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Didymella microchlamydospora isolate SCUA 14_Dez_Mor. a, b Colony on PDA (front and reverse). c, d Colony on CMA (front and reverse). e, f, g, h Pycnidia formed on PDA and CMA. i, j, k, l Chlamydospores. m Conidia.
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In the last decade, canker and dieback diseases have caused disease of ornamental and fruit trees of Khuzestan Province in the southwest of Iran. Fourty-eight symptomatic branches and trunks were sampled and a survey was made to identify the probable pathogens, which led to the isolation of the recently established species, Didymella microchlamydos...
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... 2.5-4 μm ( = 3.2 μm, n = 50). Conidiomata pycnidial, pycnidia mostly solitary or aggregated, superficial on or submerged into the agar, dark brown, with age becoming darker, variable in shape and size (macro-and micro-pycnidium). Macropycnidia globose, glabrous or covered with hyphal outgrows, 100-190 × 100-190 μm ( = 139 × 139 μm, n = 50) (Fig. 2). Ostioles 1-3, papillate, rarely on a distinct neck. Pycnidial wall pseudoparenchymatous, composed of oblong to isodiametric cells, 2-5 layers. Micropycnidia globose to subglobose, glabrous or covered with hyphal outgrows, 50-80 × (40-)49-70(-80) μm ( = 61 × 59 μm, n = 50). Conidia hyaline to pale brown, smooth-and thin-walled, ...
Citations
... Pure fungal isolates were mounted in distilled water with a scalpel blade to study the structure of Pycnidia, chlamydospores, and conidia (Ahmadpour et al., 2017). The microscopic examinations were carried with the 40X objective lens of the compound light microscope (MAX BINO BELGIUM). ...
... This study found that the colony characteristics of gallforming disease causal isolates on various culture media were similar to Phoma related species. Phoma related species are associated with disease on many hosts, including legumes (Ahmadpour et al., 2017). Besides, the diagnosis of microscopic structures showed that the chlamydospore (Figure 3 C) and conidia (Figure 3 B) of the isolates were similar to Peyronellaea pinodella. ...
... The virulence of both infected faba bean stem disc and agar plug of each isolate were consistent (Table 3 and Figure 6). This result coincides with the report of Kayım et al. (2018) and Ahmadpour et al. (2017) who reported the effect of leaf spot disease on faba bean detached leaves, and the pathogenicity of Didymella microchlamydospora causing stem necrosis of Morus nigra in Iran, respectively. Detached leaf tests could be interesting because they can be performed rapidly, and results can be measured in a shorter period (5 -7 days). ...
... The cultures resembling Phoma sampled from Trees 2 and 3 were identified as a novel Didymella species. While the isolates collected were not able to cause significant disease when inoculated onto healthy trees in a greenhouse (data not shown), the species from this genus are well-known plant pathogens causing leaf blights (Moral et al., 2018) and stem cankers (Ahmadpour et al., 2017). The novel Didymella sp. may therefore still be classified as a potential pathogen able to cause disease when trees are stressed. ...
Climate variability and resilience remain gaps in tree research, challenged by the interacting factors in climate change, long-term resilience and the influence of evolutionary legacy effects. In a multidisciplinary approach using 90-year (1930–2020) climate-growth data, we investigated the dynamics of climate variability on growth and resilience of the tropical African baobab (Adansonia digitata) at the range edge in climate-variable, southeast Africa. The main driver of climate variability, ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation), triggered 83% of droughts exacerbated by positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events. Growth over 90 years was positively correlated with maximum temperature and increased after the 1976–1977 Global Warming Shift. The influence of warming was compromised by climate variability and extreme events. Although growth is a measure of adaptive capacity, accelerated growth over the past 20 years contrasted with dehydration, canopy dieback and a novel Didymella pathogen. Resilience was contingent on high genetic diversity (polyploidy and heterozygosity) and Neotropical legacy effects of stem water storage and longevity trade-offs of low growth, recruitment and reproduction. The evolution of resprouting in disturbed, fire-prone ecosystems and bark regeneration increased recovery from disturbance. As resource opportunists, baobabs adopted a fast-slow survival strategy. Rainfall and warming enhanced growth while low and variable rainfall favoured a conservative, low growth-higher survival strategy. Low rainfall, climate extremes and topography increased mortality risk. Mortality was higher at lower elevations on site and regionally. Low growth may conserve the baobab in climate warming but the southern hemisphere tropics is one of two identified global hotspots with amplified hot years. The heightened disturbance predicted from increased climate variability, hot droughts and landfalling tropical cyclones magnifies mortality risk for “Africa’s favourite tree.”
... Isolation, characterization, and identification of fungi from diseased samples. For the isolation and purification of fungal cultures, diseased sample segments were sterilized in 70% ethyl alcohol for 1 min and in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 to 4 min, washed three times with sterile distilled water, dried on sterile filter paper, aseptically transferred to malt extract agar (MEA) and kept at room temperature (25-27°C) for 5 to 15 days (Ahmadpour et al., 2017). The hyphal tip transfer method was used to subculture and obtain pure isolates. ...
... The observed morphological characteristics were consistent with the genera of Didymella. The result agrees with the morphological features reported by Ahmadpour et al. (2017), Aveskamp et al. (2010), and Chen et al. (2015). The identification of the isolates to the key species level was performed by sequence analysis and phylogenetic study (Fig. 4). ...
... According to Chen et al. (2017) and Keirnan et al. (2021), the genus Didymella consists of 35 known species that are widely distributed in both ornamentals and woody plants. Ahmadpour et al. (2017) reported that Didymella species such as D. microchlamydospora cause dieback and stem necrosis diseases in plants. Aveskamp et al. (2009) also coined the association of fungal species with Eucalyptus plant leaves. ...
Plantation forests are established by planting Eucalyptus tree species to provide timber and pulp for the construction industries and to meet the energy needs in Ethiopia. Besides the extensive Eucalyptus plantations in the country, fungal pathogen-related diseases are the main challenges to successful production and management. The disease survey was conducted in the Eucalyptus growing areas of Ethiopia during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The objective of this research was to assess the diseases associated with Eucalyptus plant species and identify the causal fungal species. Plants of E. camaldulensis were the dominant species in the survey fields and were severely associated with stem and branch canker diseases. Diseased samples were collected and fungal species were identified as Didymellaceae according to culture morphology and affirmed by internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. In phylogeny, isolates in the study and a reference strain formed supportive monophyletic clades with strong 90% and 95% support with Didymella coffeae-arabicae and Didymella pinodella respectively. Pathogenicity tests revealed that Didymellaceae could infect E. camaldulensis . The findings are the first reports of Eucalyptus stem canker disease caused by Didymellaceae in Ethiopia.
... Didymellaceae Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley Valenzuela-Lopez et al. (2018) accepted 26 genera in Didymellaceae. Didymellaceous taxa frequently occur as plant pathogens, causing drooping and wilting of plant leaves or gummy stem blight leading to death of the plant (Sudisha et al. 2004;Vaghefi et al. 2012;Ahmadpour et al. 2017;Wijayawardene et al. 2017). The combined dataset of LSU, ITS and rpb2 sequences for a multilocus analysis tree revealed distinct lineages in Didymellaceae (Fig. 12). ...
The cosmopolitan plant genus Clematis contains many climbing species that can be found worldwide. The genus occurs in the wild and is grown commercially for horticulture. Microfungi on Clematis were collected from Belgium, China, Italy, Thailand and the UK. They are characterized by morphology and analyses of gene sequence data using an integrated species concept to validate identifications. The study revealed two new families, 12 new genera, 50 new species, 26 new host records with one dimorphic character report, and ten species are transferred to other genera. The new families revealed by multigene phylogeny are Longiostiolaceae and Pseudomassarinaceae in Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes). New genera are Anthodidymella (Didymellaceae), Anthosulcatispora and Parasulcatispora (Sulcatisporaceae), Fusiformispora (Amniculicolaceae), Longispora (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Neobyssosphaeria (Melanommataceae), Neoleptosporella (Chaetosphaeriales, genera incertae sedis), Neostictis (Stictidaceae), Pseudohelminthosporium (Neomassarinaceae), Pseudomassarina (Pseudomassarinaceae), Sclerenchymomyces (Leptosphaeriaceae) and Xenoplectosphaerella (Plectosphaerellaceae). The newly described species are Alloleptosphaeria clematidis, Anthodidymella ranunculacearum, Anthosulcatispora subglobosa, Aquadictyospora clematidis, Brunneofusispora clematidis, Chaetosphaeronema clematidicola, C. clematidis, Chromolaenicola clematidis, Diaporthe clematidina, Dictyocheirospora clematidis, Distoseptispora clematidis, Floricola clematidis, Fusiformispora clematidis, Hermatomyces clematidis, Leptospora clematidis, Longispora clematidis, Massariosphaeria clematidis, Melomastia clematidis, M. fulvicomae, Neobyssosphaeria clematidis, Neoleptosporella clematidis, Neoroussoella clematidis, N. fulvicomae, Neostictis nigricans, Neovaginatispora clematidis, Parasulcatispora clematidis, Parathyridaria clematidis, P. serratifoliae, P. virginianae, Periconia verrucose, Phomatospora uniseriata, Pleopunctum clematidis, Pseudocapulatispora clematidis, Pseudocoleophoma clematidis, Pseudohelminthosporium clematidis, Pseudolophiostoma chiangraiense, P. clematidis, Pseudomassarina clematidis, Ramusculicola clematidis, Sarocladium clematidis, Sclerenchymomyces clematidis, Sigarispora clematidicola, S. clematidis, S. montanae, Sordaria clematidis, Stemphylium clematidis, Wojnowiciella clematidis, Xenodidymella clematidis, Xenomassariosphaeria clematidis and Xenoplectosphaerella clematidis. The following fungi are recorded on Clematis species for the first time: Angustimassarina rosarum, Dendryphion europaeum, Dermatiopleospora mariae, Diaporthe ravennica, D. rudis, Dichotomopilus ramosissimum, Dictyocheirospora xishuangbannaensis, Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii, Fitzroyomyces cyperacearum, Fusarium celtidicola, Leptospora thailandica, Memnoniella oblongispora, Neodidymelliopsis longicolla, Neoeutypella baoshanensis, Neoroussoella heveae, Nigrograna chromolaenae, N. obliqua, Pestalotiopsis verruculosa, Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense, Pseudoophiobolus rosae, Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae, P. elaeicola, Ramusculicola thailandica, Stemphylium vesicarium and Torula chromolaenae. The new combinations are Anthodidymella clematidis (≡ Didymella clematidis), A. vitalbina (≡ Didymella vitalbina), Anthosulcatispora brunnea (≡ Neobambusicola brunnea), Fuscohypha kunmingensis (≡ Plectosphaerella kunmingensis), Magnibotryascoma rubriostiolata (≡ Teichospora rubriostiolata), Pararoussoella mangrovei (≡ Roussoella mangrovei), Pseudoneoconiothyrium euonymi (≡ Roussoella euonymi), Sclerenchymomyces jonesii (≡ Neoleptosphaeria jonesii), Stemphylium rosae (≡ Pleospora rosae), and S. rosae-caninae (≡ Pleospora rosae-caninae). The microfungi on Clematis is distributed in several classes of Ascomycota. The analyses are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data. To the best of our knowledge, the consolidated species concept approach is recommended in validating species.
... Didymella was introduced by Saccardo (1880) with D. exigua as the type species and contains some species which are important serious plant pathogens, also endophytes and saprobes on a wide range of substrates, as well as species of clinical or environmental origin Chen et al. 2015Ahmadpour et al. 2017;Jayasiri et al. 2017;Valenzuela-Lopez et al. 2018). The genus was presented as monophyletic by Chen et al. (2015) and comprises 35 known species, with two unidentified species, Fig. 7 Culture characteristic on MEA: Acrocalymma medicaginis (MFLUCC 17-1423) based on morphological observations and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TUB2 sequence data. ...
This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed, Chromolaena
odorata, which were mainly collected in northern Thailand. Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders, 23 families (of which Neomassarinaceae is new), 12 new genera (Chromolaenicola, Chromolaenomyces, Longiappendispora, Pseudocapulatispora, Murichromolaenicola, Neoophiobolus, Paraleptospora, Pseudoroussoella, Pseudostaurosphaeria, Pseudothyridariella, Setoarthopyrenia, Xenoroussoella), 47 new species (Aplosporella chromolaenae, Arthrinium chromolaenae, Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis, C. lampangensis, C. nanensis, C. thailandensis, Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus, Diaporthe chromolaenae, Didymella chromolaenae, Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae, Leptospora chromolaenae, L. phraeana, Longiappendispora chromolaenae, Memnoniella chromolaenae, Montagnula chiangraiensis, M. chromolaenae, M. chromolaenicola, M. thailandica, Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis, M. chromolaenae, Muyocopron chromolaenae, M. chromolaenicola, Neomassarina chromolaenae, Neoophiobolus chromolaenae, Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis, N. chromolaenae, N. thailandica, N. triseptatispora, Nigrograna chromolaenae, Nothophoma chromolaenae, Paraleptospora chromolaenae, P. chromolaenicola, Patellaria chromolaenae, Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata, Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae, Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae, P. chromolaenicola, Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae, Pyrenochaetopsis chromolaenae, Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae, Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae, Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola, Tremateia chiangraiensis, T. chromolaenae, T. thailandensis, Xenoroussoella triseptata, Yunnanensis chromolaenae), 12 new host records, three new taxonomic combinations (Chromolaenicola siamensis, Pseudoroussoella elaeicola, Pseudothyridariella mahakashae), and two reference specimens (Torula chromolaenae, T. fici) are described and illustrated. Unlike some other hosts, e.g. bamboo (Poaceae) and Pandanaceae, the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes. Only 15 species previously
recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study. Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed. Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous, which coincided with the expected origin of the host family (Asteraceae). This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts, as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host. They may, however, have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts. In a preliminary screening 40 (65%) of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus, the fungi associated with C. odorata may be promising sources
of novel bioactive compound discovery. We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C. odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory (SMML) database, relevant literature and our study. In total, 130 taxa (116 identified and 14 unidentified species) are distributed in 20 orders, 48 families and 85 genera. Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.
... D. microchlamydospora was detected in two areas in Oman and was found to result in leaf spot symptoms in date palms. It has been previously reported as a pathogen of Morus nigra in Iran (Akram Ahmadpour et al. 2017). This is the first report of D. microchlamydospora causing leaf spot on date palms. ...
... (Al-Jaradi et al. 2018;Kee et al. 2019); (ALT) for Alternaria(Woudenberg et al. 2015); and partial RPB2 for Alternaria, Fusarium and Didymella(Woudenberg et al. 2015;Akram Ahmadpour et al. 2017;Moslemi et al. 2017;Osorio et al. 2017;Senanayake et al. 2017). DNA extraction was as described by Al-Sadi (2016) ( ...
Date palm is the most important crop in Oman, occupying approximately 50% of the area devoted to agriculture. Little information is available on leaf spot diseases of date palm in Oman and in the world. This study was conducted to identify the most common fungal pathogens associated with leaf spot diseases of date palm. A total of 198 symptomatic leaf samples were collected from seven districts in Oman. Isolations revealed that most isolates belonged to the genus Alternaria. Molecular-based identification using multigene sequences revealed that the isolates belonged to Alternaria alternata, A. burnsii, A. tomato, Curvularia subpapendorfii, Didymella microchlamydospora, Fusarium brachygibbosum, F. incarnatum-equiseti and Nigrospora lacticolonia. In pathogenicity tests, A. alternata was found to be the most aggressive. F. incarnatum-equiseti was the least aggressive, only inducing symptoms in leaves injured prior to inoculation. The other species caused moderate leaf spot symptoms on the leaves. This study shows that several fungal species belonging to different genera can be found associated with leaf spot symptoms of date palms, and they vary in their aggressiveness on date palm leaves. It is the first study to report C. verruculosa, D. microchlamydospora, and N. lacticolonia as leaf spot pathogens of date palm in the world.
The paper presents information on strains of 53 species of fungi isolated from potato tubers. Samples of affected and healthy potato tubers were collected in various regions of Russia (Astrakhan, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Kaluga, Kostroma, Magadan, Moscow, Tambov, Tula, Kamchatka, and Krasnodar regions; Republics of Adygea, Crimea, Mari El, Sakha-Yakutia) between 2014 and 2022. 36 species presented in the work are new and have not been previously found on tubers. Among them, there are both phytopathogens and species that can be used as potential biocontrol agents (competitive saprotrophs, mycotrophs). Species known as endophytes have been found, as well as poorly studied species whose role on tubers remains unknown. The work does not include well-known potato pathogens, new species, information about which was previously published by the authors, as well as a variety of Fusarium spp. fungi, on which separate publications are being prepared. The study shows the complex diversity of fungi in the composition of the potato microbiota, which indicates the need for a thorough analysis of the microbiota in the development and application of tuber protection systems.
Mountains of Shahiyoon and Salandkooh (Dezful, Khuzestan), Kabirkooh (Abdanan, Ilam) and ZazoMahroo (Aligoodarz, Lorestan) are a very small area of Zagrosian forests in Iran. During 2020-2022, 50 symptomatic samples from forest trees including Acer sp., Amygdalus scoparia, Crataegus sp., Pistacia atlantica, Quercus brantii and Ziziphus sp., showing leaf blight, leaf spot, fruit rot, drying, decline and dieback, were collected. Totally, 153 fungal isolates were obtained on potato–dextrose–agar medium (PDA), of which 17 were identified at species level based on combination of morphological characteristics and sequence data of marker genes. Morphological characteristics and growth rate were evualted on oat – leaf - agar (OA) and PDA. The ITS-rDNA region (in some isolates) and part of the tub2 (in all isolates) and rpb2 (in some isolates) genes were amplified and sequenced. The obtained sequences were compared using BLASTn search algorithm in NCBI database and their phylogenetic analyses were performed based on single or multiple genemic regions. Accordingly, the isolates were identified as follow: Chaetomium anastomosans, C. ascotrichoides, C. subglobosum, Didymella pomorum, D. prolaticolla, and Paramicrosphaeropsis iranica. Based on literature, this is the first record of C. anastomosans, C. subglobosum and D. prolaticolla for the mycobiota of Iran. In addition, new hosts for C. Anastomosans (P. atlantica, Q. brantii and Crataegus sp.), C. Ascotrichoides (Acer sp.), C. subglobosum (Q. brantii) and P. iranica (A. scoparia and P. atlantica) are reported.
Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection
Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis), camelthorn (Alhagi sp.), cordia (Cordia myxa), dill (Anethum graveolens), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), plantain (Plantago sp.), and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) are medicinal plants distributed in different parts of Khuzestan province. These plants could be host to many pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. In this study, 30 samples from medicinal plants showing leaf spot, stem canker and stem necrosis were collected during 2019-2020, and in which 23 isolates of six species in the family Didymellaceae were identified. Molphological characteristics were studied on potato – dextrose - agar (PDA). For molecular study, partial regions of tub2 gene were amplified using appropriate primers and sequenced. Based on molecular phylogeny in combination with morphology, the isolates were identified as follow: Allophoma labilis, Didymella glomerata, Epicoccum italicum, Neodidymelliopsis farokhinejad, Nothophoma raii and Xenodidymella glycyrrhizicola. In our knowledge, this is the first report of above species on surveyed hosts and first record of both E. italicum and N. raii for mycobiota of Iran.
Field surveys of E. camaldulensis diseases were conducted during 2019/20 and 2020/21 in Ethiopia. This species was found the most commonly planted in the surveyed fields and were showing stem canker diseases. Sampling was done from diseased stem and branches with clear symptoms. The morphological as well as PCR assay of the ITS1 and ITS2 loci were performed to identify the fungal pathogens. Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Didymella pinodella were the identified fungi. Four nationally licensed fungicides, Vitra (copper hydroxide), Ridomil gold (Metalaxyl-M + mancozeb), Liveshow (Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole), and Sabozeb (Mancozeb) were evaluated for their in vitro efficacy against these fungi at concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm for the management trial. Vitra and Liveshow were found to be the most effective fungicides at 2000 ppm for the control and treatment of Eucalyptus camaldulensis stem canker diseases. The findings from this research will provide foundation for future studies as this is the first report for the management of this Eucalyptus tree disease in Ethiopia.
