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2 Different patterns of development of Rhizophagus intraradices (Mycorrhizal fungi) cultivate in dual culture of Ri-T DNA transformed carrot.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ecologically important symbiotic fungi associated with more than 80% of terrestrial plant species. They are known as vital component of soil to promote nutrients uptake and protect plant from various type of stresses. This chapter review of surveys of recent investigation based on use and production of mycorrhi...
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Being sessile, plants produce an array of secondary metabolites in response to different biotic and abiotic stimuli to survive under adverse conditions. Many of these secondary metabolites are valued for their medicinal properties and are known for their usage to cure diseases since ancient time. Even after the discoveries of synthetic drugs, the i...
Citations
... Fusarium solani is known to produce toxins with antimicrobial (Arnstein et al., 1946) and anticancer agents (Issaq et al., 1977), and pathogenesis-related proteins (Ueno et al., 1973). The metabolites produced from microorganisms have various uses including plant growth stimulation, control of plant diseases (Kumar and Yadav, 2018), and clinical applications. Fungi produce penicillin, cephalosporin, and fusidic acid with various types of metabolites used in current chemotherapy, which have antibacterial and antifungal activity (Lowe and Elander, 1983). ...
Fungi are found in various ecological conditions, and they are widespread. Many fungi beneficial in nature due to the utilization of biodegradation and biodeterioration processes. They are termed as cosmopolitan and are responsible agents for causing diseases in plants. It is well known that many pathogenic fungi cause severe disease during different stages of plant growth and development. In such a case, the continuous use of synthetic fungicides negatively impacts the environment and further leads to the development of more virulent phytopathogenic strains. However, many beneficial microbes usually produce bioactive molecules (secondary metabolites) that can affect plant interactions with their pathogens. Mostly secondary metabolites containing antibiotic compound enabling inhibit other microorganisms, namely competing for the nutritional niche. Indeed, some of these compounds have been found to play an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases. Moreover, metabolites originated from several biocontrol agents also induced systemic acquired resistance in plants against phytopathogens. Fungi belonging to the Trichoderma genus are well-known producers of secondary metabolites against phytopathogens and compounds that substantially affect the metabolism of the plant. The present chapter revealed a wider application of specific fungal metabolites to induce host resistance and promote crop growth and yield. Application of certain fungal metabolites may become a reality in the near future and represents potential medicinal and pharmaceutical value.
In agroecosystems, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most common and ubiquitous. Because of their productive and comprehensive symbiotic connections with plants, AM technology looks to be a viable option for sustainable agriculture and agroforestry. The commercialization of this technology may be utilized in agriculture, horticulture, and agroforestry to improve land use management and reduce the need for synthetic chemicals for plant growth and disease control. Furthermore, while mycorrhiza inoculation of plants is a well-known procedure, developing an inoculum consistently under field circumstances remains a bottleneck for their wide range of applications. Mycorrhizal inoculum generation, on the other hand, is a complicated process that necessitates commercial enterprises having the requisite biotechnological skills and capacity to react to ethical, educational, legal, and commercial needs. The aim of this chapter is to compile the available data on the theme of commercialization of AM technology as a tool and its use in increasing plant growth and yield characters.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread root colonization fungi associated with more than 80% of the roots of higher plants. The current multiplication methods of mycorrhizal species under root organ culture (ROC) have now become an efficient alternative for the cultivation of specific secondary metabolite compounds. AMF species under ROC produce more viable pure AMF spores, and the presence of several vesicles with extensive intraradical mycelium may further exhibit higher inoculum potential. Many types of research have revealed that AMF fungi lead to significant changes in the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites that originate from aromatic and medicinal plants of greater economic interest. However, many works of literature further described constraint regarding the production of metabolites under natural conditions. The study revealed that ROC could be a better option for the commercial production of specific secondary metabolites (SM). This review surveys the results of current studies and concludes that inoculation with specific arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can increase the concentration of secondary metabolites that have industrial, medicinal, and pharmaceutical potential.
