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Different ball impact positions during the volleyball spike movement. (A) Standard position, (B) posterior position, (C) medial position, and (D) lateral position.
Source publication
Background
The ball impact position during spiking in volleyball may influence the pattern of activation of shoulder girdle muscles and, therefore, could be a significant risk factor for shoulder injury.
Methods
Activation of 10 muscles in the dominant shoulder was evaluated using surface electromyography (EMG) in 11 male volleyball players, durin...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... a 5-second maximum isometric contraction was elicited, using a manual muscle test, for each muscle 12 to be used as the normalizing values for between-subject comparisons. Participants performed the spiking movement in a static standing position, using a training ball attached to the wall via an elastic cord (MVA400ATTR; Mikasa, Hiroshima, Japan; Fig. 2). The static standing position was selected to ensure precise and consistent positions of ball impact across participants, recognizing that this standardization is not authentic in real-life situations where spiking is incorporated in a jumping motion and the ball is set to the required height by a setter. Spiking was performed for the ...
Context 2
... positions of ball impact across participants, recognizing that this standardization is not authentic in real-life situations where spiking is incorporated in a jumping motion and the ball is set to the required height by a setter. Spiking was performed for the following 4 different ball impact positions: standard, posterior, medial, and lateral (Fig. 2). Three of these positions (standard, medial, and lateral) simulated the conditions for a left wing spiker performing spikes along the following 3 paths: cross court, straight, and inner court, respectively (Fig. 3). 13 In the standard position, the ball was located 50 cm anterior to the anterior wall of the trunk, and the line between ...
Context 3
... cross court, straight, and inner court, respectively (Fig. 3). 13 In the standard position, the ball was located 50 cm anterior to the anterior wall of the trunk, and the line between the center of the glenohumeral joint and the hand of the dominant arm was perpendicular to the horizontal line connecting the centers of each glenohumeral joint (Fig. 2, A). In the posterior position, the ball was located 20 cm posterior to the standard position (Fig. 2, B). In the medial and lateral positions, the ball was located 20 cm medial and 20 cm lateral to the standard position, respectively (Fig. 2, C and D). Participants were instructed to perform 3 spikes at each of the 4 ball impact ...
Context 4
... was located 50 cm anterior to the anterior wall of the trunk, and the line between the center of the glenohumeral joint and the hand of the dominant arm was perpendicular to the horizontal line connecting the centers of each glenohumeral joint (Fig. 2, A). In the posterior position, the ball was located 20 cm posterior to the standard position (Fig. 2, B). In the medial and lateral positions, the ball was located 20 cm medial and 20 cm lateral to the standard position, respectively (Fig. 2, C and D). Participants were instructed to perform 3 spikes at each of the 4 ball impact positions, with the order of presentation randomized to avoid systematic effects of fatigue and learning. A ...
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Citations
... 3 Together kinematic and EMG analyses have been widely examined in skills that involve overhead throwing activities, including tennis serving, 4 handball throwing, 5,6 and volleyball spiking. 7,8 In volleyball, the most important offensive action is the volleyball spike 9 (VS) and the effectiveness of the VS was closely related to the outcome of the match. 10 After two or three counter movement approach steps with arm swing, 10 players transferred the horizontal momentum of the body into the vertical acceleration. ...
... 37 Nevertheless, only a few studies examined upper muscle activities inVS. 7,13 Muscle firing patterns of eight glenohumeral muscles was quantified during the VS and serve in elite female players. 13 Different muscles activity in each phase of VS were examined under five different phases as follows: wind-up, cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through. ...
... 13 Different muscles activity in each phase of VS were examined under five different phases as follows: wind-up, cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through. Miura et al. (2020) investigated the effects of ball impact position on shoulder muscle activation during stand spiking in male volleyball players for injury prevention. 7 However, none of the studies included players' upper arm kinematic analysis or age-related differences during the VS. ...
The performance assessment of relevant biomechanical factors is essential for appropriate age-related training progression in volleyball spike (VS). This study aimed to investigate the differences in upper limbs’ (a) range of motion (ROM), (b) angular velocities, and (c) muscular activity during VS among under 16- (U-16), under 18- (U-18), and under 20- (U-20) year-old female volleyball players. The kinematic variables of the spike performances were recorded using six optoelectronic cameras (Vicon Motion system, UK). Additionally, the wireless Trigno system (Delsys, USA) was used to record the electromyographic signals. The one-way ANOVA (1d SPM analysis) exhibited a significantly greater wrist internal rotation ( p < .001), wrist adduction velocity (p < .001), and palmaris longus activity ( p < .001) in the acceleration phase in U-20, compared to the U-16 group. Additionally, the U-20 and the U-18 players portrayed a significantly greater shoulder external rotation ( p < .001) and internal angular velocity ( p = .035) relative to the U-16 group. A significantly greater pectoralis major (p < .001), biceps brachii ( p < .001), and anterior deltoid ( p < .001) activity was observed in the U-20 group, compared to younger groups. This study suggests that older players employ more upper limb muscular activities during spike with the presence of blocks, which enables them to hit the ball with greater velocities and direct the ball in their desired direction through increased wrist ROMs.
... Volleyball is a high-intensity sport that requires quick reflexes, spatial awareness, and decision-making abilities (Miura et al., 2020;Özgül, 2018;Santoso & Irwanto, 2018). These cognitive abilities are critical to success in the sport (Vestberg et al., 2017), and impairment of these abilities can have a significant impact on an athlete's performance (Holfelder et al., 2020). ...
Lactic acid is a by-product of anaerobic metabolism and is commonly associated with muscle fatigue. However, recent research suggests that lactic acid may also positively affect cognitive function. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between lactic acid and cognitive function in female volleyball athletes. The study involved 12 female volleyball players from the Student Education and Training Centre (PPLP) of Riau Province, and a total sampling method was utilised. Data collection involved cognitive function tests using the Concentration Grid Test (CGT) instrument and lactic acid measurements using Accutrend lactate. The results revealed a significant correlation between lactic acid and cognitive function, with athletes with higher lactic acid levels after the training session performing better on cognitive tests. This suggests that lactic acid may enhance cognitive function by increasing glucose availability, which serves as the brain’s primary energy source. However, it is essential to consider the potential negative effects of excessive lactic acid levels, such as muscle fatigue, breakdown, and lactic acidosis, on both of the body and brain. Despite demonstrating the role of lactic acid in cognitive function among female volleyball athletes, caution must be exercised to prevent undue lactic acid production. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the intricate relationship between lactic acid and cognitive function, which has implications for optimising cognitive ability in female volleyball athletes and potentially in other professional sports. Future research is needed to establish optimal lactic acid levels for cognitive function in diverse athletic contexts.
... Moreover, as it was not performed in Ashworth et al. (Ashworth et al., 2018) study, the validity of the test was also investigated in this study, through EMG measurements. Since scapular muscles are highly activated to protract, upwardly rotate and stabilize scapula in early pull through of freestyle swimming or at ball impact in volleyball and tennis, their activity will be explored during the test (Miura et al., 2020), (Pink et al., 1991), (Ryu et al., 1988). ...
... The activation values observed for the upper and lower trapezius in the current study were also inferior to the ones reported in literature for tennis serve or volleyball spikes (Escamilla & Andrews, 2009), Table 3 Inter-session reliability for the AST (force plate) and M-AST (MicroFet) [intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change with 95% of agreement (MDC95), percentage of the mean corresponding to the minimal detectable change (%mean) and p-value Student T-test]. (Miura et al., 2020), (Ryu et al., 1988). This can be explained by the fact that the participants were performing isometric contractions in a supine position. ...
... Therefore, the upper trapezius muscle did not have to elevate the arm against gravity and the scapular stabilizers did not have to actively contribute to scapular upward rotation because of the position of the test. On the other hand, the serratus anterior activation recorded in the current study appeared to be close to the values measured at late recovery or early pull-through in freestyle swimming (30e33%) (corresponding to hand entry) or at ball impact in volleyball spike (42e43%) (Miura et al., 2020), (Pink et al., 1991). As for the difference in serratus anterior activation observed between the positions, this can be related to the findings of Escamilla et al. (Escamilla & Andrews, 2009). ...
... For a long time, in the period of rapid development of technology and tactics, physical fitness has always been in the position of service skills. 3 With the development of the Universiade, competitive sports in Colleges and universities continue to rise. Colleges and universities attach great importance to the Universiade and championships. ...
Introduction
The progressive advance of table tennis athletes’ competitive level demands restructuring the traditional strength training program to readjust itself to the current athletic abilities.
Objective
Explore a strategy based on strength training to improve table tennis athletes’ physical capacity and hitting ability.
Methods
Thirty table tennis students from a physical education college were selected as research volunteers. A strength training protocol was added to the traditional protocol in the experimental group. The duration of the exercises in the experimental group and the control group was the same, with a frequency of 3 times a week, totaling 9 weeks.
Results
The optimization scheme of the strength training combination proposed in this paper revealed an improved effect on table tennis players’ performance of hitting skills and fitness. Its range of improvement was greater than the traditional strength training scheme of the control group.
Conclusion
The optimization scheme combining strength training proposed in this paper can be adjusted to the training according to the athletes’ situation and benefit the athletes’ training efficiency. It can also prevent repetitive injuries caused by the standard training mode in the long run, increasing the athletes’ enthusiasm. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
Racquet Sports; Resistance Training; Physical Fitness
... Of course, in carrying out this technique, a continuous training process is needed so that the downward passing technique can be carried out perfectly so that players can receive the ball from the opponent perfectly (Kawatani & Hori, 2022). This statement is supported by Miura et al. (2020), and Samsuddin and Rahman (2016) ...
The purpose of this study is to develop a form of passing down technique skill test in a sensor-based volleyball game. This research is a research and development (R&D) research. The research steps are: Potential and Problems, Data Collection, Product Design, Design Validation, Design Revision, Product Trial, Product Revision, and User Trial. This development research is first validated by material experts and media experts. The product trial is carried out on volleyball extracurricular students at SMA Nusantara in the open field of PBVSI Deli Serdang, as many as 14 students. Small group test of 7 students, and large group test of 14 students. Type of data collection is with the instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The results obtained from the validation results (a) material experts amounted to 98.3% categorized as very feasible; (b) 98.3% of media experts are categorized as very eligible; (c) small group trial of 86.9% of students in the very appropriate category, (d) large group trial of 91% of students in the very eligible category. The product produced in this development is a sensor and wall target application which is equipped with a user manual. This sensor tool has been declared “very feasible” to be used as a medium or means to help automatically calculate points in the volleyball underpass test. This study also finds some limitations that can be taken into consideration for further research, namely the number of samples studied is still relatively small and supporting facilities are inadequate so that there is a slight delay in taking the exam. Based on the limitations contained in this study, it is hoped that in the future partner researchers can use this research as a reference material for contributions in their research, so that perfection in technological developments in the world of volleyball is achieved.
... Moreover, as it was not performed in Ashworth et al. (Ashworth et al., 2018) study, the validity of the test was also investigated in this study, through EMG measurements. Since scapular muscles are highly activated to protract, upwardly rotate and stabilize scapula in early pull through of freestyle swimming or at ball impact in volleyball and tennis, their activity will be explored during the test (Miura et al., 2020), (Pink et al., 1991), (Ryu et al., 1988). ...
... The activation values observed for the upper and lower trapezius in the current study were also inferior to the ones reported in literature for tennis serve or volleyball spikes (Escamilla & Andrews, 2009), Table 3 Inter-session reliability for the AST (force plate) and M-AST (MicroFet) [intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change with 95% of agreement (MDC95), percentage of the mean corresponding to the minimal detectable change (%mean) and p-value Student T-test]. (Miura et al., 2020), (Ryu et al., 1988). This can be explained by the fact that the participants were performing isometric contractions in a supine position. ...
... Therefore, the upper trapezius muscle did not have to elevate the arm against gravity and the scapular stabilizers did not have to actively contribute to scapular upward rotation because of the position of the test. On the other hand, the serratus anterior activation recorded in the current study appeared to be close to the values measured at late recovery or early pull-through in freestyle swimming (30e33%) (corresponding to hand entry) or at ball impact in volleyball spike (42e43%) (Miura et al., 2020), (Pink et al., 1991). As for the difference in serratus anterior activation observed between the positions, this can be related to the findings of Escamilla et al. (Escamilla & Andrews, 2009). ...
Objectives
To assess the reliability and the validity of a modified version of the Athletic Shoulder Test (M-AST), using a handheld dynamometer instead of a force plate.
Design
Test-retest reliability and concordance between tools.
Setting
University Motion Lab.
Participants
Twenty healthy volunteers who practiced an upper limb sport for at least five hours per week were recruited for the study.
Main outcome measures
The concordance between the Athletic Shoulder Test (AST) and the Modified-Athletic Shoulder Test (M-AST) was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), paired T-Test and Bland-Altman plots. The inter-session reliability was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), SEM, MDC and paired T-Test.
Results
A strong concordance was found between AST and M-AST values (ICC = 0.86–0.97; p > 0.05) in all the positions considered and for both sessions. Bland-Altman plots confirmed these results. However, the inter-session reliability was more variable for both AST and M-AST (ICC = 0.643–0.923; p < 0.05).
Conclusions
The M-AST seems to be a reliable, cheaper and easier to implement alternative to the AST to measure recovery status following matches or training sessions in upper limb athletes. As for the AST, familiarization trials will have to be performed before the assessment to have accurate measurements.
Clinical trials registration number
NCT05112380.
... On the other hand, it seems that the shoulder musculature could be one of the causes of pain in these patients. During spiking in volleyball there is a significant increase in activity and stress on the shoulder musculature [42]. Probably, repeated overhead movements may produce an increase in mechanical muscle hyperalgesia. ...
Shoulder antepulsion, altered scapular kinematics and imbalance of muscle activity are commonly associated with shoulder pain. This study aimed to observe if there is an association between the forward shoulder angle (FSA) and the pectoralis minor length index (PMI) in volleyball players with and without shoulder pain. Furthermore, this study observed if there is an association between shoulder posture and upper limb mechanical hyperalgesia in volleyball players with and without shoulder pain.
Methods:
a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Physiotherapy and Pain Research Center in Alcalá de Henares (Spain). A total of 56 volleyball players met the inclusion criteria and agreed to enter the study. Subjects were divided into two groups: shoulder pain group (SPG) and control group (without pain). The following measurements of the dominant sides of the players were collected: FSA, PMI, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) in serratus anterior, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, teres minor, upper trapezius, levator scapulae, pectoralis major, radial nerve, cubital nerve, and median nerve.
Results:
The Spearman's Rho revealed no significant correlations were found between FSA and PMI. Moreover, Spearman's Rho test revealed in the SPG a negative moderate correlation between FSA and Infraspinatus-PPT (Rho = -0.43; p = 0.02); FSA and levator scapulae-PPT (Rho = -0.55; p < 0.01); FSA and pectoralis major-PPT (Rho = -0.41; p = 0.02); PMI and cubital nerve-PPT (Rho = -0.44; p = 0.01).
Conclusions:
No association was found between the forward shoulder angle and the pectoralis minor index in volleyball players with and without shoulder pain. There is a moderate negative association between shoulder forward angle and muscle mechanical hyperalgesia in volleyball players with shoulder pain, but no such associations were found in volleyball players without shoulder pain. Treatment of the infraspinatus, levator scapulae, pectoralis major, and pectoralis minor muscles could improve shoulder pain and ulnar nerve mechanosensitivity.
In this research study, the investigator explored the utilization of intelligent sensor technology in the skills training process for volleyball players, aiming to enhance athletic performance and achieve specific goals. The research encompassed three key phases. The Volleyball Intelligent Sensor Technology (ViST) Model underwent evaluation by specialists, demonstrating its consistency and applicability for elevating the skills of elite-level volleyball players. Consequently, the ViST Model process was employed to design an intelligent sensor technology system tailored for volleyball skills training, featuring the ability to execute a predefined training program.This innovative system enabled volleyball players to engage in practice sessions with a robotic training partner, capable of following the training program meticulously. Functioning as both a trainer and a coach, the robotic partner assessed training outcomes, proposed corrective measures, and refined athletes' training approaches, thereby enhancing effectiveness. Athletes could engage in skill development at their convenience, fostering discipline in training and accelerating their performance and potential growth
In this research article, the researcher investigated the skills training process for volleyball players using intelligent sensor technology to develop athletic performance and to achieve the goals or specified criteria. There were three processes in this research. The Volleyball Intelligent Sensor Technology (ViST) Model was evaluated by specialists, which showed that it was consistent and could be used to improve the skills of volleyball players at the highest level. Therefore, the ViST Model process was used to develop an intelligent sensor technology system for volleyball skills training, with a system that could perform training according to a predetermined training program. This allowed volleyball players to practice every time with a robot as a training partner, working according to the training program and acting as both a trainer and a coach. This evaluated the results of the training, suggested procedures, corrected mistakes, and improved the athletes' training, thus making it more effective. The athletes were able to develop their skills at any time, as needed, depending on their availability. Hence, the athletes gained discipline in training and developed their performance and potential quickly.
Introduction
The glenohumeral joint has the greatest range of motion. Its stability is relatively poor. It depends on muscle strengthening and increased proprioception in the articular and adjacent joint tissues. Muscle-strengthening training for this joint is still an empirical subject related to table tennis players.
Objective
Explore muscle strengthening training's effect on shoulder muscle injury in table tennis players.
Methods
Eight table tennis players from a university were selected as a research subject, separated, and classified between injured and control group. Three weeks of strengthening training were adopted to rehabilitate the rotator cuff injury of the table tennis team athletes. The joint angle test and kinematics were collected with isokinetic force measurement employing Cybex-6000. The EMG and other relevant data were collected before and after the experiment.
Results
The infraspinatus strength test results of 8 athletes before the experiment were 1.88 ± 2.10 versus 1.61 ± 1.80 after the experiment; there was no change in pain among 5 of the eight athletes, the shoulder pain of 1 athlete increased, and the shoulder pain of the other 2 table tennis players decreased.
Conclusion
Strengthening exercise by intensive shoulder training proved effective in conjunction with traditional rehabilitation, positively influencing hypertrophy and proprioception of the joint complex. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies – Investigating the results.
Keywords:
Tennis; Shoulder Injuries; Muscle Strength
