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Citations
... Residues from cash crops like coffee, cotton, hops, chat, fruit land, and other permanent tree crops, as well as leaves of tea dropped during harvesting, are all categorized as miscellaneous fodder sources in this paper. Concentrate feeds are types of feed that contain less than 18% crude fiber, Feed Security less than 35% cellulose, and more than or equal to 60% TDN (Kartik et al., 2022). It includes broken and immature grains obtained during processing cereal grains, pulse hulls, oilseed cakes, and molasses. ...
... Livestock feed resources can be categorized as roughage, concentrates, and by-products (which resemble roughage or concentrate) (Kartik et al., 2022). The roughage feed includes both green and dry roughage. ...
... Other crops, like vegetables and root and tuber residues, are also used as roughage sources. Cereals, pulses, and oilseed crop residues are categorized under dry roughage, which are the major available feed resources in the highland areas of the country (Kartik et al., 2022). There are also agro-industrial by-products such as coffee husk, coffee pulps, and sugarcane bagasse, which are considered as roughage feed due to their high cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents. ...
Background and aim
Different Salmonella serotypes are considered one of the most important food pathogens in the world. Poultry meat and eggs are the primary carriers of Salmonella in human populations. This study aimed to estimate the Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium contamination rates of retail hen and quail eggs in Karaj, Iran. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the strains were evaluated, and the efficiency of the standard culture method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m‐PCR) were compared.
Materials and methods
In this descriptive cross‐sectional study over 1 year (Jan–Dec 2022), 150 commercial and 150 backyard hen eggs and 300 commercial quail eggs, without cracks and fractures, were collected randomly from best selling groceries in Karaj city. All samples were examined for Salmonella contamination independently by standard culture and m‐PCR approaches. A standard disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains against 18 antimicrobial agents.
Results
Out of 300 examined eggs, 2 S. enteritidis strains were isolated from the shell of backyard hen eggs. The same serotype was also detected in the contents of one of these two eggs. One S. typhimurium was isolated from the shell of a commercial hen egg. Overall, the Salmonella contamination of the shell and contents was 1% and 0.3%, respectively. Salmonella was not isolated from the eggshells or the contents of the quail eggs. There was complete agreement between the results of m‐PCR and the standard culture methods. Among the 18 tested antibiotics, the highest resistance was recorded for colistin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid (75%).
Conclusion
As most Salmonella spp. are associated with human food poisoning, continuous surveillance is required to effectively reduce the risk posed by contaminated poultry eggs. Furthermore, mandatory monitoring of antimicrobial use on Iranian poultry farms is recommended.
Background
Feed is a major input in the livestock industry and covers about 60%–70% of the total cost of producing meat, milk and eggs. Inadequate feed supply in terms of quality and quantity leads to lower production performance in livestock. However, the development of an appropriate livestock production strategy through efficient utilization of existing feed resources could raise the production and per capita consumption of livestock products. Efficiency of feed resource utilization can be measured as the ratio between input to production activities and output (e.g. kg of protein used per unit of meat, milk and eggs produced or hectare of land used per unit of milk produced).
Methodology
This study was designed with the objective of evaluating the livestock population and national feed security to enhance livestock productivity in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, data were collected from the websites of the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency from 2007 to 2021, FAO publications and websites, books and journals. The data obtained on different feed resources, livestock population and livestock feed requirement and balance were entered into an MS Excel spread sheet (Excel, 2010) and analysed using the general linear model (PRO GLM) procedure of SAS (2014) and multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results
The study results revealed that the livestock population had increased from 58.31 million tropical livestock units (TLU) to 81.10 million tropical livestock units (TLU), and the emission of entericCH4 had increased from 2511.08 Gg/year to 3661.74 Gg/year from 2008 to 2021. The study results also showed that the major available feed resources for ruminants are natural pasture and crop residues, which account for 56.83% (87.56 × 10⁶) and 37.37% (57.57 × 10⁶) of total feed production in the country, respectively. The contribution of concentrate and improved cultivated pasture and feed from permanent crops used as feed sources is very insignificant (3.05% and 1.96%, respectively). The estimated quantity of these feed resources was sufficient to meet the livestock feed requirement in the country in terms of dry matter (DM), digestible crude protein (DCP) and MEJ, which estimated about 153.31 × 10⁶ t, 4.56 × 10⁶ t and 1203.97 × 10⁹ MJ DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The estimated livestock feed requirements were 134.62 × 10⁶, 4.52 × 10⁶, and 918.83 × 10⁹ in DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The supply covered about 114.33, 100.04 and 131.33% of the DM, DCP and MEJ total annual feed requirements of livestock in the country. Hence, the current feed surplus obtained on feed requirements of ruminants and equines can support the nutrient requirements of 500 × 10⁶ broilers, about 5 × 10⁶ bulls, about 50 × 10⁶ small ruminants or 3 × 10⁶ crossbred lactating dairy cows, yielding 10 L of milk per day.
Conclusions
The findings of study indicated that natural pasture and crop residues cover a major proportion of the annual feed supply in the country. Therefore, proper grazing management, feed conservation practices, improving grazing land vegetation through clearing invasive species, replacing the grazing land with an improved grass and legume mixture, effective collection, conservation and proper utilization of crop residues, and other alternative options such as the use of chemical, physical and biological treatments to improve the nutritive value of fibrous feed should be practiced. More effective extension services and farmer training are also required to increase feed productivity and, hence, human development.
