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In recent years, the number of sensor network deployments for real-life applications has rapidly increased and it is expected to expand even more in the near future. Actually, for a credible deployment in a real environment three properties need to be fulfilled, i.e., energy efficiency, scalability and reliability. In this paper we focus on IEEE 80...
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![Fig. 1. An IEEE 802.15.4 cluster tree network. (Source: [12]).](profile/Anastasios-Economides/publication/299667936/figure/fig1/AS:845107335032838@1578500698384/An-IEEE-802154-cluster-tree-network-Source-12_Q320.jpg)
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... The drawback of this approach is that this optimisation may only be specific to some applications. The details of such optimisations, based on parameter tuning, can be found in [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. Overall, the higher the number of retransmissions, the better the reliability of the data transmission. ...
Wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs) have received growing attention from industry and academia due to their exceptional potential for patient monitoring systems that are equipped with low-power wearable and implantable biomedical sensors under communications standards such as IEEE 802.15.4-2015 and IEEE 802.15.6-2012. The goal of WBASNs is to enhance the capabilities of wireless patient monitoring systems in terms of data accuracy, reliability, routing, channel access, and the data communication of sensors within, on and around the human body. The huge scope of challenges related to WBASNs has led to various research publications and industrial experiments. In this paper, a survey is conducted for the recent state-of-art in the context of medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols by considering the application requirements of patient monitoring systems. Moreover, we discuss the open issues, lessons learned, and challenges for these layers to provide a source of motivation for the upcoming design and development in the domain of WBASNs. This survey will be highly useful for the 6th generation (6G) networks; it is expected that 6G will provide efficient and ubiquitous connectivity to a huge number of IoT devices, and most of them will be sensor-based. This survey will further clarify the QoS requirement part of the 6G networks in terms of sensor-based IoT.
... IEEE 802.15.4 channel access mechanism is reduced greatly when high data traffic exists in networks. [17] In non-beacon mode devices uses unslotted CSMA/CA to contend with each other. There is no synchronization between devices. ...
In this paper, the effects of the hidden node problem in Wireless sensor networks are studied on three different MAC protocols using various field distances and various numbers of nodes. This study provides the best number of nodes to be disseminated in a specific field distance depending on the needed performance metrics. Six performance metrics are used in this study, which are Goodput, Throughput, Packet delivery ratio (PDR), Residual Energy, Average Delay, and the first and last node dead in the network. IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4, and time division multiple access (TDMA) protocols are used. Results show that TDMA gives the best energy conservation and high delay time with high PDR, while IEEE 802.11 provides the best throughput and goodput results and low delay time.
... CFP period offers Guarantee Time Slots (GTS) to nodes having realtime traffic (see Fig. 2). The works [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] try to analyse the performance of both CAP and CFP periods; they all conclude that the parameter values used by the standard adversely affect the performance of sensor networks. In order to create a new algorithm that is able to satisfy the heterogeneous WSN requirements we propose, in this paper, to manage the quality of service during the CAP period of IEEE 802.15.4 super-frame. ...
... Several studies have been published in order to analyse the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 standard, confirm all the poor performances (latency, Packet Delivery Ratio, throughput) in a large-scale network. While other works, such as [5,[7][8][9][10][11] attempt to evaluate the impact of the slotted CSMA/CA parameters over the performance criteria of WSNs. According to Anastasi et al. [5], the standard provides a very low level of PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) due to the parameters defined by the standard for the slotted CSMA/CA algorithm. ...
... While other works, such as [5,[7][8][9][10][11] attempt to evaluate the impact of the slotted CSMA/CA parameters over the performance criteria of WSNs. According to Anastasi et al. [5], the standard provides a very low level of PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) due to the parameters defined by the standard for the slotted CSMA/CA algorithm. While in [6] and [7] the authors proved through experiments that the high values of maximize the probability that the message reaches its destination in the first attempt. ...
... Figure (4) shows communication between coordinator and network device. IEEE 802.15.4 channel access mechanism is reduced greatly when high data traffic exists in networks [17]. ...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are consisting of a large number of sensor nodes that sense, gather, and process-specific data. Its importance is dedicated to its enormous application range. It could be used with industrial applications, agricultural applications, military applications, industrial applications, and a lot of other applications, which make it an open area for study by researchers and students. In this paper, the effects of the hidden node problem are studied on three different MAC protocols using various field distances and various numbers of nodes. This study provides the best number of nodes to be disseminated in a specific field distance depending on the needed performance metrics. Six performance metrics are used in this study, which is Goodput, Throughput, PDR, Residual Energy, Average Delay, and first and last node dead in the network. IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4, and TDMA protocols are the used protocols in this study. Eight different scenarios were proposed and implemented for this study. NS2 is used to construct the proposed scenarios. Results show that TDMA gives the best energy conservation and high delay time with high PDR, while IEEE 802.11 provides the best throughput and Goodput results and low delay time. A graphical view for the results was made to ease of study and analysis.
... The IEEE 802.15.4 standard [4] was designed for the Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPAN). This standard has many drawbacks in terms of energy consumption, reliability and delay [5]. Therefore, we have to design and develop new protocols to prolong the network lifespan and improve the service quality [6] [7] [8]. ...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of small interconnected devices. The aim of such networks is the monitoring of some types of area. This work is done by collaboration between these devices. All of them must sense and send information to the sink. These devices are characterized by limited memory, limited computing resource and they are usually powered by an irreplaceable battery, which limits their lifetime. Therefore it is essential to design an effective and energy aware protocols in order to extend the network lifetime by reducing the energy consumption. In this article, a new communication mechanism for IEEE 802.15.4 based WSNs called "Kalman based MAC (K-MAC) protocol" is proposed. K-MAC is designed to maximize the efficiency of the energy consumption. Therefore, the network nodes lifetime will extend through a predicting filter. The objectif of this filter is to optimize the sleep interval time of nodes between consecutive wake-ups.The network node be awake only if it have to receive or to send data. In other words, there will be an adaptation between the activation of the transceivers and the node traffic load. The simulation results show that K-MAC obtains better performance in terms of energy efficiency, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), the whole without affecting negatively the latency.
... A sensor fails in delivering data to its next hop when the transmission experiences a collision or the buffer of its next hop is full. Since the congestion and collision are well-identified causes of packet loss in WSNs [18], [37] and they are important in analyzing the deliverability for many-to-one data delivery in WSNs [38], [39], we investigate their effects on the deliverability of greedy routing to provide realistic analysis results. Here, we assume each sensor in the WSN has a buffer size of m packets. ...
As a popular routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), greedy routing has received great attention. The previous works characterize its data deliverability in WSNs by the probability of all nodes successfully sending their data to the base station. Their analysis, however, neither provides the information of the quantitative relation between successful data delivery ratio and transmission power of sensor nodes nor considers the impact of the network congestion or link collision on the data deliverability. To address these problems, in this paper, we characterize the data deliverability of greedy routing by the ratio of successful data transmissions from sensors to the base station. We introduce η-guaranteed delivery which means that the ratio of successful data deliveries is not less than η, and study the relationship between the transmission power of sensors and the probability of achieving η-guaranteed delivery. Furthermore, with considering the effect of network congestion, link collision and holes (e.g., those caused by physical obstacles such as a lake), we provide a more precise and full characterization for the deliverability of greedy routing. Extensive simulation and real-world experimental results show the correctness and tightness of the upper bound of the smallest transmission power for achieving η-guaranteed delivery.
... A sensor fails in delivering data to its next hop when the transmission experiences a collision or the buffer of its next hop is full. Since the congestion and collision are well-identified causes of packet loss in WSNs [18], [37] and they are important in analyzing the deliverability for many-to-one data delivery in WSNs [38], [39], we investigate their effects on the deliverability of greedy routing to provide realistic analysis results. Here, we assume each sensor in the WSN has a buffer size of m packets. ...
... The CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) algorithm is used in this protocol for channel access. Reliability of WBAN is affected by issues associated to this algorithm as reported in [13], [14] and [15]. A common solution to these issues consists in adjusting the standard parameters related to the maximum number of retransmissions (macMaxFrameRetries), and the number of backoff stages (macMaxCSMABackoffs) as it is intended in this work. ...
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have emerged as a great technological alternative for medical applications that require continuous monitoring of vital signs in patients with diseases of low progression and long duration. One of the most challenging problems in this kind of applications is related to preserve dependability attributes (reliability and availability), since a failure in the system might cause false alarms, alterations in medical diagnosis and, in a worst case, dead of patient. The absence of methodologies for evaluating and predicting correct system operation during design stage is common when developing this kind of devices. In this paper a Stochastic Activity Network (SAN) methodology is proposed, in order to assess dependability of a wireless equipment aimed to support vital signs monitoring for patients who meet the conditions for home healthcare. In SAN models the failures associated to hardware and wireless protocol
communication were considered, for the purpose of estimating availability and reliability for typical operational scenarios. The results obtained allow system designers to identify dependability bottlenecks on which concentrate to reduce risks and threats to this fundamental system property.
... Energy conservation for extending the life time of IEEE 802.15.4 based networks is the prime concern of recent research efforts [2][3][4][5]. The super-frame structure of IEEE 802.15.4 depicts the duty cycle of PAN devices. ...
IEEE 802.15.4 standard is designed for low power wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). Recently, both industry and academia are attracted to IEEE 802.15.4 because of its applicability in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and wireless body area sensor networks (WBANs). An important feature of IEEE 802.15.4 is the very low duty cycle operation to conserve sensor node's energy. In this paper, we propose a traffic aware dynamic super-frame adjustment (TDSA) algorithm that adjusts super-frame through two MAC layer parameters: Beacon Order (BO) and Super-frame Order (SO). These parameters are adapted dynamically when changes are observed in traffic load. In TDSA, the PAN coordinator adjusts both BO and SO simultaneously based on different metrics: application data rate, receive ratio and number of source nodes. Detailed simulation analysis shows that TDSA is capable of meeting application's traffic load requirements by dynamically adjusting the super-frame structure. As compared to IEEE 802.15.4, TDSA increases network throughput, decreases the latency of communication and reduces energy consumption. Keywords— IEEE 802.15.4, super-frame adaptation, dynamic duty cycling, beacon-enabled mode
... To fill this gap, a number of measurement studies have recently been reported in the literature. They include [1] [2][3] on energy consumption, [1] [4] [5][6] on throughput, [3] [4][5] [7][8] on delay, and [3][4] [7][8] [9][10] [11] [12] on packet loss rate. The considered stack parameters include packet inter-arrival time [4] [6][10] [13], packet length [1] [2][5] [14], transmission power [10] [11] [13], queue size [7], MAC layer parameters such as maximum (re-)transmission times and retry delay [3][6][7] [12], and other physical layer parameters including RSSI [9][10] [11][13] [14], distance [4][5] [11] and interference [1] [13]. ...
... They include [1] [2][3] on energy consumption, [1] [4] [5][6] on throughput, [3] [4][5] [7][8] on delay, and [3][4] [7][8] [9][10] [11] [12] on packet loss rate. The considered stack parameters include packet inter-arrival time [4] [6][10] [13], packet length [1] [2][5] [14], transmission power [10] [11] [13], queue size [7], MAC layer parameters such as maximum (re-)transmission times and retry delay [3][6][7] [12], and other physical layer parameters including RSSI [9][10] [11][13] [14], distance [4][5] [11] and interference [1] [13]. ...
Many applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) need to balance multiple yet often conflicting performance requirements such as high energy efficiency, high throughput, low delay and low loss. Finding appropriate WSN parameter configuration to achieve the best trade-off requires in-depth understanding of the joint effect of key parameters residing at different layers on the performance. In this paper, we present an extensive experimental study on the data delivery performance of a WSN link, where 4 major performance metrics, namely energy, throughput, delay and loss, were measured over 6 months under around 50 thousand parameter configurations of 7 key stack parameters. Different from existing work, rich observations are made out of the extensive measurement data, with the focus on the joint effect of these parameters on the performance. Specifically, for each of the four performance metrics, a set of guidelines is derived for parameter optimization. In addition, we propose empirical models for each performance metric to quantify the joint effects, which enable finding optimal settings for parameters such as payload size or retransmissions, in consideration of link quality and other parameter settings, to achieve better performance trade-offs. To demonstrate the potential of this work, the obtained joint parameter optimization results are applied to an example. The outcome is compared with those achieved by following representative single-parameter tuning guidelines from the literature. The comparison reveals that by considering the joint effect of multi-layer parameters together, a WSN application can obtain a much improved performance trade-off.
