Figure 1 - uploaded by Seungbae Lee
Content may be subject to copyright.
Difference in viewing distance between a curved and a flat monitor. (a) Viewing distance of a curved monitor. (b) Viewing distance of a flat monitor.
Source publication
Curved displays have been actively developed beyond the limits of the conventional flat displays. The curved displays are known to be advantageous for immersion, preferences, and viewing convenience. As such, it is necessary to conduct ergonomic studies on the curvature of the curved display. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... curved display was introduced to compensate for the image distortion that occurs due to the difference between the distance from the viewer to the screen center and the distance from the viewer to the screen edge. Image distortion does not occur in a curved monitor, as shown in Figure 1(a), where the viewing distance and the curvature are the same [1]. On the other hand, image distortion can occur in a flat monitor due to the difference in viewing distance, as shown in Figure 1(b). ...
Context 2
... distortion does not occur in a curved monitor, as shown in Figure 1(a), where the viewing distance and the curvature are the same [1]. On the other hand, image distortion can occur in a flat monitor due to the difference in viewing distance, as shown in Figure 1(b). ...
Context 3
... detailed results are shown in Table 1. Figure 10 is a 95% confidence interval graph. The confidence interval was 507.2-645.9 ...
Context 4
... was no gender dependency in the preferred curvature between the groups because the p-value in all the contents was larger than 0.05. Figure 11 presents a distribution histogram and a 95% CI graph of the individual averages for the six contents. Figure 12 shows the relationship of the immersive angle to the monitor type, whether it is flat or curved. ...
Context 5
... was no gender dependency in the preferred curvature between the groups because the p-value in all the contents was larger than 0.05. Figure 11 presents a distribution histogram and a 95% CI graph of the individual averages for the six contents. Figure 12 shows the relationship of the immersive angle to the monitor type, whether it is flat or curved. In this experiment, the average radius of the most preferred curvature for the six contents was 560.9 mm (OD). ...
Context 6
... the case of watching on a 27 monitor with an aspect ratio of 16:9 and a viewing distance of 560.9 mm, the viewing angle is 53.0° at a flat monitor and 57.2° at a curved monitor. If the aspect ratio is 21:9, the viewing angle is Figure 10. Preferred curvature distribution of the curved screen (95% CI plot). ...
Context 7
... on the results of the calculation, the immersive angle of a curved monitor is larger than that of a flat monitor with the same screen size. Figure 13 provides information on the relationship between the immersive angle and the monitor size. ...
Context 8
... seem to prefer a smaller radius of curvature when they are in a more interactive situation with the computer display. Figure 11. Preferred curvature distribution of the curved screen by content. ...
Context 9
... curved display was introduced to compensate for the image distortion that occurs due to the difference between the distance from the viewer to the screen center and the distance from the viewer to the screen edge. Image distortion does not occur in a curved monitor, as shown in Figure 1(a), where the viewing distance and the curvature are the same [1]. On the other hand, image distortion can occur in a flat monitor due to the difference in viewing distance, as shown in Figure 1(b). ...
Context 10
... distortion does not occur in a curved monitor, as shown in Figure 1(a), where the viewing distance and the curvature are the same [1]. On the other hand, image distortion can occur in a flat monitor due to the difference in viewing distance, as shown in Figure 1(b). ...
Context 11
... detailed results are shown in Table 1. Figure 10 is a 95% confidence interval graph. The confidence interval was 507.2-645.9 ...
Context 12
... was no gender dependency in the preferred curvature between the groups because the p-value in all the contents was larger than 0.05. Figure 11 presents a distribution histogram and a 95% CI graph of the individual averages for the six contents. Figure 12 shows the relationship of the immersive angle to the monitor type, whether it is flat or curved. ...
Context 13
... was no gender dependency in the preferred curvature between the groups because the p-value in all the contents was larger than 0.05. Figure 11 presents a distribution histogram and a 95% CI graph of the individual averages for the six contents. Figure 12 shows the relationship of the immersive angle to the monitor type, whether it is flat or curved. In this experiment, the average radius of the most preferred curvature for the six contents was 560.9 mm (OD). ...
Context 14
... the case of watching on a 27 monitor with an aspect ratio of 16:9 and a viewing distance of 560.9 mm, the viewing angle is 53.0° at a flat monitor and 57.2° at a curved monitor. If the aspect ratio is 21:9, the viewing angle is Figure 10. Preferred curvature distribution of the curved screen (95% CI plot). ...
Context 15
... on the results of the calculation, the immersive angle of a curved monitor is larger than that of a flat monitor with the same screen size. Figure 13 provides information on the relationship between the immersive angle and the monitor size. ...
Similar publications
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag soll eine ergonomische Lagerplatzvergabe für Lager mit Fachbodenregalen entwickelt werden, welche Artikel bestimmten Lagerplätzen entsprechend der benötigten Kommissionierzeit und der körperlichen Belastung optimal zuordnet. Zur Bestimmung der Zeit wird der MTM-UAS Standard genutzt. Da Erkrankungen im unteren Rücke...
Citations
... Zudem lassen die publizierten Erkenntnisse auch kein eindeutiges Votum Für oder Wider der Verwendung von Curved Monitoren zu. Nicht zu verschweigen ist zusätzlich, dass Studien teilweise von Monitorherstellern beauftragt und finanziert sind (Choi et al. 2015;Park et al. 2020;Luo et al. 2016), was eine kritische Betrachtung der Unabhängigkeit von Ergebnissen rechtfertigt. ...
... Curved Monitore sind häufig bei sehr breiten Bildschirmformaten anzutreffen. Dabei beeinflusst die Krümmung notwendige Blickwinkel für die Erfassbarkeit der visualisierten Szene (Kyung und Park 2021 Choi et al. 2015). Dabei variiert der ideale Krümmungsradius abhängig von der Bildschirmgröße und nimmt bei zunehmender Größe der Bildfläche ab (Na et al. 2015). ...
... This is because when a plate or beam is bent, the resulting curvature may be measured experimentally. Equation 14 can be applied to experimentally determine the radius of curvature after unloading [40]. ...
This paper presents a review of existing plastic deformation displacement analysis models for materials and components. Plastic deformation analysis is important in the study of failed components. This is because it provides insight on how materials and components behave after the yield point has been exceeded and the deviation of the plates from their original position in terms of displacement. The plasticity phenomenon also provides insight on how to improve the engineering materials and components to avoid their failure and to decide if the displacement of the plate is significant enough to discard the plate or it is still within operating standards. There are multiple analytical models that offer a method of predicting plastic deformation displacement. These are divided into the material and component (plates) plasticity models. The different plasticity models will be presented, with their limitations being highlighted. In recent years the more commonly used methods are numerical and experimental, however the analytical models are still useful for initial plastic deformation predictions. The plasticity models reviewed in this paper are a combination of either one of the aforementioned models.
... In line with the results of a study by Park et al. (2017), the current study showed that legibility was improved and visual fatigue was less advanced when the display curvature radius approached a given viewing distance. Similarly, in a study by Choi et al. (2015), the mean preferred display curvature radius on a 27″ monitor was 560.9R, close to the considered viewing distance (60 cm), and in a study by Park et al. (2019), the mean proofreading speed on a 27″ monitor increased when display curvature radius (600R) equaled the viewing distance (60 cm). Mixed results were, however, observed in a study by Shupp et al. (2009). ...
Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the interactive effects of display curvature radius and display size on visual search accuracy, visual search speed, and visual fatigue.
Background: Although the advantages of curved displays have been reported, little is known about the interactive effects of display curvature radius and size.
Method: Twenty-seven individuals performed visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm using eight configurations involving four display curvature radii (400R, 600R, 1200R, and flat) and two display sizes (33″ and 50″). To simulate curved screens, five flat display panels were horizontally arranged with their centers concentrically repositioned following each display curvature radius.
Results: For accuracy, speed, and fatigue, 33″–600R and 50″–600R provided the best or comparable-to-best results, whereas 50″–flat provided the worst results. For accuracy and fatigue, 33″–flat was the second worst. The changes in the horizontal field of view and viewing angle due to display curvature as well as the association between effective display curvature radii and empirical horopter (loci of perceived equidistance) can explain these results.
Conclusion: The interactive effects of display curvature radius and size were evident for visual search performance and fatigue. Beneficial effects of curved displays were maintained across 33″ and 50″, whereas increasing flat display size from 33″ to 50″ was detrimental.
Application: For visual search tasks at a viewing distance of 50 cm, 33″–600R and 50″ 600R displays are recommended, as opposed to 33″ and 50″ flat displays. Wide flat displays must be carefully considered for visual display terminal tasks.
... In recent years, researchers, particularly in the work environment, have focused their attention on exploring optimal ergonomic conditions of a curved display based on the users' subjective judgments (e.g., Choi et al., 2015). Among others, H€ akkinen et al. (2008) investigated reading experiences on a curved paper-like display and measured the subjective reading experience depending on different curvature magnitudes and directions. ...
In the last decades, a number of studies have examined people's perceptual and attentional capabilities using flat screen displays. The completion of studies using curved displays/screens has been neglected so far, despite their advantage of creating a more immersive and life-like experience. In two studies, we analysed possible performance differences between subjects' perceptual and attentional capabilities during a decision-making task whilst viewing life-size stimuli on large flat and curved immersive screens. In Study 1, participants performed an attention-demanding shape discrimination task. In Study 2, participants performed a more naturalistic football-specific discrimination task. Results of both studies revealed no differences in perception and decision making between screen conditions, but that attention can be directed across greater visual angles on immersive screens compared to flat screens. The findings suggest that attention can be directed across a larger visual angle on curved screens compared to flat screens probably because curved screens distort the image less than flat screens. This study has implications for the use of flat screens in studies that examine perceptual and attentional capabilities in the visual periphery.
... This projection dome enables a (Ahead of Print) more realistic representation of game situations than a typical flat screen display because stimuli can be presented across a much broader field of view, as in real game situations. While in recent years, researchers have debated the advantages and disadvantages of flat and curved displays, especially in the area of reading (e.g., Choi et al., 2015), there has been no research using curved displays in sport. ...
Over the last decade, research on the visual focus of attention has become increasingly popular in psychological science. The focus of attention has been shown to be important in fast team-sport games. The authors developed a method that measures the extent of the attentional focus and perceptual capabilities during performance of a sport-specific task. The participants were required to judge different player configurations on their left and right sides with varying visual angles between the stimuli. In keeping with the notion that the focus of attention is smaller than the visual field, attentional performance was poorest at the wider viewing angles compared with perceptual performance. Moreover, the team-sport players were better able to enlarge their attentional focus and make correct decisions more frequently than individual athletes, particularly when a motor response was required. The findings provide a new perspective, dissociating the attentional and perceptual processes that affect decision making under various response modes.
... Recently, curved displays have been adopted to premium-grade TVs, monitors, and smart phones, among which curved display smartphones are currently the most popular product segment. Some advantages of curved display over flat display have been reported, but these were mostly for large curved display products such as TVs or monitors (e.g. Park et al., 2017;Park et al., 2015;Choi et al., 2015;Park et al., 2016;Na et al., 2016). On the contrary, studies on small curved display products are very limited. ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of display curvature and hand length on smartphone usability, which was assessed in terms of grip comfort, immersive feeling, typing performance, and overall satisfaction. A total of 20 younger individuals with the mean (SD) age of 20.8 (2.4) yrs were divided into three hand-size groups (small: 8, medium: 6, large: 6). Two smartphones of the same size were used – one with a flat display and the other with a side-edge curved display. Three tasks (watching video, calling, and texting) were used to evaluate smartphone usability. The smartphones were used in a landscape mode for the first task, and in a portrait mode for the other two. The flat display smartphone provided higher grip comfort during calling (p = 0.008) and texting (p = 0.006) and higher overall satisfaction (p = 0.0002) than the curved display smartphone. The principal component regression (adjusted R2 = 0.49) of overall satisfaction on three principal components comprised of the remaining measures showed that the first principal component on grip comfort was more important than the other two on watching experience and texting performance. It is thus necessary to carefully consider the effect of display curvature on grip comfort when applying curved displays to hand-held devices such as smartphones.
... Therefore, there is a need for a new, bodyfitted curvilinear coordinate system which will accommodate the precise description of irregular shapes like curved edge plates. Curved geometry is common in the latest microelectronic component such as curved screen in the TV, smartphone and smart [26,27]. It sounds that if other contacting components have the similar curved profile, the whole structure of devices become more compact and lighter in this case. ...
Because pieces of microelectronic devices are made in a wide variety of scales and shapes, heat must flow through them in spreading or constriction forms. Two heat flow conditions are primarily responsible for thermal spreading resistance: heat flowing from one solid to another with different cross-sectional areas (the primary focus of past studies); and heat flowing through a conductive solid with variable cross-sectional area. In this study, both conditions are considered simultaneously. The equation governing heat spreading is derived in the general curvilinear coordinate system. The Maxwell coordinate system is used as a special case to map the irregular geometry from Cartesian coordinates to the boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate system. Temperature distribution and spreading resistance are then estimated by solving the equation governing heat conduction. A generalized thermal resistance is then introduced to evaluate the impact of variable cross-sectional area and heat source length on heat spreading. Finally, the effects of heat source length and the Biot number on spreading resistance are investigated.
Holographic optical elements (HOEs) have been used as important tools for implementing augmented reality (AR) and see-through displays because they are transparent and thin. Moreover, as HOEs usually come in the shape of a thin film, they can be bent, used for coating, or attached to curved surfaces. While they can be used to implement curved AR displays, however, the applications of the curved HOE have not been sufficiently studied. In this paper, an analysis method for curved/bent HOEs using the coupled-wave theory and the numerical ray tracing method is introduced. Using this method, the influence of the surface curvature on the optical characteristics of HOEs, including the aberration and diffraction efficiency, was analyzed. Also presented herein is a method of designing the optimal curvature that can reduce the aberration. Curved HOEs can be applied to see-through displays such as head-mounted displays (HMDs), head-up displays (HUDs), or transparent screens. They can be used to expand the field of view (FOV) and to reduce the form factor. The proposed analysis method provides a useful guideline for designing practical curved see-through displays.
Nanomechanical characteristics of standalone silver nanowires (Ag NWs) are a key issue for providing a failure criterion of advanced flexible electrodes that are trending towards smaller radius of curvatures (ROCs). Through in-situ tensile and buckling tests of pentagonal Ag NWs, we demonstrated that the intrinsic fracture strain provides a significant criterion to predict the mechanical and electrical failure of Ag NW electrodes under various strain modes, because the decrease in fracture strain limits figure of merit of flexible devices. The Ag NW electrodes on a polymer substrate exhibited a strain-dependent electrical failure owing to the unique deformation characteristics with a size-dependent brittle-to-ductile transition of the five-fold twinned Ag NWs. All the Ag NWs greater than approximately 40 nm in diameter exhibited brittle fracture with a size-independent stress-strain response under tensile and buckling modes, which leads to the electrical failure of flexible electrodes at the almost same threshold ROC. Meanwhile, the higher ductility of Ag NWs less than 40 nm in diameter resulted in much smaller threshold ROCs of the electrodes due to the highly extended fracture strains, which can afford a high degree of freedom for highly flexible devices.
Computer users have a wide variety of computer display preferences, but a contentious argument has been used in favor of the curved display. In this context, this study investigated the users’ curvature preference for six different content types, and compared the usability of the curved and flat panels in terms of readability performance. A 27-inch bendable display panel was devised for the experiment to enable users to adjust the curvature manually. In the first experiment, the study participants searched for the optimal radii of curvature when the six content types were mounted in sequence on the bendable display, which confirmed the users’ preference for the curved display over the flat display. The following experiment demonstrated that the study participants showed improved readability on the curved display, which supported the study hypothesis. The results of the experiments in this study suggest that the curved display will help improve the work efficiency of consumers.
