Figure 6 - uploaded by Dhiman Pal
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Different clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis. (A) Cutaneous leishmaniasis. (B) Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. (C) Visceral leishmaniasis. (D) Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) Papular lesions after the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. (PKDL image courtesy Dr. Tom Simpson, Baltimore, MD. Other pictures was reproduced with permission from reference (122-124).
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... symptoms may be self-healing within months or in some cases undergo slow curing with severe scarring. The main species involved in this form of disease are L. major, L. tropica, L. mexicana and L. panamensis i ( Figure 6A) (113)(114)(115). ...
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... is characterized by a severe disfiguring and destructive lesions of the mucosal membranes developed in 1-10% of CL patients (116). The lesion first appear on the skin at the site of Leishmania infection, but eventually spreads in the mucous membrane of face including nasopharyngeal tissue, larynx, pharynx and buccal cavity ( Figure 6B). The lesions in this form of leishmaniasis are very severe and disfiguring despite the fact that very few parasites are found in those lesions due to rapid lysis of the macrophages after their arrival to the new site. ...
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... is typically caused by L. donovani in India, Asia and Africa, L. infantum in the Mediterranean countries and L. chagasi in South America. VL has a fatality rate of more than 95% if untreated ( Figure 6C) (111,120,121). ...
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... is the secondary form of VL and appear months to years after effective cure. Symptoms of this disease mainly develop due to inflammation into the skin triggered by parasite persisting in the skin by variable intervals after (or during) treatment of VL ( Figure 6D) (125). ...
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... promastigotes was found in presence of CA inhibitors, indicating physiological significance of CA in Leishmania parasites ( Figure 26A). Additionally, to check the effects of CA inhibition in cellular morphology FE-SEM images was captured after growing the L. major promastigotes in presence of 0.299 µM and 0.317 µM of maneb and zineb respectively. ...
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... electron micrograph it was observed that compared to untreated cells inhibitors treated cells exhibits rounded morphology with membrane blebs. We calculated the parasite length and found average cell length of maneb and zineb treated cells and found more than 50% reduction in cell length compared to the untreated control (11.7 µm) indicating cellular stress in presence of CA inhibitors ( Figure 26B). ...
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... sample was then separated in 10% SDS-PAGE and visualized by coomassie blue staining. When we separated the sample in 10% SDS-PAGE and visualized by coomassie blue staining, an intense band near 70KDa was observed (the probable molecular weight of LmCA2 is 67 kDa) (Figure 36). Thus, LmCA2_Ndel (with N-terminal His-tagged) successfully expressed in bacterial expression system. ...
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... LmCA2_Ndel (with N-terminal His-tagged) successfully expressed in bacterial expression system. For temperature dependent changes in expression pattern, LmCA2_Ndel protein was induced employing same procedure stated above except variable temperature and time period of expression ( Figure 36). We have observed maximum expression after 4 hrs of expression at 30°C. ...
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... cell counting data in Figure 61B and 61C, confirmed that chloroquine treatment did not inhibit growth of J774A.1 macrophages or L. major parasites. Upon infection of these alkalized macrophages with wild type, LmCA2 +/− and LmCA1 +/− :LmCA2 +/− mutant strains, intracellular parasite burdens as well as the percentage of infected macrophages were almost equal for each set of infection, whether with the wild type or mutant strains, indicating functional importance of LmCA2 in acidic phagolysosomes ( Figure 62A and 62B).The reduction in parasite burden as well as the percentage of infected macrophages of LmCA1 +/-strain, mentioned earlier by Dr. Pal, was also rescued after chloroquine mediated phagolysosomal alkalization, which confirmed that LmCA1 is also crucial for survival of Leishmania in acidic phagolysosomes. All together, these data confirmed that LmCA2 as well as LmCA1 are not only important for the in vitro survival of the parasites at acidic pH, but they are also vital for their acid adaptation and survival within acidic phagolysosomes of host macrophages. ...
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