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Egypt has large energy production but due to the huge increase in domestic consumption and decrease of investment in energy sector, Egypt has become dependent on hydrocarbon imports. This problem had a negative impact on economical trade balance and the country budget. Therefore, Egyptian government stimulates the energy saving research. Air condit...
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Citations
... These computational studies can be divided, based on the type of building use being analyzed, into studies focused on institutional, commercial, and residential buildings. Starting with institutional buildings energy simulation studies, Radwan et al. and William et al. [100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] evaluated energy efficient retrofitting strategies in hospitals using HAP 4.9 [113] and EnergyPlus, respectively. Both studies focused on enhancing three design aspects which are insulation, glazing, and lighting. ...
Buildings consume 30% of the total energy consumption around the globe and 29% of the energy consumption in Egypt, which in 2022 had a total population of 102 million, out of which 43% live in urban areas. The operation of buildings contributes to around 30% of global CO2 emissions due to their high energy consumption. Among the efforts made towards improving the energy efficiency of buildings are Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDGs), building rating systems, codes, and standards. Furthermore, numerous research studies that are either literature review studies, experimental studies, or computational studies addressed the topic of energy efficiency in buildings. In this paper, 124 articles are systematically reviewed with the purpose of identifying the research gap in available research with a focus on Egypt. The identified gap is the development of a prescriptive path for the Egyptian Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS) energy efficiency category based on whole building energy simulations. Furthermore, recommendations for future research are given based on gaps in the existing literature.
... The school has 40 PCs for instructing and learning purposes and all are utilitarian. The school has a computer aided learning lab.[15] Fig. 1: Railway school . ...
Retrofitting conventional school buildings into self-sustainable structures presents a critical avenue for enhancing both environmental sustainability and operational efficiency within educational infrastructures. Retrofitting, as defined, involves the strategic modification and enhancement of existing building components with environmentally friendly alternatives to mitigate environmental impact and improve overall building performance. This paper focuses on the concept of Green Retrofit, emphasizing the transformation of specific building elements that contribute to environmental degradation, thereby extending the building's lifespan while concurrently reducing life-cycle costs. Through a comprehensive case study, this paper elucidates the outcomes attained through the retrofitting process, highlighting notable achievements, and addressing encountered challenges. By focusing on the retrofitting of conventional school buildings, this study contributes to advancing sustainable building practices within educational environments, thereby fostering a greener and more efficient future for educational infrastructures.
... eQUEST simulation of a hotel in Tianjin, China indicated that retrofitting a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system could save 71.3% of energy [38]. A hospital in Alexandria, Egypt could save 41% of its energy consumption by employing demand control of ventilation [39]. ...
The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand. The energy-star label for a residential building is awarded against the notified standard by the regulatory body and electric vehicles (EVs) have not been accommodated as a load for residential buildings. The energy consumption of an existing residential building is taken from a study already carried out and compared with the requirement of the Indian residential star-labelling programme with an EV as a plugged-in load. An annual energy gap of 6060 kWh for the existing residential buildings considered in this study for five-star building energy labels increases to 7784 kWh if the EV load is added to the building load. The residential building will lose two energy stars if it caters to the EV load and, to bridge this energy gap, the replacement of existing electrical appliances with five-star-rated energy appliances, employing grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) and retrofit of the building envelope are considered. The techno-economic potential of rooftop solar PV and building envelope retrofitting for existing residential buildings is explored using RETScreen® and eQUEST software, respectively. The study establishes that the installation of rooftop solar PV can accommodate the additional load of EVs and can bridge half and three-quarters of the energy gap to achieve five energy stars for an existing building with and without EVs, respectively. It is the most economical option among the options explored in this study. The target Energy Performance Index is achievable by high-end energy consumers (12 000 kWh/year) by additional measures, the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances and building envelope retrofitting in addition to the installation of rooftop solar PV.
... In this study, different strategies were adopted to minimize energy consumption, including light retrofits such as replacement with LED lamps, AC retrofits such as conversion into solar ACs, and a grid-connected PV system as a source of green energy. Additionally, Radwan et al. [31] conducted an energy efficiency case study of a hospital as a commercial building in Alexandria, Egypt. Several parameters, including the lighting effect, addition of wall insulation, window glazing, building orientation, and adoption of different AC systems were investigated. ...
Energy audit and management of a residential building in Egypt are investigated. • ACs, socket loads, and lights represent 62%, 25%, and 13% of the building's annual electricity consumption, respectively. • Replacing incandescent bulbs with LED, adopting sensory lights, and delamping save 4,432.6 kWh of electricity. • Renewables demonstrate annual energy savings of 79,820 kWh and 38,048 kWh for PV and SWH systems, respectively. • PV system integration in the building shows that 58.2 metric tons of CO2 could be offset per annum. A B S T R A C T This study presents the results of an energy audit and management performed on a university residential building in Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. The building's energy consumption, areas of energy wastage, and energy-saving opportunities were investigated, and the corresponding energy metrics were quantified accordingly. Firstly, an energy consumption is estimated based on the building's electricity bills, meter measurements, and survey. Then, the energy consumption is analyzed and evaluated. Subsequently, the feasibility of integrating solar technologies (i.e., photovoltaics and domestic water heating) into buildings is appraised from techno-economic and environmental perspectives. The study employs ASHRAE Level 1 and 2 guidelines for conducting energy audits. The results show that electricity consumption is highest in air conditioning units (which consume ~62%), followed by socket loads (~25%), and lastly, lights (~13%). Detailed analysis of the energy-use characteristics of the building revealed the mismanagement of electricity. Through light retrofits such as replacing the incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs, adopting sensory lights, and delamping, the building would save 4,432.6 kWh annually. Additionally, changing the AC unit type from non-inverter to inverter type would save approximately 61,194 kWh/year, representing 22.96% energy savings, with a payback period of 8.6 years. Overall, the proposed energy conservation measures will mitigate 30.8 tons of CO 2 per year. Furthermore, incorporating PV and SWH systems will lead to annual energy contributions of 79,820 kWh and 38,048 kWh, with payback periods of 3.77 years and 2.49 years, respectively. Notably, the solar technologies will altogether abate approximately 91.5 tons of CO 2 and provide a carbon credit gain of $1,830 annually.
... (Elaheh Gholami, 2015). In addition, adoption of BIM to retrofit existing buildings is a trending research issue and has been stressed by researchers as the new direction towards energy retrofitting studies [21]. ...
... Most hospital buildings offer little to no visibility into the real-time energy use of the building's various parts. In today's world, where real-time services and products are the standards, it is unproductive to manage energy consumption on a monthly utility bill [82]. The healthcare industry may be committed to energy saving; however, they lack the necessary tools to execute [81,84]. ...
... Congradac et al. [165] assessed the possibilities for increasing energy efficiency in hospitals, concluding that when the savings are known in advance, the decisions regarding the installation and the costs of necessary work and equipment are much easier. Studies on a large number of hospitals and healthcare centers that were conducted in Europe, the United States, and in many other places all over the world found that through appropriate energy management, along with the installation of new technological systems, implementation of specific innovative techniques, and development of other modern energy retrofit interventions, it is possible to reduce energy consumption and save resources and money [54,72,[166][167][168][169][170]. ...
The effects of climate change, in combination with the recent energy crisis, have brought the energy efficiency issues of hospitals markedly to the fore. Hospitals are considered among the most energy-intensive buildings, which is why they have become a top priority for governments wishing to upgrade their energy efficiency. Given the critical nature of the work of hospitals and the model of healthcare provision (nursing cover 24 h per day, 7 days a week) it is very hard to achieve energy cuts. The international literature shows that the energy efficiency of hospitals is a complex process that requires further research. This need is covered by the present systematic literature review, which captures the existing knowledge on energy monitoring strategies, assessment, and upgrading through technology, resources-saving strategies, and the relationship between energy efficiency and the quality of the service provision, while also identifying future research considerations and the potential for supporting researchers’ work. Additionally, this study adds aggregated data to the literature, as far as the energy performance of buildings is concerned, and allows investors to have data exported from energy surveys at their disposal. At the same time, it suggests the further exploration of alternative energy technologies, based on all renewable energy sources rather than only solar power systems. This highlights the need for a comparative examination of hospitals with different climatic and socio-economic environments, to better determine what technologies effectively serve the energy needs of each region. Finally, this survey considers it necessary to connect the energy efficiency of hospital units with the awareness of the management and workforce in the saving of energy resources. Due to the fact that most studies are oriented toward the energy performance of very large-sized hospitals, it is suggested that in the future, the research lens should also be focused on the smaller private and public sectors’ health units.
... air tightness technique was the least successful, reducing energy use on average by only 2%. [20] The average amount of energy consumed hardly changed after external walls were insulated with 0.05 m of EPS Expanded Polystyrene. a graph displaying the amount of energy saved for each technique. ...
With a 23% contribution to CO2 emissions, 17% to electricity consumption, and 16% to water use, the building sector has emerged as the largest energy user and greenhouse gas emitter. The majority of energy is consumed by existing structures, while the replacement rate of existing buildings by new-build is only approximately 1.0-3.0% per year, hence the main focus needs to be directed to the existing building stock in both developed and developing countries to reduce energy usage. By energy retrofit measures, energy consumption will be decreased. According to studies, the majority of the current building stock was constructed using antiquated, inefficient building techniques and materials. Globally excessive energy use is driving up demand for cost-cutting measures. Over the past ten years, energy usage in public buildings has dramatically increased. Numerous legislative initiatives with varying levels of intensity and organization have been developed to support energy efficiency in the construction sector. This study's goal is to provide a retrofit method for a sample of higher educational buildings in hot, arid climates to increase energy efficiency. It is possible to retrofit the building's exterior features to increase comfort without sacrificing functionality. Thermal, visual, and acoustical comfort requirements can all lower energy usage. The goal of energy efficiency is to increase thermal comfort. The insulation of external walls, the type of glass used in windows, and solar shading are a few of the crucial techniques utilized in the retrofitting process of the building envelope. The study's findings indicate that straightforward retrofit techniques like solar shading, window glazing, air tightness, and insulation can cut energy use by an average of 33%.
... Heating, ventilation and air conditioning retrofit systems include variable air volume (VAV) systems, low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers, natural gas boiler, variable speed drive fans etc., installed to improve energy performance of existing buildings [23,34,35,40,41,42] Specifically, Royo et al. [23] shifted from residential buildings by aligning energy demand of the industrial sectors and environmental performance of innovative retrofitting strategies. Thus, a case study based on the aluminium industry in parts of Europe was considered and discussed. ...
Sustainable upgrades include actual case studies with before and after retrofit results, case studies with simulated results and use of computer systems to predict energy savings based on exiting building parameters. In the latter no actual renovations are done thus technologies and systems are assumed. The review used real cases including simulations and adopts a mix of systematic and content analysis approaches. Thus, over 288 articles were gathered from all the major scientific journals using Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science etc. The sample was reduced to 230 articles based on the search themes; thereafter, a detailed focus on the methods used provided basis to trim the articles to 47. Sustainable technologies identified cover those installed to the external façade, indoor areas, air filtration, insulation systems, building elements, heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) systems, sensors, lighting, hot and cold water systems such as boilers, chillers, pumps, motors and renewable energy technologies. The results show sustainable technologies have been used to improve various existing buildings. Also, the results indicate high rate of adoption of insulation systems for external and internal walls, roofing and ceiling elements. This paper provides evidence to support the drive towards environmental sustainability through the adoption and installation of sustainable technologies. Policies to trigger demand and installation could further improve actions towards greenhouse gas reduction.
... Solar energy is the only renewable energy source that can provide a truly zero carbon energy source for use in remote health care centres catering to millions. Biofuel-based solutions such as that proposed by [28] providing heat at 121 • C for an autoclave face several environmental and other social challenges. ...
... For the PHCC described by this research the building materials and construction details were adopted from typical Egyptian building structures and occupancy patterns. These are described by the work of Radwan et al. [28] and William et al. [30] and the values relevant to this investigation are shown in Appendix A Tables A1 and A2. ...
Research into solar absorption chillers despite their environmental benefits has been limited to date to mainly larger systems whilst ignoring smaller building-scale units, which can significantly benefit from the use of optimally designed, low concentrating, non-imaging optical reflectors. A solar absorption chiller system designed to provide year-round space cooling for a typical primary health care facility in Cairo, Egypt, was designed to match local ambient, solar, and occupancy conditions, its performance simulated and then optimized to minimize auxiliary power consumption using the TRNSYS18 software, TRNOPT. Different configurations of collector types, array areas, storage sizes and collector slopes were used to determine the optimum specifications for the system components. Non-concentrating Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETCs) were compared with the same Evacuated Tube Collectors but integrated with external Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPCs) with a geometric concentration ratio of 1.5X for supplying thermal energy to the single-effect absorption chiller investigated. This paper describes a user-friendly methodology developed for the design of solar heat-powered absorption chillers for small buildings using TRNSYS18 employing the Hookes–Jeeves algorithm within the TRNOPT function. Clear steps to avoid convergence problems when using TRNSYS are articulated to make repeatability for different systems and locations more straightforward. Collector array areas were varied from 30 m2 to 160 m2 and the size of the water-based thermal storage from 1 m3 to 3 m3 to determine the configuration that can supply the maximum solar fraction of the building’s cooling requirements for the lowest lifetime cost. The optimum solar fraction for ETCs and CPCs was found to be 0.66 and 0.94, respectively. If the current air conditioning demand is met through adoption of the CPC-based solar absorption systems this can potentially save the emission of 3,966,247 tCO2 per annum.
