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Six well-known strains of halotolerant bacteria, including two strains previously identified only as NRCC 41227 and Ba1, have been compared using 125 phenotypic characters and DNA-DNA hybridization. Although these strains represent some of the most heavily studied salt-tolerant bacteria, they have never been taxonomically compared. The data present...
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... Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequences showed that strain 3EQS1 clustered with the type strains Chromohalobacter salexigens ATCC33174 T (Arahal et al. 2001) and C. israelensis ATCC43985 T (Huval et al. 1995), with 100 and 99.69% identity, respectively (Fig. 1). However, the phenotypic differences from C. israelensis (Table 1) led us to unambiguously assign strain 3EQS1 to the species C. salexigens. ...
... Comparative analysis of phenotypic features of strain 3EQS1 and its nearest phylogenetically related Chromohalobacter species + Positive, − negative, nd no data a Data fromArahal et al. (2001); b Data fromHuval et al. (1995) ...
A strain, 3EQS1, was isolated from a salt sample taken from Lake Qarun (Fayoum Province, Egypt). On the basis of physiological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses, the strain was classified as Chromohalobacter salexigens. By 72 h of growth at 25 °C, strain 3EQS1 produced large amounts (15.1 g L−1) of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in a liquid mineral medium (initial pH 8.0) containing 10% sucrose and 10% NaCl. The EPS was precipitated from the cell-free culture medium with chilled ethanol and was purified by gel-permeation and anion-exchange chromatography. The molecular mass of the EPS was 0.9 × 106 Da. Chemical analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the EPS was a linear β-D-(2 → 6)-linked fructan (levan). In aqueous solution, the EPS tended to form supramolecular aggregates with a critical aggregation concentration of 240 µg mL−1. The EPS had high emulsifying activity (E24, %) against kerosene (31.2 ± 0.4%), sunflower oil (76.9 ± 1.3%), and crude oil (98.9 ± 0.8%), and it also had surfactant properties. A 0.1% (w/v) aqueous EPS solution reduced the surface tension of water by 11.9%. The levan of C. salexigens 3EQS1 may be useful in various biotechnological processes.
... The major polar lipids of strains M5N1S17 T and M5N1S15 consist of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) which are the same as those of H. montanilacus CICC 24506 T [34] (Fig. S4), H. endophytica MC28 T [35] and the other species of Halomonas [36,37]. Furthermore, M5N1S17 T contains phosphatidylinositol (PI) and an unidentified phospholipid (PL), while M5N1S15 contains phosphatidylinositol (PI) and two unidentified phospholipids (PL), and an unidentified lipid (L). ...
... Nitrate reduction + + + + + À + + + Indole production À À À À À À À ND + Glucose fermentation À À * + À À À À ND + Arginine dihydrolase + +* À À À À À ND ND Aesculin hydrolysis + +* À À À + À ND À API ZYM test: [31,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Except 'H. ...
Two Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, moderately halophilic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacteria, designated M5N1S17T and M5N1S15, were isolated from saline soil in Baotou, China. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains clustered closely with Halomonas montanilacus PYC7WT and shared 99.1 and 99.3% sequence similarities, respectively. The average nucleotide identity based on BLAST (ANIb) and MUMmer (ANIm) values of the two strains with each other were 95.5% and 96.7%, respectively, while the ANIb and ANIm values between the two strains and 15 closer Halomonas species were 74.8-91.3% and 84.1-92.6%, respectively. The major polar lipids of M5N1S17T are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and an unidentified phospholipid. The major polar lipids of M5N1S15 are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids, and an unidentified lipid. The predominant ubiquinone in the two strains is Q-9. The major fatty acids of the two strains are C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c, C16:0, and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, and physiological results, strains M5N1S17T and M5N1S15 should be identified as a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which Halomonas alkalisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M5N1S17T (= CGMCC 1.19023T = KCTC 92130T). The phylogenetic trees showed that Halomonas daqingensis CGMCC 1.6443T clustered tightly with Halomonas desiderata FB2T, and the two strains shared >98.0% of ANI values with each other. Therefore, we propose the reclassification of H. daqingensis Wu et al. 2008 as a later heterotypic synonym of H. desiderata Berendes et al. 1996.
... The former (not approved) species Chromobacterium marismortui, was isolated from the Dead Sea by Elazari-Volcani [1] and reclassified by Ventosa et al. [2] as the type species of the new genus Chromohalobacter. Currently, the genus includes eight species which are besides C. marismortui, C. beijerinckii (described by Hof [3] and reclassified by Peçonek et al. [4]), C. canadensis, and C. israelensis (both described by Huval et al. [5] and reclassified by Arahal et al. [6]), C. salexigens [7], C. sarecensis [8], C. nigrandesensis [9], and the most recent species C. japonicus described by Sánchez-Porro et al. [10]. Unlike most of the species that were isolated from salterns and seas, C. beijerinckii and C. japonicus were food associated as they were isolated from salted beans and Japanese salty food, respectively. ...
Three moderately halophilic strains, TMW 2.2308T, TMW 2.2299 and TMW 2.2304, were isolated from a lupine-based moromi fermentation.. Initial identification based on their low molecular sub-proteome using mass spectrometry showed relation to the genus Halomonas, however, low score values indicated novelty. The comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed these strains within the genus Chromohalobacter with C. japonicus CECT 7219T (99.67% 16S rRNA sequence similarity to strain TMW 2.2308T), C. canadensis DSM 6769T (99.54%) and C. beijerinckii LMG 2148T (99.32%) being their closest relatives. However, average nucleotide highest identity values of TMW 2.2308T to C. beijerinckii LMG 2148T of 93.12% and 92.88% to C. japonicus CECT 7219T demonstrate that it represents a novel species within the genus Chromohalobacter with additional strains TMW 2.2299 (96.91%) and TMW 2.2304 (96.98%). The isolated strains were non-spore-forming, motile and able to grow at temperatures from 5 to 45 °C with an optimum at 37 °C. Growth of TMW 2.2308T occurs at 5 to 25% (w/v) NaCl with optimum growth between 10 and 12.5%. The genome of TMW 2.2308T has a size of 3.47 Mb and a G + C content of 61.0 mol%. The polyphasic evidence lead to the classification of TMW 2.2308T, TMW 2.2299 and TMW 2.2304 as members of a novel species of the genus Chromohalobacter. We propose a novel species as Chromohalobacter moromii sp. nov., with TMW 2.2308T (= DSM 113153 T =CECT 30422 T) as the type strain.
... On the other hand, several species originally described as members of the genus Halomonas have been transferred to other genera. Such is the case of Halomonas canadensis (Huval et al., 1995) and Halomonas israelensis (Huval et al., 1995) that were transferred to the genus Chromohalobacter as Chromohalobacter canadensis and Chromohalobacter israelensis, respectively (Arahal et al., 2001a); Halomonas avicenniae (Soto-Ramírez et al., 2007), Halomonas indalinina (Cabrera et al., 2007), and Halomonas marisflavi (Yoon et al., 2001) that are currently classified as species of the genus Kushneria as Kushneria avicenniae, Kushneria indalinina, and Kushneria marisflavi, respectively (Sánchez-Porro et al., 2009), and Halomonas salaria (Kim et al., 2007), currently a member of the genus Salinicola, as Salinicola salarius (de la Haba et al., 2010b). Halomonas marina (first described as "Arthrobacter marinus" and lately reclassified as Pseudomonas marina and Deleya marina) is currently the type species of the genus Cobetia (Arahal et al., 2002). ...
... On the other hand, several species originally described as members of the genus Halomonas have been transferred to other genera. Such is the case of Halomonas canadensis (Huval et al., 1995) and Halomonas israelensis (Huval et al., 1995) that were transferred to the genus Chromohalobacter as Chromohalobacter canadensis and Chromohalobacter israelensis, respectively (Arahal et al., 2001a); Halomonas avicenniae (Soto-Ramírez et al., 2007), Halomonas indalinina (Cabrera et al., 2007), and Halomonas marisflavi (Yoon et al., 2001) that are currently classified as species of the genus Kushneria as Kushneria avicenniae, Kushneria indalinina, and Kushneria marisflavi, respectively (Sánchez-Porro et al., 2009), and Halomonas salaria (Kim et al., 2007), currently a member of the genus Salinicola, as Salinicola salarius (de la Haba et al., 2010b). Halomonas marina (first described as "Arthrobacter marinus" and lately reclassified as Pseudomonas marina and Deleya marina) is currently the type species of the genus Cobetia (Arahal et al., 2002). ...
Ha.lo.mo'nas. Gr. masc. n. hals halos salt; L. fem. n. monas a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n. Halomonas salt (‐tolerant) monad.
Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Halomonas
The genus Halomonas is classified within the family Halomonadaceae and the order Oceanospirillales in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The cells are Gram‐stain‐negative and non‐endospore‐forming rods. Most strains are motile. Colonies are cream, cream‐yellow, yellow, white, brown, or orange pigmented. Chemoorganotrophic. Strictly aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐positive and oxidase‐variable. Halophilic or halotolerant. Some species are haloalkaliphilic or psychrotolerant. Optimal growth at 0–15% (w/v) NaCl, pH 6.0–10.0, and 20–40°C. The predominant cellular fatty acids include C16:0, C18:1 ω7c, C16:1 ω7c, C12:0 3‐OH, and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. The predominant respiratory quinone is Q‐9. Currently, the genus includes 102 species, with Halomonas elongata as type species. The strains of the species of this genus were isolated from marine, saline, or hypersaline environments and other saline habitats or salted food.
DNA G + C content (mol%): 51.4–74.3.
Type species: Halomonas elongata Vreeland et al. 1980VP.
... Reduces nitrate to nitrite. Nitrite is .................................................................................................................................................................................................... Chromohalobacter canadensis (Huval et al. 1995) Arahal et al. 2001aVP (Halomonas canadensis Huval et al. 1996 . .................................................................................. ca.na.den'sis. ...
... The draft genome sequence of the reference strain C. canadensis USBA 855 is available in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ with accession number OBQJ00000000. (Huval et al. 1995) Arahal et al. 2001aVP (Halomonas israelensis Huval et al. 1996 . .................................................................................. is.ra.el.en'sis. ...
Chro.mo.ha.lo.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n. chroma color; Gr. masc. n. hals halos the sea, salt; N.L. masc. n. bacter rod; N.L. masc. n. Chromohalobacter colored salt rod.
Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Chromohalobacter
The genus Chromohalobacter is classified within the family Halomonadaceae and the order Oceanospirillales in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, motile, and non‐endospore‐forming rods. Colonies are cream, yellow, white, brown, or black pigmented. Chemoorganotrophic. Strictly aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐positive. Moderately halophilic. Optimal growth at 7.5–12.5% (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0–8.0 and 28–37°C. The predominant cellular fatty acids are C16:0, C19:0 cyclo ω8c, C18:1 ω7c, and C12:0 3‐OH. The predominant respiratory quinone is Q‐9. The DNA G + C content is 56.1–66.0 mol%. Currently, the genus includes eight species: Chromohalobacter marismortui (type species of the genus), Chromohalobacter beijerinckii, Chromohalobacter canadensis, Chromohalobacter israelensis, Chromohalobacter japonicus, Chromohalobacter nigrandesensis, Chromohalobacter salexigens, and Chromohalobacter sarecensis. The strains of these species were isolated from salt lakes, salterns, and other saline habitats or salted foods.
DNA G + C content (mol%): 56.1–66.0.
Type species: Chromohalobacter marismortui (ex Elazari‐Volcani 1940) Ventosa et al. 1989VP.
... Sensitivities of Chromohalobacter canadensis and Chromohalobacter israelensis against oxytetracycline (30µg), penicillin G (10U), ampicillin (30µg), dihydrostreptomycin (10µg), and bacitracin (10µg) were investigated. 37,38 Chromohalobacter israelensis and Chromohalobacter canadensis were resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin. 37,38 Similarly, these species were resistant to these two antibiotics in the present study. ...
... 37,38 Chromohalobacter israelensis and Chromohalobacter canadensis were resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin. 37,38 Similarly, these species were resistant to these two antibiotics in the present study. Yoon and colleagues (2007) tested the susceptibility of Idiomarina loihiensis against ampicillin (10µg), carbenicillin (100µg), kanamycin (30µg), streptomycin (50µg). ...
Summary
Antimicrobial activities of 16 different antibiotics against 47 Gram-negative bacteria isolated from salted skin samples were examined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In the present study 10 strains isolated from 6 salted goatskin samples belonging to Russia, South Africa, Bulgaria, Australia, and 37 strains isolated from 14 salted sheepskin samples belonging to Greece, Australia, Bulgaria,
South Africa, Israel, USA, Turkey were used as test strains. Susceptibilities of Halomonas venusta, Halomonas zhanjiangensis, Chromohalobacter beijerinckii, Halomonas alkaliphila, Halomonas
eurihalina, Chromohalobacter israelensis, Halomonas halodenitrificans, Halomonas halmophila, Chromohalobacter canadensis, Chromohalobacter japonicus, Idiomarina loihiensis against amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, cefadroxil were not detected. In addition, susceptibilities of Halomonas
eurihalina, Chromohalobacter israelensis and Chromohalobacter beijerinckii against sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ampicillin; aztreonam and ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam and ampicillin were not observed, respectively. Although inhibition zones of Halomonas halodenitrificans (15-20mm), Halomonas halmophila (10-15mm), Chromohalobacter japonicus (22-23mm), Idiomarina loihiensis (15mm) against ampicillin were detected, the other strains did not show any inhibition zones. All test strains were susceptible to the other antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, meropenem, imipenem, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam. All strains except Halomonas eurihalina were found to be susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The experimental results of this study demonstrated that 38%, 36%, 26% of the Gram-negative bacterial species isolated from salted sheep and goat skins were resistant against 31%, 25%, 38% of the antibiotics tested. Therefore, effective antibacterial applications should be applied in curing salt to kill multidrug resistant moderately halophilic Gram-negative bacterial species in leather industry.
... A number of studies have characterised the halophilic microorganisms present in the Dead Sea and those found include the eubacteria, which were aerobes or facultative anaerobes of the genera Pseudomonas [17], Flavobacterium [17], Chromobacterium [17,18], Halobacterium [19], Halococcus [20], Clostridium [21], Sporohalobacter [22] and Halomonas [23], plus a novel species Halobaculum gomorrense [24]. In addition, filamentous halophilic fungi have also been reported recently from the Dead Sea [25], and so it is clear that it does in fact support life despite the high salinity. ...
Hypersaline habitats are present all over the globe in the form of saline soil,
saline water and salted food. Some of the more famous hypersaline habitats are the Dead
Sea (Jordan-Israel), the Great Salt Lake (USA), the Solar Lake and lakes at Natrun valley
(Egypt), and the inland saltern of La Mala (Spain). Halophilic microorganisms can be
classified into halophilic algae, bacteria and fungi, while the halophilic bacteria are further
classified into extremely halophilic bacteria, moderately halophilic bacteria, moderately
halophilic eubacteria and moderately halophilic archaeobacteria. Two kinds of
mechanisms, known as ‘salt in’ and ‘low salt in’, are typically exhibited by halophilic
microorganisms in their adaptation to high salt concentrations. Several reports have
suggested that halophilic microorganisms can be polyextremophilic. Evaluating the
physiology of halophilic microorganisms and their adaptation to the environment allows a
better understanding of the extremophilic characteristics of the microorganisms. Halophiles
have been used in a number of biotechnological applications, making them an interesting
and important choice of research topic in this era of biotechnology. This review is an
attempt to give a basic understanding of halophilic microorganisms, their habitats,
adaptation, as well as their importance in the current biotechnological developments.
... Halomonas xinjiangensis TRM 0175 T and Chromohalobacter israelensis DSM 6768 T are two closely related strains to strain B6 T according to the phylogenetic analysis (Xu et al., 2013). Strain DSM 6768 T was isolated from the Dead Sea (Huval et al., 1995), while strain TRM 0175 T was isolated from Lop Nur salt lake, China (Guan et al., 2010). ...
Chromohalobacter israelensis DSM 6768(T), Halomonas zincidurans B6(T), and Halomonas xinjiangensis TRM 0175(T) are three phylogenetically close strains belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria. Both strains DSM 6768(T) and B6(T) can grow on plate containing 0.5mM HgCl2. Strain TRM 0175(T) could not grow on plates containing 0.1mM or more HgCl2. Here we report the draft genomes of strains DSM 6768(T) and TRM 0175(T) for comparative genomic analysis. Gene cluster with putative function in mercury resistance in strain DSM 6768(T) includes a mercuric ion reductase, whose homologues distribute among several marine microbes. Strain B6(T), which was isolated from the Atlantic Ocean, has one more gene cluster with putative function in mercury resistance than strain DSM 6768(T). This study will enhance our understanding of the mercury tolerance and further investigation in marine microbes.
Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.
... Many of the isolates belong to the domain Archaea, specifically Halobacteriacea (Oren 1988(Oren , 1993Mack et al. 1993;Arahal et al. 2000), whereas the domain Bacteria is represented by gram-negative, moderate halophilic species, for example Bacillus marismortui (Oren 1988). Other microbial components include the green alga Duniella, halophilic ciliate and amoeboid protozoa, fungi and cyanobacteria (Elazari-Volcani 1943; Ehrlich and Zapkin 1985;Huval et al. 1995;Oren 1997). These microorganisms have been classified based on their environmental salt preference ranging from moderately halophilic species able to grow optimally between 0.5 and 2.5 m salt (Ventosa et al. 1998) to extremely halophilic up to 3.4 m and greater salt concentrations (Arahal et al. 2000). ...
Traditional analysis of evaporite environments have either focused on the geology or the halophilic organisms. It is relatively rare that the two have been combined and even rarer that both disciplines have been incorporated in comparing evaporite sites. The variation in evaporite environments does influence microbial ecology and fossilization processes as each site varies in pH, temperature, presence or absence springs, and spring chemistry. Understanding the evaporite environments is important for planetary scientists as they serve as analogs for evaluating extraterrestrial materials, including the potential for water and ultimately life. For example Mars lander, rover and orbital missions have identified the evaporite signatures of gypsum, carbonates and chlorides, all indicating that water existed at sometime in the planets geological history. Terrestrial evaporite sites all possess halophilic tolerant life. In some instances such as the Dead Sea, Israel, it is restricted to microbial life, but in other sites there are higher life forms. The microbes associated with these evaporite sites can produce biofilms as a method to develop their own microenvironments. Microorganisms can be observed colonizing specific ecological niches or gradients can be created by these environments. These gradients occur due the localized drying and weathering patterns that create different soil chemistry. The microorganisms in turn colonize specific areas more suitable to their specific metabolic needs. For example, under anaerobic conditions with sulfur and methane prevalent methanogenic and/or sulfur reducing microbial species may be observed. However, under similar chemistry environments with the exception of aerobic conditions sulfur oxidizer and/or methanotrophic microorganism may occur. Because of their conspicuous colored pigments purple sulfur bacteria are frequently observed in anoxic zones of lakes, sulfur springs, and stratified evaporite crusts. Some of these bacteria are of particular interest including Ectothiorhodospira spp. that deposit extracellular sulfur and are halophilic growing at high pH with NaCl concentrations approaching saturation. Fossilization and biofilm production appears to be relevant to the geochemistry of the systems. For example Dead Sea, Israel, microbes produce minimal biofilms, reside in the sediments, and the incidence of fossilization is low while hypersaline Storrs Lake, San Salvador, Bahamas microbes produce prodigious amounts of biofilms with many examples of fossilization. Some of the microbes appear to prefer solid substrates and may exhibit a preference, such as detrital or mineral, etc. In our studies we have found that some of the organisms, in relation to their substrate, can be tentatively characterized with laser confocal scanning microscopy. Terrestrial evaporite sites and understanding potential biomarkers and/or mineral signatures are important for identifying potential exoplanetary sites such as Mars that may harbor life.
... Both grew at salt concentrations as low as 5-10 g l , but tolerate up -1 to 200-300 g l . Chromohalobacter israelensis was -1 isolated from crude solar salt from a Dead Sea evaporation pond [14,15,16]. Recent attempts to isolate live bacteria from Volcani's old enrichments led to the isolation of Salibacillus marismortui [17]. ...
Seven halophilic bacterial strains were isolated from sediment sample obtained from Dead Sea coast, Al Karak, Jordan. The strains showed good growth i n m edium containing 10- 15% (w/v) NaCl at 37°C. The Morphological, biochemical and physiological analysis were done to cha racterize the s even Isolates. All of the isolates were G ram negative and required di fferent NaCl concentration f or growth. The optimum conditions such as t emperature, pH and salts (NaCl) were de termined. The utilization of organic c ompounds; Fructose, Lactose, Glucose, Sucrose and the hydr olysis of organic c ompounds such as ; casein, gelatin, aesculin, starch, tween20 and tween 80 were also i vestigated. The effect of N aCl concentration divided the i solates i nto t hree groups; The fi rst group contained two isolates H 4 and H5 which were assigned extreme halophilic bacteria . T hey were similar to the g enus Haloferax, especially H. volcani which was isolated from t he Dead Sea, with little differences in some characterization. The second group contained four isolates similar in morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization, H1, H3, H6 and H7, were a ssigned moderately hal ophilic ba cteria. These isolates were di fferent from those and known species is olated from the Dead Sea. T he third group contained one isolate moderately halophilic H2 which was different from the second group isolates and from some other known species isolated from the D ead Sea.
