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The development of new high-quality apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars that are resistant to flesh browning is needed to expand the use of apples in the food service and catering industry. However, conventional methods for evaluating apple flesh browning can be both time-consuming and costly, thereby rendering such methods unsuitable for breeding p...
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... STANDARDS. One hundred and forty color standards (Supplemental Table 1) were selected from a commercial formula guide kit (Pantone Formula Guide Solid Coated & Uncoated; Pantone, Carlstadt, NJ) and used for calibration (Fig. 1B). ...Context 2
... zoom lens was fixed at a 75 view angle, and the camera optimum exposure and white balance settings were determined with a silk gray card (version 2; Ginichi, Tokyo, Japan). All settings were set manually ( Table 1). The camera used a self-timer function. ...Context 3
... ACCURACY AND REPRODUCIBILI-TY. To assess the accuracy of the method, the L*, a*, b* values of 51 selected color standards [different from those used for calibration (Supplemental Table 1)] were measured using a colorimeter (NF333; Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Tokyo, Japan) and estimated using the method described previously. The accuracy was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) scores of the colorimeter values, which indicated the magnitude of the difference between the values extracted from the digital images of each color sample, or the values following calibration, and the values measured by the colorimeter (Supplemental Table 2). ...Context 4
... and after browning, the DE 00 values of Wc were about half those of the normal portions, whereas the DBI values were more than eight times greater than those of the normal portions. Table 1) were measured using a colorimeter (NF333; Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Tokyo, Japan) and estimated using the tested method. Root mean square error (RMSE) was calculated from the values measured by the colorimeter (the y = x lines indicate ideal measurement) and each estimated value. ...Context 5
... method can be further improved to more accurately measure the color values of dark reddish-purple apple flesh, and it will be necessary to devise ways to expand the dynamic range of the color measurement and develop an index that can accurately express the color change of reddishflesh apples as browning proceeds. Supplemental Table 1. Color standard samples used to calibrate theSupplemental Table 2. Root mean square error (RMSE) accuracy scores of each set of 42 measurement points. ...Citations
... Other systems have been designed to detect visual defects on fruits [49,50]. An index based on colour measurements in CIEL*a*b* has been established to characterize enzymatic browning of apple slices [51,52]. The red-flesh trait in apple is difficult to assess visually due to non-homogeneous and non-continuous colour distribution leading to pigmentation pattern and variations in red hue. ...
Background
The genetic basis of colour development in red-flesh apples (Malus domestica Borkh) has been widely characterised; however, current models do not explain the observed variations in red pigmentation intensity and distribution. Available methods to evaluate the red-flesh trait rely on the estimation of an average overall colour using a discrete class notation index. However, colour variations among red-flesh cultivars are continuous while development of red colour is non-homogeneous and genotype-dependent. A robust estimation of red-flesh colour intensity and distribution is essential to fully capture the diversity among genotypes and provide a basis to enable identification of loci influencing the red-flesh trait.
Results
In this study, we developed a multivariable approach to evaluate the red-flesh trait in apple. This method was implemented to study the phenotypic diversity in a segregating hybrid F1 family (91 genotypes). We developed a Python pipeline based on image and colour analysis to quantitatively dissect the red-flesh pigmentation from RGB (Red Green Blue) images and compared the efficiency of RGB and CIEL*a*b* colour spaces in discriminating genotypes previously classified with a visual notation. Chemical destructive methods, including targeted-metabolite analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV), were performed to quantify major phenolic compounds in fruits’ flesh, as well as pH and water contents. Multivariate analyses were performed to study covariations of biochemical factors in relation to colour expression in CIEL*a*b* colour space. Our results indicate that anthocyanin, flavonol and flavanol concentrations, as well as pH, are closely related to flesh pigmentation in apple.
Conclustion
Extraction of colour descriptors combined to chemical analyses helped in discriminating genotypes in relation to their flesh colour. These results suggest that the red-flesh trait in apple is a complex trait associated with several biochemical factors.
... To assess the level of flesh browning, 3 samples were taken and the flesh L*, a*, and b* values from the position as shown in the Fig. 1A were detected using a colorimeter (HunterLab ColorFlex, USA). These values were then converted into a browning index (BI) based on the method of Shimizu et al. (2021). ...
... The CIEDE2000 is suitable for plant color evaluations because the formula reflects the perceptual model of human eyes. For example, leaf color evaluation systems with the CIEDE2000 have been represented to estimate nitrogen levels [43], [44], while an apple color evaluation method was proposed to measure the VOLUME 11, 2023 discoloration of apple pulp using the CIEDE2000 [45]. A dyed wood color evaluation method also uses the CIEDE2000 [46]. ...
There are various proposals for employing grass materials as a green landscape-friendly display. However, it is difficult for current techniques to display smooth animations using 8-bit images and to adjust display resolution, similar to conventional displays. We present
ProgrammableGrass
, an artificial grass display with scalable resolution, capable of swiftly controlling grass color at 8-bit levels. This grass display can control grass colors linearly at the 8-bit level, similar to an LCD display, and can also display not only 8-bit-based images but also videos. This display enables pixel-by-pixel color transitions from yellow to green using fixed-length yellow and adjustable-length green grass. We designed a grass module that can be connected to other modules. Utilizing a proportional derivative control, the grass colors are manipulated to display animations at approximately 10 [fps]. Since the relationship between grass lengths and colors is nonlinear, we developed a calibration system for
ProgrammableGrass
. We revealed that this calibration system allows
ProgrammableGrass
to linearly control grass colors at 8-bit levels through experiments under multiple conditions. Lastly, we demonstrate
ProgrammableGrass
to show smooth animations with 8-bit grayscale images. Moreover, we show several application examples to illustrate the potential of
ProgrammableGrass
. With the advancement of this technology, users will be able to treat grass as a green-based interactive display device.
... The values were expressed as L* (lightness), a* (redness to greenness), and b* (yellowness to blueness) values. Whiteness index (WI) (Srangsomjit, Bovornratanaraks, Chotineeranat, & Anuntagool, 2022), hue angle (h*) and choma (C*) (Khan, Singh, Patel, & Siddiqui, 2019), Browning Index (BI), and total color difference (ΔE) (Shimizu, Okada, Moriya, Komori, & Abe, 2021) were calculated by Equations (4)-(9). ...
The primary concern for the cassava industry is reducing hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the final product to a level that meets the Codex standard. Wet milling and drying to produce cassava starch can reduce cyanide compounds to levels that are safe for human consumption and meet international regulations, but at a high cost in terms of water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of atmospheric nonthermal (ANT) plasma treatment on the removal of free cyanide from dry-milled cassava flour, as well as other physical and chemical properties. To generate cold plasma, helium was used as the feed gas in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. The results show that the first-order kinetic model can explain the fraction degradation of cyanide by ANT plasma. The rate of HCN fraction removal increased from 0.0116 min−1 to 0.0453 min−1 and 0.0119 min−1 to 0.0349 min−1 with increasing voltage level (10–20 kV) when the initial HCN were 143 ± 7 and 233 ± 5 mg kg−1 dw, respectively. The 20 kV-15 min ANT plasma treatment of cassava flour containing 143 ± 7 mg kg−1 dw reduced 35.7% of HCN without affecting starch crystallinity, protein, fiber, fat, or moisture content, but significantly changed the pasting properties (P < 0.05).
... Based on L*a*b* parameters, the browning index (BI) was estimated [28][29][30][31][32] as follows: ...
The aim of this study was to determine the degree of acceptability of wheat pancakes with the addition of 10%, 20%, and 30% meal from three edible insect species (Alphitobius diaperinus, Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domesticus, respectively). Both consumer attitudes and the acceptability of the test samples were analysed. The study results show that the amount of additive had a statistically significant effect on all of the organoleptic evaluation’s distinguishing features, while the type of additive did not have such a significant effect on the level of consumer acceptability. Both the type and amount of the additive only had a statistically significant effect on the structure of the pancakes. Of all the variants, the sample with the addition of 30% crickets (Pref-2.51) was given the lowest score. An increase in the insect meal content of the products resulted in decreased scores for all the parameters under assessment. The key element that influenced the overall preference was the flavour. Even though the respondents declared positive attitudes towards the idea of consuming pancakes with the addition of insects and entomophagy in general, they were still reluctant to include insects in their diets.
... Every cut surface of the apple cubes was measured six times each, and a total of four times were repeated, and the average values were expressed as L, a*, and b* values, respectively, and used as the color values of the apple cubes. The BI was calculated using Equation (1) (Shimizu et al., 2021): ...
In this study, we optimized the composition of the browning inhibitor for apples and established a prediction model for the browning inhibitor concentration in mass‐processed fresh‐cut apples based on electrical conductivity measurements. The “Fuji” apples that were harvested in Chungju, Korea, were used for this study. Vitamin C mixture (VCM) and trehalose (Tre) were used as browning inhibitors at a 4% ratio. The browning reaction under Δ3 of BI (browning index) for 5 days was defined as the target shelf‐life of the apple flesh. The ΔBI of VCM and Tre was lower than that of VCM by 4%. It is revealed that the electrical conductivity of the browning inhibitor was highly correlated with its concentration and the number of soaked apples. Finally, the regression of the conductivity was fitted as Y = −0.0024 (number of soaked apples) + 0.5111 (R² = 0.9931). In the validation test, the conductivity must be maintained at 0.4373 S/m or higher to maintain the target anti‐browning level of Δ3 or less, which corresponded to ∼80% of the initial qualitative level after manufacture. The conductivity measurement of the browning inhibitor is suitable for monitoring and predicting its concentration in the mass processing of fresh‐cut apple production due to the convenience of this method.
Practical Application
The conductivity measurement of browning inhibitors can be applied not only to the mass processing of apple production but also to the anti‐browning treatment of other fruits and vegetables, due to the convenience of this method. From these research results, it is expected to derive a formula that can predict the concentration of browning inhibitors through simple experiments for other fruits or vegetables.
