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The present work reports a review on the properties of nanocomposites for packaging application. Nanocomposites are multiphase solid materials where one of the phases has one,two, or three dimensions of lesser than 100 nm or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material. Packaging is the scienc...
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... The resulting properties of composite materials are better than those of the constituting phases. The reinforcements could be in the form of short fibers, long fibers, filler, particulate and flakes, leading to different behaviors depending on the shape (see Fig. 2 [5]). Some examples of composite materials could be seen in nature. ...
... Focusing on artificial composites, also called fiber-reinforced plastics, it is a wide group of materials mainly composed by fibers, resin matrix, additives and fillers. [5] The two-phase composition results in high mechanical properties together with low weight, high corrosion resistance and, as a consequence, low maintenance needs. Different types of fibers are used in composite materials. ...
Circular Economy is an emerging production-consumption paradigm showing the potential to recover and re-use functions and materials from post-use, end-of-life, products. Even if several barriers still exist at different levels, from legislation to customer acceptance, the transition to this sustainable industrial model has been demonstrated to potentially bring economic, environmental, and social benefits, at large scale. Composite materials, which usage is constantly increasing, are composed by a fiber reinforcement in a resin matrix. Among them, the most widely adopted are Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP). Their applications range from wind blades to automotive, construction, sporting equipment and furniture. The post-use treatment of composite-made products is still an open challenge. Today, they are either sent to landfill, where not banned, or incinerated. The application of Circular Economy principles may lead to the creation of new circular value-chains aiming at re-using functions and materials from post-use composite-made products in high value-added applications, thus increasing the sustainability of the composite industry as a whole.
One of the most used types of equipment in environmental monitoring applications is the humidity sensor. Why? Because these are among the most crucial measures to get appropriate when trying to design surroundings that are comfortable, secure, and consume less energy. For instance, sectors including heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, medicine, food processing, pharmaceutical, climatology, microelectronics, agriculture, and health monitoring are the ones that most frequently employ humidity sensors. Humidity's effects on different materials have long been understood in many different contexts. It has an impact on humanity both directly and indirectly. Humidity's irreversible influence eventually results in permanent damage to the exposed surfaces. Therefore, accurate measurement and management of humidity levels in varied situations are crucial. Hygrometers are yet another name for humidity sensors. These gadgets are utilized to deliver the actual air humidity level at any given point at any necessary location. Incubators, respiratory equipment, sterilizers, biological goods, textile, paper, and semiconductor industries all depend heavily on humidity management. Metal oxide semiconductors are the prominent materials for preparing thin film-based humidity sensors. Basically, there are four types of humidity sensors: resistive, capacitive, optical, and thermal. The current chapter covers the principle, methods, figures of merit (FOM), advantages, applications in environmental monitoring, etc. Controlling humidity is becoming more and more crucial for optimizing industrial processes and living quality. Numerous applications have made use of humidity sensors based on various operational theories.
Polymer nanocomposites have emerged as versatile advanced materials in recent times. The advancement of polymer nanocomposites has unlocked a vast denomination of application possibilities of coatings and adhesives. Polymer nanocomposite coatings can be fabricated through several methods, and novel methods are being reported frequently. The properties of polymer nanocomposite coatings are consequences of filler modification and fabrication methods. Based on these factors and types of application, polymer nanocomposite coatings can be categorized into conductive, biocompatible, and smart nanocomposite coatings. Polymer nanocomposite adhesives are no different since there are similarities between the basic properties of coatings and adhesives. Nanocomposite adhesives can be classified as structural, biomimetic, pressure-sensitive, and conductive based on their performance. These newly fabricated polymer nanocomposites are increasingly being used in every aspect of modern-day technology from corrosion protection to accelerated healing of living tissue. Polymer nanocomposites have made a paradigm shift in the field of coatings and adhesives.
Day by day the demand for energy is rising at an exponential rate. To keep balance with this demand, novel polymer nanocomposites are utilized nowadays in energy storage and energy conversion devices. Polymer nanocomposites are a special type of composite materials that are fabricated utilizing polymer matrices and inorganic/organic nanofillers of different sizes and shapes. Due to flexibility, lightweight nature, environment friendliness as well as improved energy performance, these polymer nanocomposites are considered as potential energy materials. In this chapter, energy-related terms of polymer nanocomposites including dielectric constant, dielectric nonlinearity, breakdown strength, percolation threshold, etc. are discussed concisely. In addition, the choice of matrices and nanofillers, their classifications, the effect of interface phenomena on polymer nanocomposite property as well as two important interfacial models, Tanaka’s and Lewis’s models, are presented. Among fluoropolymer-based nanocomposites, ferroelectric poly (vinylidene fluoride)-based nanocomposites showed the most outstanding results. Their structure, morphology, property, etc. are also mentioned in brief. Besides, recent trends in graphene/graphene-based polymer nanocomposites due to their enhanced performance as energy materials are also described. Although polymer nanocomposites are showing enormous potential in energy applications, it still has many questions to be answered. So, further extensive research work in this field is suggested to commercialize polymer nanocomposites on a large scale.
The modern packaging system, since its inception, has made continuous advances to ensure better product quality and safety. With the recent urge for a sustainable environment, the need for biodegradable and recyclable packaging also becomes an important aspect of packaging food, beverages, and various electrical components. Extensive studies on polymer nanocomposites showed that these materials have a better barrier, mechanical and chemical properties, and chemical stability with the additional quality of recyclability, heat resistance, and optical clarity, which edges over traditional polymers used for packaging applications. Polymer nanocomposites can achieve better preservation which meets international standards and also play a part in maintaining a sustainable environment. This chapter reviews the advantages of polymer nanocomposites over traditional polymer packaging materials in improved normal, active, and smart packaging systems.
Nanocomposites are the materials of this era. Polymer nanocomposites have sparked much theoretical interest as well as practical applications in a variety of research and industry sectors because they provide materials with excellent processability and great functionality. Nanocomposites achieve a special dimension when embedded with conducting fillers. According to studies, conductive filler networks inside the polymer matrix modulate the electrical conductivity of polymer nanocomposite. Hence, even minor changes in the conductive networks can cause considerable changes in the output electric signal of polymer nanocomposites. Polymer nanocomposites may be used to construct innovative, sensitive sensors for detecting important physical characteristics such as temperature, pressure, strain/stress, solvent, or vapor by utilizing the stimuli-responsive behavior of conductive networks to physical factors. These materials can be employed to design electronic devices due to their adjustable conductivity, great flexibility, and good stability. Traditional electronic devices are composed of semiconductor oxide-based materials. They pose structural problems when reduced to submicron sizes and incorporated into wearable devices. Such obstacles are tackled by using conducting polymer nanocomposites. This chapter describes the characteristics of polymer nanocomposites, analyzes their manufacturing processes, and explores their applicability in microelectronic devices and biosensors. Optical devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes and organic photovoltaic cells, as well as energy-storing supercapacitors, are examples of microelectronic devices. The use of nanocomposites in strain sensing, gas sensing, electrochemical sensing, and temperature sensing are also discussed. The ultimate purpose of this chapter is to describe current advances in the use of polymer nanocomposites in microelectronic devices and biosensors.
