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With the fast development of microfabrication technology and advanced computational tools, nanophotonics has been widely studied for high-speed data transmission, sensitive optical detection, manipulation of ultrasmall objects, and visualization of nanoscale patterns. As an important branch of nanophotonics, plasmonics has enabled light-matter inte...
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Citations
... It has relatively lesser bandwidth and ohmic loss than other noble materials [64]. Ag has relatively lower absorption and power consumption compared to Gold (Au) and Aluminum (Al) [65] while exhibiting considerably higher sensitivity [66], low propagation loss, and nanoscale confinement [67]. Moreover, the Ag layer demonstrates remarkable adhesion on the substrate layer, and it can be easily patterned using a diluted solution of nitric acid and water with high etch selectivity [68]. ...
This article introduces a novel plasmonic magnetic field sensor (MFS) that utilizes a Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) waveguide configuration with a W-shaped resonator filled with magnetic fluid (MF). The MFS's unique design combines the advantages of plasmonic sensing, offering a promising solution for magnetic field detection. It operates based on the inherent properties of surface plasmon polaritons and the magneto-optical properties of MF, resulting in a measurable shift in resonant wavelength. The performance of the proposed MFS has been investigated through numerical calculation employing the finite element method (FEM). Remarkably, the MFS exhibits a maximum magnetic field sensitivity of 49.11 pm/Oe, covering a detection range from 33 Oe to 200 Oe. The figure of merit (FOM) and Q-factor of the MFS are recorded at 18.39 and 18.4, respectively, attesting to its high performance and reliability. This innovation has the potential to revolutionize fields such as navigation, medical diagnostics, and robotics technologies by seamlessly integrating optical sensing into traditional devices. The proposed sensor's excellent performance, compact design, and cost-effectiveness position it as a promising technology for widespread adoption, contributing to advancements in magnetic field sensing across scientific, industrial, and technological domains.
... The blue dashed line represents the light line in air. Bulk wave represents ≫ p [18] light used to stimulate a plasmon wave should possess electric field components that are both perpendicular and parallel to the direction of propagation. This is why p-polarized light, also known as transverse magnetic [19] polarization, is commonly employed for this purpose [21,22]. ...
... Plasmonic frequencies ( p ) , damping factors ( ) and relaxation time ( ) of some of the noble metals for Drude optical model[16][17][18] ...
This review presents the theory, configurations, and various applications of plasmonics in a variety of surface plasmon–based devices. It describes how light waves travel along the surface where metals and dielectrics meet, revealing the detailed reasons behind the phenomenon. Here, we have used the well-known Drude optical model, a widely accepted theoretical approach, to figure out how different materials behave by considering atoms as tiny vibrating dipoles. In this review, we have thoroughly looked at many aspects, all wrapped up in the concept of complex dielectric functions. We used Maxwell’s equations customized for simple, non-magnetic materials to derive the above mentioned model, with the goal of helping to better grasp how surface plasmon polaritons are generated. In this research, we have organized the conditions needed for momentum matching by applying particular boundary conditions. Along with, we presented different techniques required for the generation of surface plasmon polaritons. We studied how metal and dielectric materials work together, by making comparisons to different optical devices along the way. Our main focus on the subject highlights the significant possibilities that this theory and research offers to various plasmonic applications.
... In our proposed design, Ag is chosen due to its low power consumption and low absorption in contrast to gold and aluminum. Furthermore, from the practical point of view, Ag adheres well to the substrate and can be patterned easily with great etch selectivity using diluted nitric acid and water [47]. The proposed structure can be fabricated by the following steps: an Ag is deposited on a quartz substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). ...
A metal–insulator-metal (MIM) structure consisting of a semi-circular resonant cavity (SCRC) and a circular split-ring resonator (SRR) is proposed and designed for optical sensing applications. The coupling between the SCRC and SRR can create dual Fano resonances in the visible range. The optical responses of the structure including transmittance spectra and magnetic field distributions are investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. According to the calculated transmittance spectra, the proposed optical sensor can support double Fano resonances as a result of the interaction between the narrow-band mode of SRR and broadband mode of SCRC. The light-matter interaction at the Fano resonance frequencies is highly enhanced so that a maximum sensitivity and figures of merit (FOM) of 579 nm/RIU and 12.46 are obtained, respectively. Our proposed design also exhibits a great linearity R² value of 0.999987. For the sake of completeness, it is shown that the structure can result in an optical delay of about 0.05 ps corresponding to a group index of 14.6 that is potentially useful for plasmonic nanosensors and slow-light devices in the visible range of the spectrum.
... The MIM-WG construction has a non-conducting layer inserted between the dual conductor layers. Recently, the MIM-WG have attracted the mind of researchers because it offers many advantages like deep-subwavelength confinement of light needed for small-sized device, low loss of signal inside the core and surrounding, and relatively easy fabrication procedure needed to realize the design [8,9]. With these features, they are used to model numerous optoelectronics devices that include filters [10][11][12][13], optical switches [12], demultiplexers [14], modulators [15,16], coupler, and splitters [17,18]. ...
In this study, we designed and evaluated a sensing architecture using a metal–insulator-metal waveguide connected to an H-shape resonator for refractive index change measurement in two unique bands of refractive index: n = 1.8–1.95 and n = 2.1–2.3. A 3-D finite element approach is used to investigate the device sensing characteristics. For the waveguide, the H-shape resonator offers a cavity resonance zone where the substance to be detected is filled. The transmission curve plot revealed that the suggested arrangement generates two resonant dips. The resonant wavelength was found to have a direct and linear relationship with the refractive index of the material being sensed, the length of vertical height, and the width of the cavity’s mid-arm. Sensitivity and figure of merit have the highest values of 1007.78 nm/RIU and 29 RIU-1,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathrm{RIU}}^{-1},$$\end{document} respectively. The highest quality-factor obtained was 60. The proposed structure can be employed for refractive index sensing at the nanometer scale and increasing spectroscopy applications since it has features like nano size, high sensitivity, a linear relationship between tuning parameters, and a larger sensing span.
... It was summarized in Figure 26. Since the reappearance of plasmonic in the year 2000 [91] several devices have been proposed including sources [92], [93], detectors, biosensors [94], waveguides [95], modulators (See Table 2), etc. Some of the devices use the strong optical field present between the metal and the dielectric to exploit weak effects like in nonlinear plasmonics [96] and in biosensing [94]. ...
... Combining Equation 95 and Equation 96 we obtain the following dispersion relation, A similar analysis can be done for a TE polarized plasmon. Nevertheless the continuity of Ey and Hx leads to the following relation, 1 ( 1 + 1 ) = 0 ...
This work aims to design a CMOS compatible, low-electrical power consumption modulator assisted by plasmons. For compactness and reduction of the electrical power consumption, electro-absorption based on the Franz-Keldysh effect in Germanium was chosen for modulation. It consists in the change of the absorption coefficient of the material near the band edge under the application of a static electric field, hence producing a direct modulation of the light intensity. The use of plasmons allows enhancing the electro-optical effect due to the high field confinement. An integrated electro-optical simulation tool was developed to design and optimize the modulator. The designed plasmonic modulator has an extinction ratio of 3.3 dB with insertion losses of 13.2 dB and electrical power consumption as low as 20 fJ/bit, i.e. the lowest electrical power consumption reported for silicon photonic modulators. In- and out-coupling to a standard silicon waveguide was also engineered by the means of an optimized Si-Ge taper, reducing the coupling losses to only 1 dB per coupler. Besides, an experimental work was carried out to try to shift the Franz-Keldysh effect, which is maximum at 1650 nm, to lower wavelength close to 1.55 {\mu}m for telecommunication applications.
... Plasmonic systems provide the possibility of concentrating and manipulating light below the diffraction limit, and they are at the core of a variety of optical applications [1,2], from improved chemical and biological sensing [3,4] and efficient photovoltaic energy harvesting [5], to ultrafast photonic signal processing [6,7] and nanolasing [8][9][10]. In the past decades, due to the ever-increasing demand for data processing capabilities, researchers have focused a great effort on the development of ultracompact photonic elements, including plasmonic components, such as waveguides and couplers [11][12][13][14], digital gates [15,16], routers [17,18], photon-electric converters [19], and control switches [20]. Plasmonic waveguides have also been relevant with regard to several quantum optical phenomena such as single-photon emission [21,22], energy transfer and superradiance of emitter pairs [23], and qubit-qubit entanglement generation [24]. ...
... Nonplanar waveguides, characterized by an index profile n that is a function of both transverse coordinates, are the most used in device applications. There are many examples of these kinds of structures, differentiated by the distinctive features of their index profiles [11][12][13][14]. Here, we consider a nonplanar waveguide whose cross-section is shown in the inset of Fig. 4(a), together with its dispersion characteristics. ...
Plasmonic waveguides provide an integrated platform to develop efficient nanoscale ultrafast photonic devices. Although metals display a rich variety of nonlocal optical effects and surface nonlinearities, the study of plasmonic waveguides has been limited to considering conventional bulk nonlinearities. Such analytical tools, however, do not allow us to incorporate the nonlocal optical effects on the studied phenomenon or the nonlinearities arising from it. In this work, we present a method based on the numerical calculation of the inhomogeneous solution that enables the study of nonlinear optical effects, such as second-harmonic generation, in waveguides displaying nonlocal response effects as well as surface nonlinearities. We use the proposed method to study the nonlinear response arising from the hydrodynamic description of free electrons in the metallic constituents of the waveguides, comparing local and nonlocal approximations. As a more general application of our method, we also consider nonlinearities arising from the quantum hydrodynamic theory with electron spill-out. Our results may find applicability in the design and analysis of integrated photonic platforms for nonlinear optics incorporating a wide variety of nonlinear materials such as heavily doped semiconductors for midinfrared applications.
... Plasmon-based photonics helps investigate the mechanism of light-matter interactions at sub-wavelength scales, which provides a basis for novel applications [4]. The nanophotonics technology based on plasmonics helps the realization of optoelectronic devices to generate, modulate and detect light. ...
The surface plasmon resonance in low-dimensional semiconducting materials is a source of valuable scientific phenomenon which opens widespread prospects for novel applications. A systematic study to shed light on the propagation of plasmons at the interface of GaN nanowire is reported. A comprehensive analysis of the interaction of light with GaN nanowires and the propagation of plasmons is carried out to uncover further potentials of the material. The results obtained on the basis of calculations designate the interaction of light with nanowires, which produced plasmons at the interface that propagate along the designed geometry starting from the center of the nanowire towards its periphery, having more flux density at the center of the nanowire. The wavelength of light does not affect the propagation of plasmons but the flux density of plasmons appeared to increase with the wavelength. Similarly, an increment in the flux density of plasmons occurs even in the case of coupled and uncoupled nanowires with wavelength, but more increment occurs in the case of coupling. Further, it was found that an increase in the number of nanowires increases the flux density of plasmons at all wavelengths irrespective of uniformity in the propagation of plasmons. The findings point to the possibility of tuning the plasmonics by using a suitable number of coupled nanowires in assembly.
... Plasmonic systems provide the possibility of concentrating and manipulating light below the diffraction limit and are at the core of a variety of optical applications [1,2], from improved chemical and biological sensing [3,4], and efficient photovoltaic energy harvesting [5], to ultrafast photonic signal processing [6,7], and nanolasing [8][9][10]. In the past decades, due to the ever-increasing demand for data processing capabilities, researchers have focused a great effort into the development of ultracompact photonic elements, including plasmonic components, such as waveguides and couplers, [11][12][13][14], digital gates [15,16], routers [17,18], photon-electric converters [19], and control switches [20]. Plasmonic waveguides have also been relevant with regards to several quantum optical phenomena like single photon emission [21,22], energy transfer and superradiance of emitter pairs [23], and qubit-qubit entanglement generation [24]. ...
... Non-planar waveguides, characterized by an index profile n that is a function of both transverse coordinates,are the most used in device applications There are many examples of this kind of structures, differentiated by the distinctive features of their index profiles [11][12][13][14]. Here, we consider a non-planar waveguide whose cross-section is shown in the inset of Fig. 4(a), together with its dispersion characteristics. ...
Plasmonic waveguides provide an integrated platform to develop efficient nanoscale ultrafast photonic devices. Theoretical models that describe nonlinear optical phenomena in plasmonic waveguides, usually, only incorporate bulk nonlinearities, while nonlinearities that arise from metallic constituents remained unexplored. In this work, we present a method that enables a generalized treatment of the nonlinearities present in plasmonic waveguides and use it to calculate second-harmonic generation from free electrons through a hydrodynamic nonlocal description. As a general application of our method we also consider nonlinearities arising from the quantum hydrodynamic theory with electron spill-out. Our results may find applicability in design and analysis of integrated photonic platforms for nonlinear optics incorporating wide variety of nonlinear materials such as heavily doped semiconductors for mid-infrared applications.
... With the rapid advances in nanoscale fabrication technology and easy availability of computational tools backed by affordable computational resources, researchers have been able to propose a variety of SPP based devices using a wide range of materials. Also, a few such devices with moderately complex structures have been fabricated [5][6][7][8][9]. Among these devices, those made of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguides, which consists of a dielectric core and two metallic cladding layers, has drawn special attention due to their outstanding and significantly unique advantages. ...
An ultra-compact plasmonic unidirectional wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer based on slot cavities is proposed and numerically simulated. The structure consists of slot cavities which are etched on either sides of a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) bus waveguide. The cavities capture surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves at their resonant wavelengths and unidirectionally couples them to the drop waveguide etched parallel to the bus. The structure basically relies on resonance and interference of SPP waves and its functioning is validated through finite element method (FEM) simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed structure functions as expected with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth of less than 50 nm, extinction ratio (ER) more than 10 dB, and crosstalk (CT) of less than − 10 dB for the designed wavelengths. The proposed structure holds lot of potential to enhance the miniaturization of ultra-compact integrated photonic circuits for optical signal processing and other related applications.
... Это в большей степени относится к полупроводниковым волноводам, у которых плазменные частоты лежат существенно ниже, чем у металлов. Материалы для плазмоники и плазмонные волноводы рассмотрены в работе [91]. ...
Рассмотрены объемные интегральные и интегродифференциальные уравнения, описывающие задачи дифракции на трехмерных телах с заданными макроскопическими диэлектрической и магнитной проницаемостями, а также задачи о свободных колебаниях таких тел. Получены аналогичные уравнения для волноведущих структур: полых экранированных волноводов с диэлектрическим заполнением, диэлектрических волноводов (оптических лучеводов), фотонно-кристаллических волноводов. В основном рассмотрены стационарные линейные электромагнитные задачи. Нестационарные и нелинейные задачи упомянуты вскользь. Приведены численные результаты для колебаний H 01delta и H 011 цилиндрического диэлектрического резонатора, для волн прямоугольного диэлектрического волновода и плазмонного волновода, дисперсии в фотонном кристалле, дифракции на прямоугольном диэлектрическом цилиндре. Ключевые слова: ...
