Figure 4 - uploaded by Genaro Diarte-Plata
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Different types of trenches in usage for rice-aquaculture integrated farming. (A) Diagonal trench, (B) crossed trench, (C) Y-shaped trench, (D) peripheral and one central longitudinal trench, (E) two equidistant transverses with peripheral trench and (F) latticed trenches.
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... these three types, there are many types of trenches prepared for integrated rice- aquaculture. Different other types of trenches in the rice field are presented in Figure 4. The ideal ratio for making an integrated RAF is explained well, for example if a 1 hectare of land of integrated system is about 125 m × 125 m. ...
Context 2
... phosphorus loading in the Indian River Bay, Rehoboth Bay and Little Assawoman Bay, 65% reduction in the upper Indian River Watershed, a 40% reduction of nonpoint nitro- gen loading in the Indian River Bay, Rehoboth Bay and Little Assawoman Bay, and an 85% reduction in the upper Indian River Watershed." Figure 4 provides promising results in regards to reductions in point source pollution with five-fold decrease in total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations from 1990 to 2009 was recorded in Rehoboth and Inland River Bays. However, relative concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus from agriculture increased up to 57% from its previous levels of 45% and 39% for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively [13]. ...
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... HOM treatments were added daily to culture water (0.01%). Based on biometrical data of 30 larvae for each replicate every 48 h, the best results in larval growth were obtained with HOM T1, followed by control (T3) and finally by T2 (Figure 4). The high- est yield in biomass of mature pedivéliger larva (9.29 g) was obtained with HOM T2, followed by control T3 (7.42 g) and the lowest production (7.04 g) was obtained with T1 (Figure 4). ...
Context 4
... on biometrical data of 30 larvae for each replicate every 48 h, the best results in larval growth were obtained with HOM T1, followed by control (T3) and finally by T2 (Figure 4). The high- est yield in biomass of mature pedivéliger larva (9.29 g) was obtained with HOM T2, followed by control T3 (7.42 g) and the lowest production (7.04 g) was obtained with T1 (Figure 4). Differential results obtained in this study were attributable to better survival of larvae because homoeopathy favours nutrition and assimilation of nutrients, increases stress resistance because of high culture density and strengthens the immune system and resistance to attack by pathogens [5,23]. ...
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... The observed delayed avoidance response by N. virens is therefore likely due to either debilitation (as evident by emergence) rather than a short-term sensory recognition of contaminants (Swartz et al., 1986;Kravitz et al., 1999) or as a secondary response to toxicity following the initial tail loss. Emergence is associated with increased predation (Kalman et al., 2009;Diarte-Plata and Escamilla-Montes 2019) and is also part of normal breeding behaviour for males (Bass and Brafield 1972); abnormal emergence would therefore have detrimental effects to benthic polychaetes. There is also evidence polychaetes may converge beneath net pens due to the high organic matter produced from feces and excess feed (Findlay et al., 1995;Black et al., 1997;Tefler et al., 2006;Neofitou et al., 2010), and since N. virens conveyed a delayed avoidance response to avermectins, attraction to feed beneath net pens may inadvertently result in higher chemotherapeutant exposure to polychaetes. ...
Pest management strategies to reduce sea lice infestations in the salmon aquaculture industry include in-feed treatments with ivermectin (IVM) and SLICE® (active ingredient [AI] emamectin benzoate [EMB]), which can result in local contamination of the environment. These compounds partition to sediments, have moderate persistence, and may pose a risk to non-target benthic organisms. The sub-lethal effects of EMB, IVM and a combination of both (EMB/IVM) on the benthic amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius and polychaete Nereis virens at environmentally relevant sediment concentrations were examined in subchronic exposures (28-30-d). E. estuarius avoided sediment containing >50 μg/kg IVM alone and in combination with EMB. N. virens avoided sediment with >50 μg/kg IVM and >0.5 μg/kg EMB/IVM and exhibited impaired burrowing and locomotory behaviour with both treatments. Oxygen consumption was significantly decreased in E. estuarius (up to 50% compared to controls) and increased in N. virens (by ∼ 200%) when exposed to EMB, IVM and EMB/IVM at concentrations <5 μg/kg. IVM, SLICE® and combination exposures at environmentally relevant concentrations caused adverse effects in E. estuarius and N. virens which could significantly alter organism fitness near salmon aquaculture operations.
The objective of this article is to review the historical development of rice-aquatic species (RASp) integration and analyze the factors that affect its performance. Compared to rice monoculture, the integration of the rice-aquatic species system has a more significant impact on farm production, income, land (L), water use efficiency (WUE), net revenue, and labor use efficiency (LBUE) reduction. Although concurrent and alternate cultivations of rice-aquatic species increase unit water efficiency, concurrent cultivation requires 26% more water than monoculture. Furthermore, RASp farming promotes environmentally-friendly rice cultivation by reducing the use of pesticides (insecticides and herbicides), decreasing CH 4 emissions by approximately 14.8-22.1%, and enhancing water quality. These findings suggest that fish integration in rice fields could be integrated into extensive aquaculture. Finally, global cooperation is necessary to transfer knowledge about this technology, particularly from China, and more research is needed to evaluate the effects of rice-aquatic species integration in the context of climate change and practical water use efficiency. Additionally, a robust development program at the national and global levels, with regulatory and non-administrative bodies' guidance and strategy, is needed to embrace the expansion of the rice-aquatic species practice.
