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Water scarcity will be the prime threat to the millions of the human race across the globe in the future. In the recent report of WHO, about 50% of people will sustain their livings in the water-stressed zones by 2025. As every industrial sector are demanding clean water resource, it is the high time for the development of reliable strategies to re...
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... Magnetic nanosorbents are a type of nanomaterial that possess magnetic properties and are used for various applications, including water and wastewater treatment [1]. These magnetic nanosorbents consist of magnetic nanoparticles, which are typically composed of iron oxide or other magnetic materials and functionalized with specific surface groups or coatings with activated carbon [2] to enhance their adsorption capabilities. ...
Magnetic nanosorbents efficiently capture substances, particularly basic dyes, and can be easily recovered using a magnetic field in water treatment. Adsorption is a cost-effective and highly efficient method for basic dye removal. This study compared eight nonlinear kinetic adsorption models using Microsoft Excel 2023, which provided a detailed analysis and statistical results comparable to advanced programs like MATLAB and OriginPro. The Fractal Like-Pseudo First Order (FL-PFO) model showed the best fit for the kinetic adsorption model, closely predicting experimental data at 33.09 mg g−1. This suggests that the diffusion rate of basic dye within the magnetic nanosorbent pores is a crucial factor. The statistical parameters confirmed the suitability of these kinetic adsorption models for describing the observed behavior. Overall, Microsoft Excel emerged as a reliable tool for predicting adsorption behavior using various kinetic models for basic dye removal, offering a wide range of functions for diverse applications, including environmental monitoring and modeling. Corrected Akaike’s information criterion was used to determine the optimal model. It found the lowest AICcorrected value of about −3.8479 for the FL-PFO kinetic model, while the Elovich kinetic adsorption model had the highest AICcorrected value of 29.6605. This indicates that the FL-PFO kinetic model effectively correlated the kinetic data. It can be concluded that Microsoft Excel’s accessibility, familiarity, and broad range of capabilities make it a valuable resource for many aspects of environmental engineering.
... AOP includes sulfate radical-based oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, ozonation, and photocatalysis (Shindhal et al. 2021). Research in recent years has shown that nanomaterials can be as a nano-photocatalyst, nano-sorbent, nano-motors, and nano-membrane in wastewater treatment (Thirunavukkarasu et al. 2020). Semiconductor-based photocatalytic treatment technology possesses extremely tremendous properties for the remediation of water over conventional dye removal processes in water, owing to its high efficiency, environmental friendliness, sustainability, and reusability. ...
Water pollutants of non-biodegradable toxic aromatic dye including Methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine (RhB) are extremely carcinogenic thiazines used in various industries such as leather industry, paper industry, and the dyeing industry. The presence of dyes in wastewater causes severe threats to human health that are responsible for various harmful chronic or acute diseases and also shows an adverse impact on the environment as it reduces transparency and is harmful to water microorganisms. To overcome severe issues, many traditional techniques have been used to remove toxic pollutants, but these methods are insufficient to remove chemically stable dyes that remain in the treated wastewater. However, the photocatalytic degradation process is an efficient approach to degrade the dye up to the maximum extent with improved efficiency. Therefore, in this work, a new class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide of Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene material was used for the organic dyes degradation such as MB and RhB using a photocatalytic process. A layered structure of hexagonal lattice symmetry of Ti3C2Tx MXene was successfully synthesized from the Titanium Aluminum Carbide of Ti3AlC2 bulk phase using an exfoliation process. Further, the XRD spectrum confirms the transformation of bulk MAX phase having (002) plane at 9.2° to Ti3C2Tx MXene of (002) plane at 8.88° confirms the successful removal of Al layer from MAX phase. A smooth, transparent, thin sheet-like morphology of Ti3C2Tx nanosheet size were found to be in the range of 70 to 150 nm evaluated from TEM images. Also, no holes or damages in the thin sheets were found after the treatment with strong hydrofluoric acid confirms the formation Ti3C2Tx layered sheets. The synthesized Ti3C2Tx MXene possesses excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of dyes MB, RhB, and mixtures of MB and RhB dyes. MB dye degraded with a degradation percentage efficiency of 99.32% in 30 min, while RhB dye was degraded upto 98.9% in 30 min. Also, experiments were conducted for degradation of mixture of MB and RhB dyes by UV light, and the degradation percentage efficiency were found to be 98.9% and 99.75% for mixture of MB and RhB dye in 45 min, respectively. Moreover, reaction rate constant (k) was determined for each dye of MB, RhB, and mixtures of MB and RhB and was found to be 0.0215 min⁻¹ and 0.0058 min⁻¹, and for mixtures, it was 0.0020 min⁻¹ and 0.009 min⁻¹, respectively.
... Particularly, ISSG process benefits from microchannels present in cellulose paper that provide a continuous supply of water at the interface. This constant water supply avoids the supersaturation of organic dye, leading to the fouling effect, agglomeration, or clogging [58]. Additionally, the presence of NLFO5 nanoparticles on the evaporator can Fig (g)) of NFLO5 loaded cellulose paper after SSG process in 3.5 wt% salt water. ...
Photothermal Ni-doped LaFeO3 (NLFO) (LaFe1-xNixO3, x = 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) microspheres composed of nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method are utilized for interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) of salty and contaminated water. The orthorhombic (pnma) to rhombohedral (R3c) phase transition of LaFeO3 (LFO) at morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) flattens the free energy profile, and high absorbance in the 800–2000 nm Vis-NIR region arises due to the creation of intra-band gap states are accountable for superior activity towards the ISSG for desalination. The La, Ni, and Fe possess the oxidation states of 3+, 2+, and 3+/4+, respectively, showing successful doping of Ni2+ at the Fe3+ sites that produce lattice distortion at La/FeO6 octahedra. LaFe0.5Ni0.5O3 (NLFO5) sample exhibits surface temperature of 50.4 °C due to heat localization and produces evaporation flux of 2.89 kg/m2h under IR illumination at the air-water interface. Importantly, NLFO5 loaded cellulose paper shows good repeatability and cyclic stability for 10 consecutive cycles under IR illumination and equivalent evaporation flux of 2.4 kg/m2h under direct sunlight illumination. Moreover, 3.5 wt% saline water shows a drastic decrement in ion concentration after ISSG, as confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, NLFO5 possesses good evaporation flux of 2.27 and 2.20 kg/m2h for water contaminated with RhB and MB organic dye. Our results propose the NLFO as distinguished photothermal material for ISSG application and wastewater purification by means of evaporation.
... TiO 2 is the most common semiconductor used in the photocatalysis process (Aljuboury et al. 2016;Balzani et al. 2019). The high photocatalytic activity, high photochemical reactivity, high stability and lesser toxicity towards the environment make it compatible with its use (Thirunavukkarasu et al. 2020). When irradiated with a light source, it absorbs photons of energy equivalent to or more than its bandgap width of 3.2 eV. ...
Chlorophenols are the organic compounds that have garnered considerable attention in recent years because of their prevalent occurrence in the environment and associated harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. The current work investigated the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol as a potential treatment option. The effects of different process conditioning parameters were studied. Analytical grade commercially available TiO2 reported 80% degradation, whereas nano-grade TiO2 resulted in complete removal in the same time duration. Furthermore, the study assessed the use of Degussa P-25 nano-TiO2 at varying doses for the optimization of treatment. Under the optimal dose of 250 mg/L of nano-TiO2, the complete removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was observed within 210 min of the reaction period. The addition of H2O2 to further increase the rates of treatment did not yield any benefit. Under solar irradiation, almost 95% degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was observed in 315 min at an optimized photocatalyst dose. Moreover, the comparison of the operational cost of UV-photocatalysis (UV/nano-TiO2), photocatalysis with H2O2 (UV/nano-TiO2/H2O2) and solar-photocatalysis revealed the cost of US$ 0.27 per litre, US$ 0.30 per litre and US$ 0.16 per litre, respectively, during the experimentation, thus making solar-photocatalysis the best option.
... By focusing on these research areas, further advancements can be made in the development of crustacean nanochitosan-based removal, leading to more efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective solutions for addressing the challenges posed by micro-/nanoplastic pollution in aquatic environments ( [67][68][69]) ...
... Human overpopulation is strongly connected with resource destruction, species extinction, ecological collapse, climatic change and an expansion in hunger and poverty (Gilbert et al., 2010). Further, an exponential increase in the wide variety of industrial sectors might result in massive waste generation, exhaustive pollution as well as continual depletion of natural resources Nithya et al., 2021aNithya et al., , 2021bNithya et al., , 2022aNithya et al., , 2022bSathya et al. 2023;Shaheen et al., 2022;Sivashankar et al., 2022aSivashankar et al., , 2022bThirunavukkarasu et al., 2020a;Zaman et al., 2016). Scientific researches are mainly focused on the development of alternative and sustainable routes of development in the areas of agriculture, fertilizers, novel bio-based building materials, biodegradable plastics, pollution remediation, energy and cosmetics, etc. (Karthika et al., 2010;Muthuveni et al., 2022;Nithya et al., 2018Nithya et al., , 2021bRajarathinam et al., 2020;Sathya et al., 2018;Sivashankar et al., 2020;Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2018aThirunavukkarasu et al., ,, 2018bThirunavukkarasu et al., , 2020bThirunavukkarasu et al., , 2022. ...
... Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, divided into two categories: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous silica has favorable physical, chemical, and mechanical properties such as high mechanical resistance, high dielectric strength, and selectivity for chemical modification as compared to crystalline silica and due to these properties, it has become a fundamental material in different fields such as semi-conductor [1,2], refractories and coating [3], sustainable agriculture [4], bioenergy and biorefining [5], and removal of organic pollutants from wastewater [6]. The main and typical process of producing precipitated silica by the fusion of sand with soda ash must be done at a temperature of about 1400 ºC [7]. ...
Herein, silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) were synthesized from a waste product of the zirconium carbide facility (WPZF). Firstly, the WPZF was characterized by using physical and chemical methods like X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) methods. Then WPZF proceeded via chemical reagents to synthesize SiO 2 NPs by using the sol-gel method. Obtained SiO 2 NPs were characterized by using XRD, SEM, EDXA, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The yield of SiO 2 NPs reached up to 96.5% and particles were spherical with a diameter of 20 ± 3 nm. Most importantly observed SiO 2 NPs in this procedure has an amorphous structure.
... Human overpopulation is strongly connected with resource destruction, species extinction, ecological collapse, climatic change and an expansion in hunger and poverty (Gilbert et al., 2010). Further, an exponential increase in the wide variety of industrial sectors might result in massive waste generation, exhaustive pollution as well as continual depletion of natural resources Nithya et al., 2021aNithya et al., , 2021bNithya et al., , 2022aNithya et al., , 2022bSathya et al. 2023;Shaheen et al., 2022;Sivashankar et al., 2022aSivashankar et al., , 2022bThirunavukkarasu et al., 2020a;Zaman et al., 2016). Scientific researches are mainly focused on the development of alternative and sustainable routes of development in the areas of agriculture, fertilizers, novel bio-based building materials, biodegradable plastics, pollution remediation, energy and cosmetics, etc. (Karthika et al., 2010;Muthuveni et al., 2022;Nithya et al., 2018Nithya et al., , 2021bRajarathinam et al., 2020;Sathya et al., 2018;Sivashankar et al., 2020;Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2018aThirunavukkarasu et al., ,, 2018bThirunavukkarasu et al., , 2020bThirunavukkarasu et al., , 2022. ...
Coastal regions provide excellent ambience for agricultural practices in terms of their weather conditions. However, the presence of salinity in such areas affects crop growth and productivity by restricting the accessibility to vital nutrients. Potassium (K) is one such key nutrient, whose absorption, transport, and distribution to crops are greatly affected by salinity. Conventional use of huge amounts of potash fertilizers in such areas failed to serve the purpose due to their poor mobility, non-availability to the crops and soil precipitation leading to the search for alternate and sustainable approaches. One such approach is the use of potassium-solubilizing microorganisms (KSMs) as plant prebiotics which are capable of solubilizing mineral potassium from insoluble components and thus facilitates the K intake to the crops. Many species such as Aminobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Cladosporium, Enterobacter, Paenibacillus and Sphingomonas are effective K solubilizers. These groups of bacteria are primarily converting the insoluble K to its solubilized form by various mechanisms including the production of organic/inorganic acids, protons via acidolysis mechanism and hydrogen ion-facilitated cation-exchange mechanism. The present review is primarily intended to report comprehensive information on the various negative effects of salinity on crop growth and yield. Also, scientific discussions on the feasibility of sustainable agricultural practices using KSMs were systematically analyzed in the context of their role in actions along with their mechanistic elucidation. Conclusively, this review has critically identified the potential challenges/gaps in the augmentation of KSMs in the coastal regions and provided significant research hotspots to be addressed in future prospects.
... Fast industrial growth and urbanization lead to water pollution due to organic dyes used in paints, plastic, and textiles, and it is increasing day by day along with other organic and inorganic pollutants. The low biodegradability, profound shading, and complex sweet-smelling development of colors make the dye-containing industrial waste a harmful, aesthetic contaminant dangerous to aquatic life [92,93]. Other potent nonbiodegradable pollutants are heavy metals that are harmful at even low concentrations and contain zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and thallium (Tl). ...
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), a type of synthetic clay with assorted potential applications , are deliberated upon in view of their specific properties, such as adsorbent-specific behavior, biocompatibility, fire-retardant capacity, and catalytic and anion exchange properties, among others. LDHs are materials with two-dimensional morphology, high porosity, and exceptionally tunable and exchangeable anionic particles with sensible interlayer spaces. The remarkable feature of LDHs is their flexibility in maintaining the interlayer spaces endowing them with the capacity to accommodate a variety of ionic species, suitable for many applications. Herein, some synthetic methodologies, general characterizations, and applications of LDHs are summarized, encompassing their broader appliances as a remarkable material to serve society and address several problems viz. removal of pollutants and fabrication of sensors and materials with multifaceted useful applications in the medical, electrochemical, catalytic, and agricultural fields, among others.
... The second type of separation process involves the ionic molecules. Ionic or the charged molecules separation takes place due to electrostatic repulsion or attraction [127]. It has become crucial to focus on tailoring membrane chemistry and structure to enable highly selective removal of medicines in membrane-based water reuse [128]. ...
The textile, paper and pulp, distillery, and pharmaceutical industries are only a few of the many sectors that contribute significantly to the contamination of water bodies and their unsuitability for human use. Pharmaceuticals, which are credited with saving millions of lives in recent decades, have emerged as a new category of environmental hazard. Their prolonged presence in the environment has a number of negative effects, including gene toxicity, hormone interference, antibiotic resistance, the imposition of sex organs, and many others. To ensure that everyone in the world can access to uncontaminated and safe drinking water, it is important to treat pharmaceutical laden wastewater before discharge in fresh water body. Nanotechnology is getting significant attention due to enormous properties such as the high surface area to volume ratio, new optical properties, and desired shape. Nanomaterials might be a strong option for purifying water of a variety of environmental pollutants. This review also touches on several environmental aspects of pharmaceuticals, including (i) the current status of pharmaceuticals production and their use pattern, (ii) sources, occurrence, and transport behaviour of pharmaceuticals, (iii) analysis techniques and potential toxicity of pharmaceuticals and (iv) various conventional and advanced nanotechnology for water remediation. The present review is predominately designed to highlight the progress and major update in advantaged nanotechnology for remediation of pharmaceutical contaminated wastewater. The literature study (2015–2022) critically illustrated the recent pharmaceutical contaminations concerns and remediation efforts emphasizing nanotechnology like nanoadsorption, AOPs, nano-catalyst, electrochemical degradation and nanomembrane/nanofiltration technology.
