Fig 1 - uploaded by Gaurav Bhanjana
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
In the past few decades, nanotechnology has been used to develop various nano-based systems to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents for various medical applications. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have been used to modify and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of various drugs used in therapeutic...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... nanoparticles are submicron-sized polymeric colloidal particles in which a therapeutic agent of interest can be embedded or encapsulated within their polymeric matrix or adsorbed or conjugated onto the surface [49]. Depending upon the method of preparation, these are of two types — nanospheres and nanocapsules. Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane, while nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed [50-52]. Various types of polymer- based nanoparticles are rendered in Fig. 1. Drug nanoparticles have been shown to improve bioavailability and enhance drug solubility because of reduced particle size up to nanosize and encapsulating the drug in to water-soluble polymer. These nanoparticles serve as an excellent vehicle for delivery of a number of biomolecules, drugs, genes, and vaccines to the site of interest in vivo. The early nanoparticles were mainly formulated from polyalkyl- cyanoacrylate. They easily cross mucosal barrier due to their nanosize but they also have some disadvantage like short life span due to rapid clearance from the body by phagocytic cells. In recent years, the problem of phagocytic removal of nanoparticles has been solved by modifying the surface of nanoparticles [53]. The surface modification protected nanoparticles from being phagocytozed and removed from the blood vascular system after intravenous injections. The use of polymeric nanoparticle for drug delivery is a strategy that aims to optimize therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse effects. Nanoparticles can be prepared from a variety of materials. The selection of the base polymer is based on various designs and end application criteria. It depends on many factors such as (1) size of the desired nanoparticles, (2) properties of the drug (aqueous solubility, stability, etc.) to be encapsulated in the polymer, (3) surface characteristics and functionality, (4) degree of biodegradability and biocompatibility and toxicity, (5) drug release profile, and (6) antigenicity of the final product. Criteria for ideal polymeric carriers for nanoparticles and nanoparticle delivery systems [54] are given below in Table 6. Polymers used in controlled drug delivery, including nanoparticles, may be classified as either (1) natural and synthetic or (2) biodegradable and nonbiodegradable. Examples of naturally occurring biodegradable and biocompatible polymers used to prepare nanoparticles include: cellulose, gelatin, pullulan, chitosan, alginate, and gliadin. Example of synthetic biodegradable polymers used to prepare nanoparticles include: polylactic acid, poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polyanhydrides, poly- ε -caprolactone, poly-alkyl- cyanoacrylates, and polyphosphazene. Biodegradability and biocompatibility are important properties of polymeric materials that are to be injected or implanted into the body. Non- biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles may be used for controlled drug delivery and also in the complimentary field of diagnostic imaging. Examples of nonbiodegradable, synthetic polymers include polymethacrylate, and polymethylme- thacrylate (PMMA) that has been widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical and medical applications. Specifically, PMMA Eudragit® nanoparticles can be prepared by nanoprecipitation method [55] that involves adding hydroalcoholic solution of the polymer to an organic solvent. Incorporation of poly-acrylic acid into nanoparticles increased the transfection efficiency of DNA. Polystyrene particles have been used as diagnostic agents. Among water-soluble polymers available chitosan is one of the most extensively studied. This is because chitosan possess some ideal properties of polymeric carriers for nanoparticles since it is biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, and inexpensive. Furthermore, it possesses positively charge and exhibits absorption enhancing effect. These properties render chitosan a very attractive material as a drug delivery carrier. In the last two decades, chitosan nanoparticles have been extensively developed and explored for pharmaceutical application [56-58]. Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin, a component of crab shells. Chitosan is a poly- cationic polymer, that comprise of D -glucosamine and N acetyl- D -glucosamine linked by b-(1, 4)-glycosidic bonds. The various methods used to prepare chitosan-based nanoparticles and their applications have been extensively reviewed [59]. Chitosan can entrap drugs by numerous mechanisms including chemical cross-linking, ionic crosslinking, and ionic complexation [60]. Chitosan has been reported to be very suitable for preparation of nano- and microparticles for controlled drug release. Chitosan, particularly, chitosan nanoparticles offer many advantages due to their better stability, low toxicity, and simple and mild preparation methods, providing versatile routes of administration and has gained more attention as a drug delivery carrier and as biomedical material [61, 62]. Also, chitosan was selected for nanoparticles because of its recognized muco-adhesivity and ability to enhance the penetration of large molecules across mucosal surface [56]. They have the ability to control the release of active agents and avoid the use of hazardous organic solvents while fabricating particles since they are soluble in aqueous acidic solution. Moreover, chitosan is a linear polyamine containing a number of free amine groups that are readily available for cross-linking whereas its ...
Similar publications
Despite various pharmacological effects, myricetin (Myr) shows low oral bioavailability (<10%) due to its poor solubility, which limits its applications. To address this problem, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were developed by investigating the solubility of Myr in various excipients, constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams...
Citations
... Nanocarriers, typically nanoparticles (NPs), are utilized for encapsulating and delivering (bio)therapeutics, owing to their distinct advantages over conventional medicines. Key characteristics of nanocarriers include enhanced pharmaceutical properties (such as improved solubility and stability, prolonged drug half-life, and increased accumulation in tumors) 2,4,5,6 , improvement of the therapeutic effectiveness and/or reduction of toxicity and targeted delivery to specific cells or tissues 3,6,7 . The majority of these attributes, especially the pharmacokinetic ones, are achieved through polymeric carriers capable of biodegrading and undergoing chemical modifications, allowing for additional targeting 8 . ...
Nanomedicine is a field at the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine, promising due to its potential to revolutionize healthcare. Despite its long trajectory, there is still a long road ahead...
... However, the high concentration of Triphala ethanolic extract showed poor water solubility (Table S1), indicating a problem with bioavailability. Nanoparticle formulations are often used to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble compounds [47]. Therefore, in our study, nanotriphala was synthesized to improve the solubility of Triphala ethanolic extract while maintaining its anti-inflammatory properties. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, poses a significant global health threat. The spike glycoprotein S1 of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is known to induce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, contributing to hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. Triphala, an ancient Ayurvedic remedy composed of dried fruits from three plant species—Emblica officinalis (Family Euphorbiaceae), Terminalia bellerica (Family Combretaceae), and Terminalia chebula (Family Combretaceae)—shows promise in addressing inflammation. However, the limited water solubility of its ethanolic extract impedes its bioavailability. In this study, we aimed to develop nanoparticles loaded with Triphala extract, termed “nanotriphala”, as a drug delivery system. Additionally, we investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of nanotriphala and its major compounds, namely gallic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid, in lung epithelial cells (A549) induced by CoV2-SP. The nanotriphala formulation was prepared using the solvent displacement method. The encapsulation efficiency of Triphala in nanotriphala was determined to be 87.96 ± 2.60% based on total phenolic content. In terms of in vitro release, nanotriphala exhibited a biphasic release profile with zero-order kinetics over 0–8 h. A549 cells were treated with nanotriphala or its active compounds and then induced with 100 ng/mL of spike S1 subunit (CoV2-SP). The results demonstrate that chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid are the active compounds in nanotriphala, which significantly reduced cytokine release (IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) and suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and NLRP3) (p < 0.05). Mechanistically, nanotriphala and its active compounds notably attenuated the expression of inflammasome machinery proteins (NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the nanoparticle formulation of Triphala enhances its stability and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties against CoV2-SP-induction. This was achieved by suppressing inflammatory mediators and the NLRP3 inflammasome machinery. Thus, nanotriphala holds promise as a supportive preventive anti-inflammatory therapy for COVID-19-related chronic inflammation.
... Nanotechnology offers solutions to this challenge through techniques such as nanoencapsulation and nanoparticle formulation. By reducing drug particle size to the nanoscale, nanocarriers increase drug surface area and facilitate rapid dissolution, thereby improving drug solubility and bioavailability [23]. b. ...
The advent of personalized medicine has revolutionized healthcare, allowing tailored treatment plans based on individual patient characteristics. Central to this paradigm shift are advanced drug delivery strategies designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy, minimize side effects, and improve patient outcomes. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of next-generation drug delivery approaches, focusing on their application in personalized healthcare. We discuss various strategies, including nanomedicine, targeted drug delivery systems, stimuli-responsive delivery systems, and biomaterial-based platforms, highlighting their potential to address the challenges of conventional drug administration methods. Furthermore, we examine the integration of personalized diagnostics and therapeutics, emphasizing the importance of precision medicine in optimizing treatment regimens for individual patients. Overall, this review underscores the critical role of innovative drug delivery technologies in advancing personalized healthcare and shaping the future of medicine.
... Using this technique, an aqueous solution and a somewhat water-miscible solvent combine to generate oil in water emulsion (Kumar et al., 2012). The medicine and polymer are present in the partly water miscible solvent, and the surfactant is present in the aqueous solution. ...
Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology. The field of advanced and applied Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology has not only helped the development in various fields in Science and Technology but also contributes the improvement of the quality of human life to a great extent. The focus of the book would be on state-of-the-art technologies and advances in Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology and to provides a remarkable opportunity for the academic, research and industrial communities to address new challenges and share solutions.
... Moreover, ongoing research is exploring the potential of incorporating existing therapeutic compounds, especially those with poor bioavailability and undesirable side efects, into these delivery systems. Antihypertensive drugs, known for their challenging bioavailability and side efect profles, are actively being studied as promising candidates for integration into such advanced delivery systems [5]. ...
... Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) encompass various vesicular systems that utilize lipids as carriers to enhance drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Tese vesicular systems include the following [5,116]: ...
... Tese systems used lipid-based particles to enhance drug delivery. Here are some classes of lipid particulate delivery systems within LBDDS [5,[116][117][118][119]: ...
The lipid-based drug delivery system (LBDDS) is a well-established technique that is anticipated to bring about comprehensive transformations in the pharmaceutical field, impacting the management and administration of drugs, as well as treatment and diagnosis. Various LBDDSs verified to be an efficacious mechanism for monitoring hypertension systems are SEDDS (self-nano emulsifying drug delivery), nanoemulsion, microemulsions, vesicular systems (transferosomes and liposomes), and solid lipid nanoparticles. LBDDSs overcome the shortcomings that are associated with antihypertensive agents because around fifty percent of the antihypertensive agents experience a few drawbacks including short half-life because of hepatic first-pass metabolism, poor aqueous solubility, low permeation rate, and undesirable side effects. This review emphasizes antihypertensive agents that were encapsulated into the lipid carrier to improve their poor oral bioavailability. Incorporating cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery, LBDDS holds promise in addressing the multifactorial nature of hypertension. By fine-tuning drug release profiles and enhancing drug uptake at specific sites, LBDDS can potentially target renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components, sympathetic nervous system pathways, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which play crucial roles in hypertension pathophysiology. The future of hypertension management using LBDDS is promising, with ongoing reviews focusing on precision medicine approaches, improved biocompatibility, and reduced toxicity. As we delve deeper into understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying hypertension, LBDDS offers a pathway to develop next-generation antihypertensive therapies that are safer, more effective, and tailored to individual patient needs.
... This category also includes metaldecorated multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), metal nanoclusters, m e t a l -fi l l e d s i n g l e -w a l l e d n a n o t u b e s ( S W N T s ) a n d metallofullerenes. The optical characteristics of metallic NPs are vital in controlling their functions due to the peculiar surface plasmon resonance at visible wavelengths (Kumar et al., 2012). These polymeric NPs can contain the required therapeutic substance within their core due to their unique structural properties, or they can alternatively adsorb or be attached to their surface (Weir et al., 2012). ...
Plants experience diverse abiotic stresses, encompassing low or high temperature, drought, water logging and salinity. The challenge of maintaining worldwide crop cultivation and food sustenance becomes particularly serious due to drought and salinity stress. Sustainable agriculture has significant promise with the use of nano-biotechnology. Nanoparticles (NPs) have evolved into remarkable assets to improve agricultural productivity under the robust climate alteration and increasing drought and salinity stress severity. Drought and salinity stress adversely impact plant development, and physiological and metabolic pathways, leading to disturbances in cell membranes, antioxidant activities, photosynthetic system, and nutrient uptake. NPs protect the membrane and photosynthetic apparatus, enhance photosynthetic efficiency, optimize hormone and phenolic levels, boost nutrient intake and antioxidant activities, and regulate gene expression, thereby strengthening plant’s resilience to drought and salinity stress. In this paper, we explored the classification of NPs and their biological effects, nanoparticle absorption, plant toxicity, the relationship between NPs and genetic engineering, their molecular pathways, impact of NPs in salinity and drought stress tolerance because the effects of NPs vary with size, shape, structure, and concentration. We emphasized several areas of research that need to be addressed in future investigations. This comprehensive review will be a valuable resource for upcoming researchers who wish to embrace nanotechnology as an environmentally friendly approach for enhancing drought and salinity tolerance.
... Nanoparticulate drug delivery system is one of the best approaches to increase the solubility and therapeutic efficacy of poorly soluble bioactive compounds. Further, they are also utilized for targeted delivery, sustained drug release and to minimize the side effects [10,11]. There are various polymers used for developing the nanoparticles like poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), chitosan, polylactic acid, alginate, pectin etc. ...
Objective: The aim of the present study to develop, optimize and characterize Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with isolated Glycyrrhizin (Glyc) and investigate for antioxidant activity. Methods: PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Glycyrrhizin were synthesized by an adapted emulsion-evaporation method. Nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency and Polydispersiblity index (PDI). Further, Box Benkhen design was applied for optimization of the formulation parameters and the effect of three independent variables such as PLGA concentration, amount of glycyrrhizin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentration on particle size, polydispersiblity index and the entrapment efficiency (response variables) were investigated. The antioxidant capacity of optimized nanoparticle formulation loaded with glycyrrhizin was compared with free glycyrrhizin by DPPH assay. Results: The particle size, entrapment efficiency and PDI of optimized Glyc-NPs was found to be 144.20 nm, 68.0% and 0.315 respectively. Optimized Glyc-NPs showed sustained release of drug 79.06% in 48 hours with improved free radical scavenging activity than isolated Glycyrrhizin. Conclusion: PLGA nanoparticles were found to be suitable carrier for Glycyrrhizin at lower levels than originally required for enhanced functional properties.
... Chitosan films contain inherent antibacterial action and prevent the development of a wide range of bacteria and fungi, including Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. One of the reasons for chitosan's antibacterial properties is its positively charged amino group, which interacts with the negatively charged microbial cell membrane, causing the outflow of proteinaceous and other intracellular components of the microorganisms [23]. According to Liu et al. [24], the in vitro SlB and TnA release profile from CTSNPs was carried out via direct dispersion. ...
This study describes the preparation, physicochemical characterization, controlled release, and bioavailability of chitosan nanoparticles (CTSNPs) loaded with salvianolic acid B (SlB) and tanshinone IIA (TnA). It also aimed to assess their antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogen. SlB and TnA were loaded on CTSNPs with ionic gelation method. They were then in vitro characterized via infrared and electron microscopy. SlB/TnA/CTSNPs showed excellent colloidal properties (size 129.3 nm and zeta-potential + 31.8 mV); the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SlB/CTSNPs and TnA/CTSNPs was 51.43 and 88.36%, respectively. The loading capacity (LC) of SlB/CTSNPs and TnA/CTSNPs was 7.85 and 12.61%, respectively. SlB and Tan II were released in vitro from SlB/TnA/CTSNPs for over 45 h, demonstrating that these NPs are effective at regulating the release of SlB and TnA. SlB/TnA/CTSNPs outperformed chitosan, SlB, and TnA alone in terms of bactericidal efficacy against foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium). S. aureus was more susceptible than S. Typhimurium. After only 10 h of exposure, the scanning microscopic pictures of bacteria treated with SlB/TnA/CTSNPs revealed that cells had completely exploded or lysed. In terms of health and food safety, these eco-friendly nanosystems could be a desirable substitute for synthetic preservatives.
... The base polymer is chosen based on different designs and end application requirements. It depends on several other factors, including (1) the drug's properties (water-solubility and stability) to be encapsulated in the polymer, (2) the desired nanoparticle size, (3) surface properties and functioning, (4) the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the material, (5) API release assessment and (6) the antigenicity of the finished product 21 . Nanoparticles and the polymers used in controlled drug release are split into two groups: (1) Natural and synthetic and (2) biodegradable and nonbiodegradable 22 . ...
... Many nature-based biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, such as gelatin, gliadin, chitosan, and alginate, can be used to build nanoparticles 23,24 . The following synthetic biodegradable polymers are examples that have been utilized to form nanoparticles: polyphosphate, polyanhydrides, polycaprolactones, poly-alkyl cyanoacrylates, polylactic acid, etc. 21,25 Degradability and Compatibility are critical properties of polymers that will be administered or placed into the body 26 . Non-biodegradable nanomaterials have been used in digital radiology and controlled medication delivery 21 . ...
... The following synthetic biodegradable polymers are examples that have been utilized to form nanoparticles: polyphosphate, polyanhydrides, polycaprolactones, poly-alkyl cyanoacrylates, polylactic acid, etc. 21,25 Degradability and Compatibility are critical properties of polymers that will be administered or placed into the body 26 . Non-biodegradable nanomaterials have been used in digital radiology and controlled medication delivery 21 . In this article, we go through the most recent developments in using nanotechnology in the fight against AML. ...
Acute myeloid leukaemia is becoming more predominant in blood cancer in geriatrics people groups. In 2017, four new therapeutic candidates have been approved by the FDA: Enasidenib, CPX 351, Midostaurin, and Gemtuzumab ozogamicin; with the approval of Venetoclax and Daurismo, additional advances were achieved in 2018. Ivosidenib and gilteritinib were also accepted as single-agent therapy in persistent and recurrent AML 2018. Most of the anticancer drugs belong to Biopharmaceutical classification system-II (BSC), and BCS class-IV has poor bioavailability because of solubility issues. We will overcome this problem by preparing nanoparticles of this drug by using different nanoparticle preparation methods.
... For this, development in oral dosage f orms is required to enhance the drug solubility by bioavailability [1]. In addition, intestinal permeability and drug absorption rate are essential for drug development [2]. These drugs fall under the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II or IV [3]. ...
... The EE was estimated in the filtrate after suitable dilution with phosphate buffer solution using a UV -vis spectrophotometer at 256 nm absorbance. The EE. of OLZ was determined using equation (2). EE, % = (weight of drug in OSD/theoretical weight of drug) ×100 ...
Introduction
Olanzapine (OLZ) is a psychotropic class drug commonly used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and acute manic episodes. It has less water solubility, resulting in a slow dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. Therefore, the development in oral dosage forms is required to enhance the drug solubility.
Method
The solid dispersion of olanzapine is prepared by spray drying technique. The solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30), mono amino glycyrrhizinate pentahydrate (GLY), OLZ and silicon dioxide were dissolved in distilled water and ethanol and spray dried to get the solid dispersion. Solid dispersion was characterized for surface morphology, solubility, encapsulation efficiency (EE), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and drug-polymer interaction by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy.
Results
The amorphous nature of the drug's incorporation in solid dispersion was confirmed by X-RD analysis. Prepared solid dispersion showed higher solubility, 11.51 mg, than pure OLZ (0.983 mg ml⁻¹), while the range of EE was found to be between 64 to 90 %.
Conclusions
The solubility and dissolution rate of the OLZ can effectively increase by spray-dried solid dispersion. Plackett–Burman screening design plays a vital role in understanding the effect of independent variables on EE and solubility.
