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1 Dimensionality classification of nanostructures. Source: García-Calzón and Díaz-García (2012). Copyright © 2012, Elsevier.
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Nanoengineering shows promise for combining the electrochemical advantages of different materials, yielding composite designs with satisfactory performance in terms of safety and sustainability. Nanotechnology mainly involves the synthesis of nanoparticles distinguished by their size, shape, chemical composition, controlled dispersity, or potential...
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... The decreasing integrated intensity indicates an increase in the disordered character of the composite samples, which suggests that the arrangement order of the PVA main chain at the crystalline region is disrupted by the incorporation of LS. However, it is worth mentioning that the bonds between PVA and LS may modify the crystallinity of PVA/LS and the interplanar spacing due to the specific interactions between PVA and LS hydroxyl groups, which suggests that strong hydrogen bonds are formed between them [21]. Finally, after a close inspection of the XRD patterns, it was revealed that the peak broadening is almost similar, and the full width at half-maxima intensity indicates that the thickness of the lamella layer is not affected by increasing the LS concentration. ...
Composite films made from blends ofPolyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Lignosulfonate (LS) were prepared using the casting technique in this study.The aim was to investigate the impact of LS concentrations at (0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 wt. %) on the optical, thermal, and structural properties of PVA.The composite films were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. Results showed that adding LS led to a more compact structural arrangement, increasing the refractive index and amorphous phase due to the composites disorder, which reduced the optical energy gap. The Absorbance of the PVA/LS composite film increased as LS concentration increased, indicating a strong intermolecular interaction between LS and PVA. This interaction suggested a strong hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxy group in PVA chains and the outer site groups of LS. These findings suggest that LS can effectively modulate the optical properties of PVA, making it useful in various fields such as optics and photonics.
... Among the plethora of energy sectors, the most important activities involve the electricity, heating/cooling, and transportation. Our entry into the fourth industrial revolution makes energy supply datum, while the impacts of its production and conversion are almost invisible to people [1]. Presently, the utilization of fossil fuels is causing global climate change mainly due to the emission of pollutants (like CO x , NO x , SO x , C x H y , soot, ash, droplets of tars, and other organic compounds) [2]. ...
The increase of energy demand and reduction in resources for conventional energy generation have promoted the use of renewable energy sources for energy production. As the only carbon-free with the highest energy content compared to any known fuel, H2 is globally accepted as an environmentally benign renewable energy carrier, alternative to fossil fuels. Based on the feedstocks used, the various processes for its production are generally distinguished in reforming, nonreforming, and water-splitting. In the context of sustainable development, electrolytic power-to-hydrogen mechanism constitutes a potential candidate capable of satisfying all aspects of the energy trilemma, namely affordability, reliability, and sustainability, and providing the pathway for 100% renewable and sustainable energy systems. Considering large and cost-efficient centralized hydrogen production plants, some management-based challenges regard the utilization factor, product purity, storage, transport and distribution, and safety issues. However, the flexibility from power-to-hydrogen plant makes it profitable through reasonable operation among multiple energy sectors, while ensuring universal access to energy, reducing the associated with energy greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing the energy security, minimizing overall costs, creating opportunities for more local jobs, and eliminating the risk over nuclear accidents and nuclear proliferation.
... Therefore, the one method which is so far considered a better option is the green synthesis approach (Shrestha et al., 2021). In contrast to traditional physical and chemical methodologies, green synthesis has numerous advantages, including simplicity, a small industrialized process, speedy, cost-effectiveness, and less waste generation (Nikolaidis, 2020). ...
To meet the current challenges and human needs, it is important to provide clean and accessible water. Nanostructured materials offer a significant role in wastewater treatment with diminished capital and operational expense, low dose, and pollutant selectivity. Specifically, the nanocomposites of cellulose with inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn a prodigious interest because of the extraordinary cellulose properties, high explicit surface area, and pollutant selectivity of NPs. Integrating inorganic NPs with cellulose biopolymers for wastewater treatment is a promising advantage for inorganic NPs, such as colloidal stability, agglomeration prevention, and easy isolation of magnetic material after use. This article presents a comprehensive overview of water treatment approaches following wastewater remediation by green and environmentally friendly cellulose/inorganic nanoparticles-based bio-nanocomposites. The functionalization of cellulose, functionalization mechanism, and engineered hybrid materials were thoroughly discussed. Moreover, we highlighted the purification of wastewater through the composites of cellulose/inorganic nanoparticles through adsorption, photocatalytic and antibacterial approach.
... Therefore, the one method which is so far considered a better option is the green synthesis approach (Shrestha et al., 2021). In contrast to traditional physical and chemical methodologies, green synthesis has numerous advantages, including simplicity, a small industrialized process, speedy, cost-effectiveness, and less waste generation (Nikolaidis, 2020). ...
Lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) are impactful biocatalysts in environmental remediation applications. However, LMEs-assisted experimental degradation neglects the molecular basis of pollutant degradation. Furthermore, throughout the remediation process, the inherent hazards of environmental pollutants remain untapped for in-depth toxicological endpoints. In this investigation, a predictive toxicological framework and a computational framework adopting LMEs were employed to assess the hazard of Priority Pollutants (PP) and its possible LMEs-assisted catalytic screening. The potential hazardous outcomes of PP were assessed using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSARs)-based techniques including Toxtree, ECOSAR, and T.E.S.T. tools. Toxicological findings revealed positive outcomes in a multitude of endpoints for all PP. The PP compound 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) was found to exhibit the lowest concentration of aquatic toxicity implementing aquatic model systems; LC50 as 0.01, 0.01, 0.04 (mg L-1) for Fish (96 H), Daphnid (48 H), Green algae (96 H) respectively. T.E.S.T. results revealed that chloroform and 2-chlorophenol both seem to be developmental toxicants. Subsequently, an LMEs-assisted docking procedure was employed in sustainable PP mitigation efforts. The docking approach as predicted degradation revealed the far lowest docking energy score for Versatile peroxidase (VP)- 2,3,7,8-TCDD docked complex with a binding energy of -9.2 (kcal mol-1), involved PHE-46, PRO-139, PRO-141, ILE-148, LEU-165, HIS-169, LEU-223, MET-262, and MET-265 as key interacting amino acid residues. Second most ranked but lesser than VP, Lignin peroxidase (LiP)- 2,3,7,8-TCDD exhibited a rather lower binding affinity score (-8.8 kcal mol-1). Predictive degradation screening employing comparative docking revealed varying binding affinities, portraying that each LMEs member has independent feasibility to bind PP as substrate. Predictive findings endorsed the hazardous nature of associated PP in a multitude of endpoints, which could be attenuated by undertaking LMEs as a predictive approach to protect the environment and implement it in regulatory considerations.
... Nanomaterials find application in diverse area [3] such as surface science, [4] material sciences, [5] electronics, [6] *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Chemistry, Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, Siddharth Nagar-272202, U.P., India; Tel: +91-6388907626; E-mail: laxmanresearcher84@gmail.com environment science, [7] catalysts, [8] sensors development, [9] energy storage, [10] and drug delivery and diagnostic agents [10]. NMs are synthesized by a wide number of methods that generally follow either a "Top Down" approach which implies size reduction achieved by various physical methods or "Bottom Up" approach which makes use of chemical and biological methods where NMs are produced from atoms and molecules like small entities and generally involve reduction/oxidation reactions [11][12][13] (Fig. 1). ...
... Therefore, the one method which is so far considered a better option is the green synthesis approach (Shrestha et al., 2021). In contrast to traditional physical and chemical methodologies, green synthesis has numerous advantages, including simplicity, a small industrialized process, speedy, cost-effectiveness, and less waste generation (Nikolaidis, 2020). ...
Photocatalytic degradation is one of the most promising technologies available for removing a variety of synthetic and organic pollutants from the environmental matrices because of its high catalytic activity, reduced energy consumption, and low total cost. Due to its acceptable bandgap, broad light-harvesting efficiency, significant renewability, and stability, Fe2O3 has emerged as a fascinating material for the degradation of organic contaminants as well as numerous dyes. This study thoroughly reviewed the efficiency of Fe2O3-based nanocomposite and nanomaterials for water remediation. Iron oxide structure and various synthetic methods are briefly discussed. Additionally, the electrocatalytic application of Fe2O3-based nanocomposites, including oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and overall water splitting efficiency, was also highlighted to illustrate the great promise of these composites. Finally, the ongoing issues and future prospects are directed to fully reveal the standards of Fe2O3-based catalysts. This review is intended to disseminate knowledge for further research on the possible applications of Fe2O3 as a photocatalyst and electrocatalyst.
... Therefore, the one method which is so far considered a better option is the green synthesis approach (Shrestha et al., 2021). In contrast to traditional physical and chemical methodologies, green synthesis has numerous advantages, including simplicity, a small industrialized process, speedy, cost-effectiveness, and less waste generation (Nikolaidis, 2020). ...
Photocatalytic degradation is one of the most promising technologies available for removing a variety of synthetic and organic pollutants from the environmental matrices because of its high catalytic activity, reduced energy consumption, and low total cost. Due to its acceptable bandgap, broad light-harvesting efficiency, significant renewability, and stability, Fe2O3 has emerged as a fascinating material for the degradation of organic contaminants as well as numerous dyes. This study thoroughly reviewed the efficiency of Fe2O3-based nanocomposite and nanomaterials for water remediation. Iron oxide structure and various synthetic methods are briefly discussed. Additionally, the electrocatalytic application of Fe2O3-based nanocomposites, including oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and overall water splitting efficiency, was also highlighted to illustrate the great promise of these composites. Finally, the ongoing issues and future prospects are directed to fully reveal the standards of Fe2O3-based catalysts. This review is intended to disseminate knowledge for further research on the possible applications of Fe2O3 as a photocatalyst and electrocatalyst.
... They are easy to handle and can be genetically manipulated or modified without much difficulty (Bhattacharya and Gupta 2005). The process for the synthesis of nanoparticles using microbes is very simple, stable, and robust that leads to higher production rates (Nikolaidis 2020). In addition, the nanoparticles synthesized using microbes revealed high surface area, as well as these, were monodispersed (Singaravelu et al. 2007). ...
Nanoparticles synthesis under green conditions has been performed using natural resources to diminish the use of toxic chemicals. For instance, microbial synthesis has allowed to produce nanoparticles that are biocompatible, stable, and safe. Microorganisms allow crystal growth and prevent aggregation. Microorganisms act as reducing and capping agents because microorganisms provide enzymes, peptides, poly(amino acids), polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polysaccharides. Here, we review microorganisms-based synthesis of nanoparticles containing gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and selenium. The size of nanoparticles ranges generally from 1 to 100 nm with spherical, rod shape, triangular, cube, and hexagonal shapes. We present nanoparticle properties and applications in waste treatment, cancer treatment, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidants.
... For safely processing, there is need to develop and design ( Fig. 16.10) such advanced methodologies that can utilize natural materials to control the size and morphology of nano-sized materials to avoid the toxic [173]. ...
... To improve the purity and enhance the material efficiency of nanofabrication, there is need to design such strategies that promote selective nanosynthesis by minimizing intermediate steps with real time monitoring of process that control complex nanosynthesis [173]. ...
Claims of nanomaterials in environmental fortification have shaped the conditions to remediate environment and control pollution, which have brought about advances in environmental science and engineering. Using nanomaterials to resolve environmental matters will become an inevitable propensity in the future. Applications of nanomaterials in chemistry, degradation of organic pollutants, redressing of polluted soils or water, sensing and detection have been considered important. However, the potential risks of nanomaterials are not neglectable. The structure of nanomaterials imparts strong adsorption capacity of toxic heavy metals (copper, lead, mercury, cadmium, and others) in the soil, air, and water. These metals are considered highly toxic and can generate ROS, leading to multiple disorders including neurological disorders. Case studies related to neurotoxicity due to nanomaterials are discussed in the present chapter. The knowledge presented in this chapter will assist to envisage environmental hazards, evaluate impacts, and develop approaches to mitigate harm while encouraging advantageous practices involving nanomaterials.
... A study in Japan has detected that more BPA can leach from PC stuff that has been scratched or is more than 4 years old or the used bottles that have been brushed or dish washed and sterilized. Thus, children may suffer from various ailments like adrenal stress, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal issues, and so on [173]. ...
... To improve the purity and enhance the material efficiency of nanofabrication, there is need to design such strategies that promote selective nanosynthesis by minimizing intermediate steps with real time monitoring of process that control complex nanosynthesis [173]. ...
... For safely processing, there is need to develop and design ( Fig. 16.10) such advanced methodologies that can utilize natural materials to control the size and morphology of nano-sized materials to avoid the toxic [173]. ...
A pollutant with the newly established toxic mode is categorized as an emerging environmental contaminant; many point and non-point sources introduce these contaminants in the environment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the compounds having a low boiling point, variable lipophilicity and volatility, and are being produced from anthropogenic activities and natural sources. With BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) compounds being most abundant (up to 60%), VOCs are used as a reference for the evaluation of VOC exposure and levels in the environment. VOCs may cause behavioral, neurological, dermatological, and respiratory symptoms in humans as evident from experimental and epidemiological data. Humans are exposed to VOCs through skin, GIT, and lungs. Due to the high lipophilicity of VOCs, they can cross biological membranes and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and thus resulting in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, comprising of diminished impulsive control, changes in the motor and cognitive functions, hallucinations, headache, dizziness, and dementia. The mechanism of neurotoxicity of single VOC has not been elucidated completely because VOCs are always present as a mixture, but the possible reason may be the oxidative stress and changes in the neurotransmitters and ion channels functions. Several epidemiological and experimental studies (in vivo and in vitro) have been conducted for assessment of neurotoxic mechanism, risk of acute and chronic exposure, and neurobehavioral changes. BTEX compounds are the most toxic environmental pollutants and cause several neuropsychiatric changes including dementia, headache, nausea, malaise, impairment in learning, and memory; toluene is also associated with leukoencephalopathy, fetal solvent syndrome, and sick building syndrome and targets white matter of the brain. Other VOCs having a higher potential of neurotoxicity include solvents containing chlorine, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PERC) and dichloromethylene, formaldehyde, n-hexane and acetone. VOCs’ occupational exposure level in workers is monitored through the measurement of biomarkers; a recent technique for assessment of environmental agents’ exposure is the measurement of micro-RNAs in plasma/serum. Health risks from VOCs are inevitable due to their ubiquitous nature, and measures should be adopted especially in workplaces, urban and industrial areas to keep the level of toxic VOCs below the operational exposure limit (OELs).
