MKUBK-B1 and MKUBK-K22) belong to Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of L. pseudotheobromae infecting peanut plants in Turkey. This work is expected to contribute to previously limited knowledge regarding the host range, incidence and prevalence of L. pseudotheobromae as a soilborne pathogen of peanuts. Due to the potential destructiveness and broad host range of this pathogen, it is essential to develop new strategies to establish more reliable, environmentally sustainable, and cost-effective management approaches for this disease.
... N. dimidiatum species, which are becoming increasingly prevalent in Turkey, can act as plant pathogens, endophytes, saprophytes, and latent pathogens. Additionally, they are considered as causative agents of mycosis in humans and animals (Phillips et al., 2013;Mohd et al., 2013;Alizadeh et al., 2022;Türkölmez et al., 2019). This pathogen can lead to a range of detrimental effects on the plants it affects, including dieback, scorching, canker formation, necrosis in the woody tissues, leaf shedding, chlorosis, gumming, tip dieback, rot, and sometimes the complete death of the host. ...
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers has been causing significant damage to apricot trees in Turkey in recent years. This disease can lead to various problems in apricot trees, including dieback, the formation of cankers, necrosis in vascular tissues, gumming, and ultimately the death of the host. This study was conducted in 2021–2022 in the region with the highest apricot production in the world, Malatya, Türkiye. This research aims to develop a control strategy against N. dimidiatum , which poses a destructive threat to apricot trees. In the study, the effectiveness of 10 chemical and 2 biological fungicides was tested in vitro and under field conditions to manage N. dimidiatum . While the effectiveness of chemical fungicides was assessed both in vitro and under field conditions, the effectiveness of biological fungicides was tested only under field conditions. Given the absence of a study conducted under field conditions for the controlling of N. dimidiatum , this aspect of the research is groundbreaking. In vitro experiments were performed in three replicates for each of the chemical fungicides. In the conducted in vitro experiments, most of the tested chemical fungicides, except for metalaxyl-m + acibenzolar-s-methyl (10.46%), effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of N. dimidiatum . In terms of inhibiting the mycelial growth of N. dimidiatum , the most effective fungicides were ranked as follows: tebuconazole (100%), cyprodinil + fludioxonil (99.43%), azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (99.40%), and floupyram + tebuconazole (99.26%). Chemical fungicides that exhibited high efficacy under in vitro conditions also proved to be effective in field trials. Among these fungicides, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, floupyram + tebuconazole, and tebuconazole were identified as the most effective fungicides both before and after artificial inoculation. Cyprodinil + fludioxonil showed high efficacy when applied before inoculation but was not effective when applied after inoculation. In contrast to the chemical fungicides, the commercial Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai KRL-AG2, which were exclusively examined in field studies, did not display significant effectiveness against N. dimidiatum .
... 10.6 × 6.9 μm) are the basic characteristics for the identification of N. novaehollandiae species for the diagnosis of the other four species, namely, N. dimidiatum, N. hylocereum, N. oculus, and N. orchidacearum. These characteristics agreed with the explanation of N. novaehollandiae by Phillips et al. (2013) (Figs. 7 and 8). ...
Populations of urban forest trees have declined in recent decades owing to various threats. The present study focused on the role of biotic agents, as there is a lack of detailed long-term records on diseases affecting urban forest trees. Pathogenic fungi from Acer negundo, A. velutinum, Ailanthus altissima, Albizia julibrissin, Carpinus betulus, Chamaerops humilis, Cedrus atlantica, Cercis siliquastrum, Cupressus arizonica, Fallopia aubertii, Fraxinus excelsior, Gleditsia triacanthos, Hibiscus syriacus, Haloxylon ammodendron, Juglans regia, Malus domestica, Morus alba, M. nigra, Nerium oleander, Paulownia fortunei, P. tomentosa, Platanus orientalis, Populus nigra, P. alba, Punica granatum, Quercus castaneifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix alba, S. babylonica, Tilia platyphyllos, Ulmus minor, Vitis vinifera, and Wisteria sinensis were isolated in the present research. The pathogenic fungus Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae was identified based on morphology and molecular investigation of the TEF-1a and LSU regions. Hence, for the first time, we report 30 new hosts of N. novaehollandiae in Iran and 29 new hosts worldwide. Most isolates were pathogenic to 22 plant species, and some isolates were associated with disease for 10 plant species. Additionally, we determined potential vectors and reservoirs for pathogenic fungi in Aeolesthes sarta, Capnodis tenebrionis, Scolytus kirschii, Orthotomicus erosus, and Microcerotermes gabrielis. To the best of our knowledge, the results indicated that these insects and termites have the potential for the transmission and maintenance of N. novaehollandiae.
... The Botryosphaeriaceae family are worldwide pathogens that cause a range of disease symptoms, including leaf spots, fruit and root rots, dieback, and cankers, in multiple woody hosts [1][2][3]. They have diverse ecological roles as endophytic, saprobic, and plant pathogenic species [4]. ...
Trunk canker poses a major threat to the production of Chinese hickory tree (Carya cathayen-sis Sarg.), which is primarily determined by Botryosphaeriaceae. In our previous work, we identified Botryosphaeria dothidea as the predominant pathogen of this disease. However, it is still unclear about corresponding gene families and mechanisms associated with B. dothidea's pathogenicity on Chinese hickory tree. Here, we present a comparative analysis of high-quality genome assemblies of Botryosphaeria dothidea and other isolated pathogens, showing highly syntenic relationships between B. dothidea and its closely related species and the conservative evolution of the Botryosphaeriaceae family. Higher GC contents were found in the genomes of B. dothidea and three other isolated pathogens (Botryshaeria cortices, Botryshaeria fabicerciana, and Botryshaeria qingyuanensis) compared to Macrophom-ina phaseolina, Neofusicoccum parvum, Diplodia corticola, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. An investigation of genes specific to or expanded in B. dothidea revealed that one secreted glucanase, one orsellinic acid biosynthesis enzyme, and two MFS transporters positively regulated B. dothidea's pathogenicity. We also observed an overrepresentation of viral integrase like gene and heterokaryon incompatibility proteins in the B. dothidea's genome. In addition, we observed one LRR-domain-containing protein and two Sec-domain-containing proteins (Sec_1 and Sec_7) that underwent positive selection. This study will help to understand B. dothidea's pathogenicity and potential influence on the infection of Chinese hickory, which will help in the development of disease control and ensure the security of Chinese hickory production.
... Severe symptoms of dieback and stemend rot were observed on branches, twigs, and fruit in several orchards across Southcentral Florida. Different fungal isolates were recovered from plant material samples collected in 35 orchards and they were preliminary identified as Botryosphaeriaceae-like and Diaporthe-like according to their colony morphology [30,39,75]. We identified for the first time three different species as the main causal agents of this disease: L. iraniensis, Dia. ...
... Severe symptoms of dieback and stem-end rot were observed on branches, twigs, and fruit in several orchards across South-central Florida. Different fungal isolates were recovered from plant material samples collected in 35 orchards and they were preliminary identified as Botryosphaeriaceae-like and Diaporthelike according to their colony morphology [30,39,75]. We identified for the first time three different species as the main causal agents of this disease: L. iraniensis, Dia. ...
Florida ranks among the most important citrus growing regions in the USA. The present study investigates the occurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of fungal species associated with symptomatic sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cv. Valencia plants and fruit. The survey was conducted on twigs and fruit collected in Southwest Florida during 2022. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, the identified isolates belonged to the species Lasiodiplodia iraniensis, Diaporthe pseudomangiferae, and Diaporthe ueckerae. The pathogenicity of representative isolates was evaluated on citrus fruit and plants. Lasiodiplodia iraniensis was the most virulent on fruit and plants, followed by Diaporthe pseudomangiferae. Diaporthe ueckerae had the lowest virulence on fruit, and it was not pathogenic to plants. In vitro tests were performed to assess the effect of temperature on mycelial radial growth. The optimum temperature of growth ranged from 26.0 to 28.4 °C for all the evaluated species, and L. iraniensis showed the fastest mycelial growth. This study represents the first report of L. iraniensis as a causal agent of tree dieback and fruit stem-end rot on C. sinensis worldwide. Moreover, D. pseudomangiferae and D. ueckerae are reported here for the first time in association with citrus diseases worldwide.
... The family Botryosphaeriaceae is widely distributed worldwide and comprises a wide range of endophytes and latent pathogens of mostly woody plants (Phillips et al., 2013). Species of the genus Lasiodiplodia are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions where they cause a vast number of diseases on a variety of plant hosts (Dou et al., 2017;Prasher, 2017;Rodríguez-Gálvez et al., 2015). ...
... Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., the type species of the genus, predominates in tropical regions (Phillips et al., 2013) and is a major pathogen of several plant species, especially crops (Rodríguez-Gálvez et al., 2015;Coutinho et al., 2017;Netto et al., 2014;Lima et al., 2013), counting with >500 hosts (Phillips et al., 2013). But, over the past decades, L. theobromae has been occasionally reported as a human opportunist pathogen causing rhino sinusitis, ocular and skin infections with different levels of severity (Kindo et al., 2010;Maurya et al., 2023;Saha et al., 2012a;Saha et al., 2012b;Summerbell et al., 2004) and one death was also reported (Woo et al., 2008). ...
... Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., the type species of the genus, predominates in tropical regions (Phillips et al., 2013) and is a major pathogen of several plant species, especially crops (Rodríguez-Gálvez et al., 2015;Coutinho et al., 2017;Netto et al., 2014;Lima et al., 2013), counting with >500 hosts (Phillips et al., 2013). But, over the past decades, L. theobromae has been occasionally reported as a human opportunist pathogen causing rhino sinusitis, ocular and skin infections with different levels of severity (Kindo et al., 2010;Maurya et al., 2023;Saha et al., 2012a;Saha et al., 2012b;Summerbell et al., 2004) and one death was also reported (Woo et al., 2008). ...
... Several fungal species have been associated with mango SER, including Neofusicoccum brasiliense, N. parvum, N. mangiferae, Fusicoccum aesculi, Nattrassia mangiferae, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Curvularia sp, Fusarium sp, Neocosmospora sp, Pestalotiopsis sp, Neopestalotiopsis sp, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Alternaria sp. (Johnson et al. 1992;Marques et al. 2013;Phillips et al. 2013;Alam et al. 2017;Adikaram et al. 2022). The psathogen may colonize inflorescence and pedicel tissues during flowering and remain as endophyte in phloem and xylem vessels (Johnson et al. 1992). ...
The Stem-end rot (SER) postharvest disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits is a significant economic threat to mango production. Without proper management strategies, it can lead to up to 100 % postharvest losses. Despite its importance, very little information is known about this disease in Côte d'Ivoire. This research aimed to determine the incidence and severity of SER in mango orchards, assess how preharvest climate parameters affect the disease and determine the pathogenic fungi associated with SER. Mango SER was evaluated on 1500 mango fruits collected from 15 orchards in Boundiali, Ferkéssédougou, Korhogo, Odienné, and Sinématiali departments. Mango SER incidence ranged from 10 % to 30 %, while severity ranged from 5 % to 20 %. No significant differences in these parameters were observed between the different departments (P>0.05). The study also revealed a positive low correlation between SER disease incidence and mean air temperature (r = 0.36) and minimum air temperature (r = 0.26) data, indicating that preharvest weather conditions may have a marginal impact on mango SER disease intensity in the postharvest phase. Pathogenic fungi associated with SER were isolated and identified using morphological characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α). Various fungal species associated with mango SER disease were also identified, with Lasiodiplodia species (74%) being the most prevalent (including Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. euphorbicola, and L. caatinguensis), followed by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia pseudobrachyspora, Diaporthe endophytica and Fusarium mangiferae. However, only Lasiodiplodia species and Diaporthe endophytica induced SER symptoms. This study was the first ever evaluation of mango SER disease and associated fungal pathogens identification in Côte d'Ivoire. This result will assist researchers in developing a control method for mango SER.
