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Pecan trees require adequate soil moisture conditions to produce nuts with good yield and quality. Irrigation should be an important considered practice in orchards management plan, mainly in regions with water deficit periods. The objective of this research was to evaluate irrigation on pecan nuts growth and yield. This study was conducted in Urug...
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... amount of water applied influenced the nuts' width and length, and the use of 140 L per plant provided significantly larger nuts (Table II, Figure 3). ...
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Abstract Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] is a crop fruit native to the USA and Mexico currently cultivated in several countries, including Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, China, South Africa, and Australia. Supported by the increasing consumption and market prices, the interest in the cultivation of this fruit crop is strong...
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... (accessed on 10 December 2022). Pecan trees are highly sensitive to drought stress, especially during the reproductive period, and sustainable water management may help increase nut productivity and quality [14]. Recently, the availability of the pecan genome has allowed us to understand the molecular mechanisms of drought response pathways [15]. ...
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is an economically important nut tree that is greatly affected by drought, limiting its production and distribution. Although the complete genome of the pecan was published several years ago, the molecular basis of the pecan’s response to drought remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the high-throughput transcriptome data for pecans under 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days of drought stress compared with the controls. A total of 12,893 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under drought stress, with 11,684 of them showing significant changes after 15 d of drought treatment. Among these, 4448 genes were up-regulated while 7226 were down-regulated. The trend analysis revealed that DEGs could be classified into 20 clusters. Surprisingly, the majority of genes (6148) showed a gradual down-regulation, and 3683 genes showed a gradual up-regulation in response to drought. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in biological processes. The KEGG pathway enrichment results indicated that the DEGs were mainly enriched in several pathways, including metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction processes. Among the DEGs, 457 protein kinase and 734 transcription factor genes were shown to be drought-responsive and may play key roles in the response to drought, and the expression patterns of selected candidate genes were further validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Collectively, these findings highlighted the multiple processes in pecans under drought stress and provided valuable insights into the further investigation of the functions of drought stress-responsive genes and the molecular basis of the pecan drought stress response.
... A região sudoeste dos EUA é uma das principais produtoras mundiais, e a água é o elemento produtivo de maior demanda, por essa ser região semiárida, com apresentando chuva anual menor que 250 mm e evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) que pode chegar a 1.400 mm no ciclo (SAMANI et al., 2011;MEXAL;MILLER, 2004). Em climas úmidos, a irrigação também apresenta resultados promissores tanto nos EUA (WELLS, 2015) quanto em outros países (DE MARCO et al., 2021). São pesquisas de longo período, por se tratar de árvore longeva, com início de produção após três anos do plantio, se enxertadas. ...
... Ainda segundo esse estudo, a irrigação também não foi suficiente para incrementar o diâmetro do tronco, o peso e o rendimento da noz. Por outro lado, plantas jovens com sete anos da variedade 'Success' ao serem irrigadas, responderam positivamente no tamanho e peso das nozes no Uruguai (DE MARCO et al., 2021). Nota-se que as variedades apresentam respostas distintas em ambientes diferentes, por isso são necessários estudos locais. ...
... Alguns indivíduos estavam iniciando a produção com pequena quantidade de nozes, portanto, com potencial em desenvolvimento, o qual pode inclusive ser beneficiado pela irrigação nas safras seguintes. Essa variabilidade na produção na safra 2019-20 pode ser percebida nas produtividades médias de nozes por árvore, apresentadas na Tabela 2. São valores ainda considerados baixos em comparação com plantas em idade adulta que podem apresentar produtividade superior a 20 kg por planta (SAMMIS; MEXAL; MILLER, 2004;WANG et al., 2007), mas as medidas dimensionais das nozes e proporção de amêndoa nos frutos foram condizentes com estudo semelhante (DE MARCO et al., 2021). (Figura 2A), as plantas não irrigadas apresentaram o menor valor de circunferência, 21,6 cm, em comparação com as irrigadas. ...
EFEITOS DA IRRIGAÇÃO DE NOGUEIRA-PECÃ NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL EZEQUIEL SARETTA Professor da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Cachoeira do Sul (Rodovia Taufik Germano, 3013, CEP 96503-205, Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). E-mail: ezequiel.saretta@ufsm.br. 1 RESUMO O cultivo de nogueira-pecã tem aumentado no Brasil, contudo pouco se conhece sobre a irrigação para essa cultura. Em climas semiáridos, a suplementação de água é obrigatória, e em climas úmidos, pesquisas indicaram resultados promissores na produção, porém com variedades e condições ambientais distintas daquelas presentes no Brasil. Por isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da irrigação na nogueira-pecã, em experimento conduzido em pomar com a variedade ‘Barton’ em Cachoeira do Sul, RS, entre as safras 2019-2020 e 2020-2021. Aplicaram-se doses de reposição da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) correspondentes a 0 (tratamento controle), 50, 100 e 150%, com microaspersão em blocos aleatorizados com três repetições. Avaliaram-se a circunferência do tronco, o tamanho, a quantidade e o peso de nozes e o peso e rendimento de amêndoas. Na primeira safra houve excedente de chuva na época de floração, e a irrigação não apresentou efeitos significativos. Por outro lado, na safra 2020-2021 houve incremento de circunferência do tronco das plantas irrigadas. Mesmo com maior quantidade de chuva no enchimento da amêndoa, a irrigação proporcionou maior tamanho e massa das nozes, com relação linear, indicando que as doses podem ser aumentadas para se obter a resposta máxima. Palavras-chave: Carya illinoinenses, microaspersão, irrigação localizada. SARETTA, E. IRRIGATION EFFECTS ON PECAN NUTS TREE IN THE RIO GRANDE DO SUL 2 ABSTRACT Pecan cultivation has been increasing in Brazil; however, little is known about the irrigation of this crop. In semi-arid climates, water supplementation is mandatory, and in humid climates, research indicated promising results in the production; although, with varieties and environmental conditions different from those present in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the irrigation effects on pecan nut tree at an experiment conducted in an orchard with ‘Barton’ variety in Cachoeira do Sul, RS, between 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons. Replacement doses of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) corresponding to 0 (control treatment), 50, 100, and 150% of were applied via microsprinkler in randomized blocks with three replicates. The trunk circumference, nut size, weight and quantity, and weight and percentage of kernel were evaluated. In the first harvest, there was an excess of rain during the flowering stage and the irrigation did not show significant effects. However, in the 2020-2021 harvest, there was an increase in the trunk circumference of the irrigated trees. Even with more rainfall during the kernel-filling stage, the irrigation contributed to enhancing the size and weight of nuts in a linear relationship, indicating that the doses can be increased to achieve the maximum response. Keywords: Carya illinoinenses; microsprinkler; localized irrigation.
... This exceeded the average nut yield (1.1 t•ha -1 ) in the Comarca Lagunera, reported by Santamaría, Medina Morales, Rivera-González, and Faz Contreras (2002), especially in the two treatments with higher moisture content. The increase in nut yield with increasing soil moisture has also been observed by Marco et al. (2021) and supports that established by Sparks (2005) regarding the high-water requirement of the species (Walls, 2017). It is concluded that high water requirement was inherited by its ancestors, which developed in river margins and deep and fertile soils (Babuin, Echeverría, Menedez, & Maiale 2016; Poletto, Poletto, Morales, Briao, Silveira, & Richards los árboles con los dos niveles de humedad superiores (Cuadro 3). ...
... In the present study, nut size increased as moisture availability increased, without affecting kernel percentage, whose tendency to increase was greater in trees with better moisture conditions. Values for nut growth are similar to those reported by Marco et al. (2021), agreeing with the fact that the amount of water applied during the kernel filling stage influences fruit width and length, with significantly larger nuts as irrigation increases. ...
... En el presente estudio, el tamaño de la nuez incrementó a medida que la disposición de humedad aumentó, sin demeritar el porcentaje de almendra, cuya tendencia hacia el incremento fue mayor en árboles con mejor condición de humedad. Los valores de crecimiento de la nuez son similares a los reportados por Marco et al. (2021), coincidiendo en que la cantidad de agua aplicada durante el llenado de fruto influye en el ancho y longitud, obteniendo nueces significativamente más grandes conforme el riego aumenta. ...
Introduction:
Viviparity in pecan nut (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) has increased considerably. This genetic-environmental phenomenon can be controlled with soil moisture management and other quality variables.
Objective:
To determine the effect of soil moisture content on yield, nut size, kernel percentage and germinated nut on the tree.
Materials and methods:
Forty-year-old pecan nut trees were irrigated by 40 emitters with an output of 3.2 L∙h⁻¹. From the phenological stage of shell hardening, irrigation time was 4, 6 and 8 h, corresponding to moisture levels of 0.257, 0.327 and 0.380 m³ of water per m³ of soil, at depths of 40 to 80 cm. Yield per tree, germinated nut percentage, fruit size and kernel percentage were evaluated during the production cycles of 2016 and 2017 production cycles.
Results and discussion:
During the two production cycles, when soil moisture level increased from 0.257 to 0.380 m³∙m⁻³, nut yield per tree, fruit length and diameter, and kernel percentage increased on average 23.8 %, 25.3 and 10 %, and 1.8 %, respectively; however, vivipary increased 11.2 %, which was reflected in the decrease of commercial pecan nut percentage. Treatments 0.327 and 0.380 m³∙m⁻³ had a similar effect (P > 0.05) on these variables.
Conclusions:
The lower moisture level (0.257 m³∙m⁻³), starting at the kernel filling stage, decreased vivipary and increased commercial kernel percentage.
Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) belong to Juglandaceae family. It is large tree and may go upto the height of 20-30 meters and sometime upto 40 meters. The productivity period spread over the span of several hundred years producing nuts of great commercial value. Pecan is enriched source of fatty acid (mono and poly unsaturated) and bioactive substances attributing various health benefits. Several researchers have observed that fruit quality is affected by various Preharvest and postharvest factors. The main problem associated with pecans storage is lipid oxidation which may cause noticeable off-flavor. In the present study a multilocation trial of two varieties of Pecannut "DMA-2 and "DMA-1" were done. DMA-2 selection proved superior in terms of Nut Weight (9 g) and Kernel weight (5 g) as compared to values of Nut weight (5 g) and kernel weight (3 g) in case of DMA-1. In terms of number of nuts per tree DMA-2 selection produced 20 % more nuts per tree than DMA-1.
Plant AT-rich sequence and zinc-binding (PLATZ), as a plant-specific transcription factor, have been identified and studied in a variety of plants. However, there are no reports about PLATZ proteins in Carya illinoensis (pecan). Here, 24 C. illinoensis CiPLATZs have been identified and divided into 4 groups. Gene structure, motif composition, conserved domain and cis-acting elements analysis indicated that the PLATZ gene family was highly conserved. Transcriptome data combined with qRT-PCR analysis revealed that CiPLATZ6, CiPLATZ12, CiPLATZ13, CiPLATZ14 and CiPLATZ23 were highly expressed in multiple tissues of C. illinoensis and strongly responded to drought, salt and heat stress. Among them, CiPLATZ6, CiPLATZ12 and CiPLATZ23 were all located in the nucleus and had no transcriptional autoactivation ability in yeast cells, and acted as transcriptional suppressors in plants. In addition, the CiPLATZ23-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana showed enhanced tolerance to drought. Measurements of physiological indicators and analysis of stress-related genes expression levels in transgenic A. thaliana were used to support this conclusion. The results of this study are helpful to understand the structural feature and function of CiPLATZs, and provide candidate genes for molecular breeding of drought tolerance of C. illinoensis.
Background
Pecan is an excellent source of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds, which are attributed benefits to the health. Several studies relate that both pre-harvest and post-harvest factors can depreciate the nuts quality and reduce their lifetime.
Scope and approach
This review covers the current knowledge about the critical and determinants factors for maintaining pecan nut quality in terms of chemical composition and sensorial aspects, as well as enlists positive and negative effects of each process and steps from planting to the final consumer.
Key findings and conclusions
At pre-harvest, the cultivar choice, growing place, and handling can be defined to achieve a specific composition and maximum nut quality. During storage the negatively impact factors are moisture over 4%, high oxygen pressure, temperatures higher than 10 °C, and roasting at high temperatures for long periods. Greater preservation of quality can be achieved with the cultivar 'Mahan' (which has a lower content of compounds related to lipid oxidation), with humidity below 4%, under a temperature below 10 °C in packaging with an oxygen pressure lower than 3 kPa. However, storage conditions are not optimized, and new preservation methods and technologies, should be investigated for fungal control and mycotoxin development; and to reduce nutritional, sensorial and bioactive compound losses in pecan processing and storage. In this review, we also list the factors that affect quality, the oxidation and degradation markers identified in pecans, which can be adopted as biomarkers in storage management.
AP2/ERF is a large transcription factors superfamily whose members are participated in the control of plant development, metabolism and response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, few studies have been reported in pecan. In this study, a total of 170 CiAP2/ERF members were identified and divided into 4 main subfamilies, AP2 (16 genes), RAV (6 genes), Soloist (1 gene), as well as ERF (147 genes) families, and ERF subfamily was further classified into group I to VI-L. Gene structures and conserved motifs indicated that individual groups were highly conservative. A large number of cis-elements such as Box 4, ABRE, and MYB were detected in the promoter region of CiAP2/ERF genes. Transcriptional levels in four tissues were analyzed using available transcriptome data. qRT-PCR analysis of the ERF VII group revealed that the subfamily had a positive response to waterlogging stress. The subcellular localization experiments on CiAP2/ERF21, CiAP2/ERF65, and CiAP2/ERF106 manifested that they were localized in nuclear. Additionally, CiAP2/ERF65 and CiAP2/ERF106 had the ability of self-activation in yeast, while the CiAP2/ERF21 gene did not. These results would conduce to understanding the AP2/ERF superfamily and functional roles of CiAP2/ERF TFs under different stresses.
