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Didymella corylicola. a-c Pycnidia in face view. d Substrate hyphae. e, f Torulose hyphae. g Amorphous red pigments in agar. h, i Pycnidia in side (h) and face (i) view. j, k Pycnidia in section. l-q Conidiogenous cells (phialides). r, s Conidia (s ejected and swollen, with amorphous red pigments in-between). All in water, except h, i in
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A new fungal species constantly associated with hazelnut (Corylus avellana) fructification starting from its primordia is described. The fungus is associated with hazelnut fruit during all their developmental stages, being consistently more present in spring (March–June). A 4-year survey has been conducted, from young fruit formation to full kernel...
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... Hazelnut is native to Europe and Asia Minor, where it is well distributed (Scarpari et al., 2020). Turkey is the pioneer hazelnut-producing country (about 60% of the world's total), followed by Italy, the USA, and Azerbaijan (FAO, 2023). ...
... Turkey is the pioneer hazelnut-producing country (about 60% of the world's total), followed by Italy, the USA, and Azerbaijan (FAO, 2023). Commercial hazelnut orchards have increased considerably in the last year due to the rising demand for direct consumption of fruit as well as often in combination with chocolate (Scarpari et al., 2020). As a food ingredient, about 90% of hazelnut's harvested yield is used in various food products such as chocolates, cereals, bakery products, ice cream, snacks, and confectionery, and only 10% is consumed as fresh snacks (Mexis and Kontominas, 2009b;Scarpari et al., 2020). ...
... Commercial hazelnut orchards have increased considerably in the last year due to the rising demand for direct consumption of fruit as well as often in combination with chocolate (Scarpari et al., 2020). As a food ingredient, about 90% of hazelnut's harvested yield is used in various food products such as chocolates, cereals, bakery products, ice cream, snacks, and confectionery, and only 10% is consumed as fresh snacks (Mexis and Kontominas, 2009b;Scarpari et al., 2020). Hazelnut is an abundant source of constituents with potential health-promoting effects, including unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals (Mexis and Kontominas, 2009b). ...
In this study, the effects of gamma irradiation (GMI) and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the yeast spot fungus Eremothecium coryli isolated from hazelnuts and the physicochemical features of irradiated hazelnut samples were evaluated. Results demonstrated that GMI doses ≥2 and EBI doses ≥4 effectively removed E. coryli from artificially contaminated hazelnuts and reduced the contamination by 5 log CFU/g. GMI and EBI at higher doses resulted in an increment in malondialdehyde content (MDA) and a change in the profile of fatty acids. Both treatments caused an enhancement in total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay but declined antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay at a dose of 6 kGy. L*, a*, and b* color indices were changed, and the surface color of the hazelnuts became darker. Total protein solubility (TSP) and protein profile of the samples were affected by GMI and EBI. Higher doses of GMI and EBI reduced the hardness of the hazelnuts and led to a more fragile texture. The overall acceptability of the samples was adversely affected by GMI, but it was not affected by EBI treatment. Hence, GMI (≥2 kGy) and EBI (≥4 kGy) have the potential to be applied as a fungal disinfection method; lower doses (≥2 kGy) of both treatments can sustain desirable physicochemical attributes and sensory characteristics of hazelnuts.
... Chen et al. [3] further clarified the generic delimitation in Didymellaceae using a morpho-molecular approach; Didymella was restricted to a monophyletic group and encompassed 37 species. Since then, 49 further species were added based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses [4,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], but D. acutilobae, D. erhaiensis, D. gongkaensis, D. hippuris, and D. myriophyllana were considered invalid species under the ICN Art. 40.8 or Art. ...
... Crous et al. [15,16] introduced D. cari and D. finnmarkica using ITS, LSU, ACT, and TUB2 or RPB2. From 2020 onwards, except for D. nakii, D. azollae, and D. brevipilosa using ITS, LSU, and TUB2 orRPB2, the further described 27 Didymella species were introduced using ITS, LSU, RPB2, and TUB2 [4,7,[9][10][11]13,17,[19][20][21][22][24][25][26]. Recent studies indicated that the use of LSU, ITS, TUB2, and RPB2 shows good phylogenetic resolution in revealing the phylogeny of Didymella and related genera within Didymellaceae. ...
... Recent studies also show that four didymella species, D. gardeniae, D. heteroderae, D. musae, and D. microchlamydospora, were found from human nail or cornea lesion [23], but there is no relevant data that support whether it has a direct relationship with the human disease. The genus Didymella is mainly recorded from China, Germany, India, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, and USA [3,4,7,12,21]; little published information is recorded in other regions [28]. Scant attention has been accorded to the roles of their ecosystem function, substrate specificities, and fungal pathogenicity. ...
Didymella contains numerous plant pathogenic and saprobic species associated with a wide range of hosts. Over the course of our mycological surveys of plant pathogens from terrestrial plants in Jiangxi Province, China, eight strains isolated from diseased leaves of four host genera represented three new species of Didymella, D. bischofiae sp. nov., D. clerodendri sp. nov., and D. pittospori sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2, and TUB2 sequence data, using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI), revealed their taxonomic placement within Didymella. Both morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses supported D. bischofiae, D. clerodendri, and D. pittospori as three new taxa within Didymella. Illustrations and descriptions of these three taxa were provided, along with comparisons with closely related taxa in the genus.
... В агроценозах сельскохозяйственных культур повсеместно в мире наблюдается тенденция выявления новых видов вредных организмов. Насаждения фундука не являются исключением [28,36,39,41]. Знание состава и особенностей комплекса вредителей и болезней агроценозов конкретной культуры является основой разработки эффективных систем управления её фитосанитарным состоянием, позволяет скорректировать сроки и виды проводимых защитных мероприятий [13]. ...
... Mycelial was slightly protuberant (Figure 4g). The morphology of SCBZSW6 in this study agreed with previous descriptions of Didymella corylicola [12]. From the colony culture characteristics, spore morphology, hyphae characteristics, color, and size of the test strains, the three test strains were N. sphaerica, C. boninense, and D. corylicola. ...
... Mango is widely cultivated in Tolima State, where the loss of mango production is as high as 60% [16]. According to Marzia Scarpari et al. [12], D. corylicola represents a fungal species associated with hazelnut fructification, which has extensive adaptability to temperatures and can even grow at 5 °C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease caused by D. corylicola on sorghum-sudangrass hybrids. ...
... Mango is widely cultivated in Tolima State, where the loss of mango production is as high as 60% [16]. According to Marzia Scarpari et al. [12], D. corylicola represents a fungal species associated with hazelnut fructification, which has extensive adaptability to temperatures and can even grow at 5 • C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease caused by D. corylicola on sorghum-sudangrass hybrids. ...
The sorghum–sudangrass hybrid is the main high-quality forage grass in Southwest China, but, in recent years, it has suffered from leaf spot disease, with a prevalence of 88% in Bazhong, Sichuan, China, seriously affecting yield and quality. The causal agents were obtained from symptomatic leaves by tissue isolation and verified by pathogenicity assays. A combination of morphological characterization and sequence analysis revealed that strains SCBZSL1, SCBZSX5, and SCBZSW6 were Nigrospora sphaerica, Colletotrichum boninense, and Didymella corylicola, respectively, and the latter two were the first instance to be reported on sorghum–sudangrass hybrids in the world. SCBZSX5 significantly affected the growth of the plants, which can reduce plant height by 25%. The biological characteristics of SCBZSX5 were found to be less sensitive to the change in light and pH, and its most suitable culture medium was Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), with the optimal temperature of 25 °C and lethal temperature of 35 °C. To clarify the interactions between the pathogen SCBZSX5 and plants, metabolomics analyses revealed that 211 differential metabolites were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism and flavonoid metabolism. C. boninense disrupted the osmotic balance of the plant by decreasing the content of acetyl proline and caffeic acid in the plant, resulting in disease occurrence, whereas the sorghum–sudangrass hybrids improved tolerance and antioxidant properties through the accumulation of tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, leucine, glycitein, naringenin, and apigetrin to resist the damage caused by C. boninense. This study revealed the mutualistic relationship between sorghum–sudangrass hybrids and C. boninense, which provided a reference for the control of the disease.
... The phylogenetic tree was constructed with four loci, ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2, to identify these isolates of Didymellaceae at the species level. The reference strains were selected on the basis of the high sequence similarity of BLAST searches of ITS in GenBank and the adjacent strains provided by recent studies of Didymellaceae [54][55][56][57][58][59]. We selected 310 isolates that had been sequenced and deposited in GenBank as reference strains, referring to 34 representative genera. ...
Members of Didymellaceae have a wide geographical distribution throughout different ecosystems, and most species are associated with fruit, leaf, stem and root diseases of land plants. However, species that occur in aquatic plants are not clearly known. During a survey of the diversity of endophytes in aquatic plants in Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces, we obtained 51 isolates belonging to Didymellaceae based on internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequences. Further, the phylogenetic positions of these isolates were determined by combined sequences composed of ITS, partial large subunit nrRNA gene (28S nrDNA; LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2). Combining morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, two new varieties belong to Boeremia and 12 new species distributed into seven genera were recognized from 51 isolates, i.e., Cumuliphoma, Didymella, Dimorphoma, Ectophoma, Leptosphaerulina, Remotididymella, and Stagonosporopsis. Among these species, only one species of Stagonosporopsis and two species of Leptosphaerulina show teleomorphic stages on OA, but have no anamorphic state. Each new species is described in detail, and the differences between new species and their phylogenetically related species are discussed here. The high frequency of new species indicates that aquatic plants may be a special ecological niche which highly promotes species differentiation. At the same time, the frequent occurrence of new species may indicate the need for extensive investigation of fungal resources in those aquatic environments where fungal diversity may be underestimated.
... Commercial hazelnut orchards have expanded significantly in the last years due to increasing demand for direct consumption of fruit as well as often in combination with chocolate production. Nearly 90% of the harvested yield is destined for processing companies, whereas fresh consumption represents the residual 10% (Scarpari et al., 2020). With 24,307 ha of cultivated area and 13,407 tons of hazelnut production, Iran ranks eighth among global hazelnut producers, but it does not play a major role in the global hazelnut trade (FAO 2020). ...
... However, the hazelnuts produced in these areas are of high quality (Amini-Noori et al., 2016;Salimi & Hoseinova, 2012). Hazelnut is an adaptable fruit tree compared to other nut species such as almonds, walnut, and pistachio (Scarpari et al., 2020). Still, it is affected by several fungal pathogens, which can reduce the quality of kernel and consequently reduce harvest quality and crop yield. ...
... Still, it is affected by several fungal pathogens, which can reduce the quality of kernel and consequently reduce harvest quality and crop yield. Eremothecium coryli is known as causative agent of hazelnut yeast spot (Scarpari et al., 2020), that the fungus is usually transmitted into hazelnut kernel by sap-sucking pentatomid (Hemiptera) insects. The presence of spore masses of the fungus in the internal wall, the spongy part of the husk, and the seed-coat indicated that the yeast always entered through insect punctures (Bobev et al., 2018;Minutolo et al., 2016;Scarpari et al., 2018). ...
Brown spot formation with necrosis and sloughing off pellicle and sunken surface lesions under visibly healthy shells is one of the quality problems of Iranian hazelnuts. The symptomatic kernels were investigated for isolation of the causative bioagents. The quality attributes of infected and non-infected hazelnuts were investigated. The results showed that the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the infected hazelnut samples were higher than non-infected samples. The infection enhanced the soluble protein content and affected the soluble protein profiles, either in the pattern or in the intensity of the protein bands. The color parameters decreased, which led to darker infected hazelnut samples. The infection also caused the alteration of the fatty acids composition of hazelnuts, which was a remarkable increment in the relative amounts of saturated fatty acids and a decrement in the unsaturated fatty acids. The optical microscopic and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrograph observation of the defective hazelnut kernel indicated the kernel parenchyma tissue had been damaged, and the microbial culture from many necrotic points revealed that this contamination due to the presence of yeast-like fungus, white to slightly creamy, round colonies with raised centers and peripheral mycelial fringes. The pathogenicity of a yeast-like fungus (isolate of NAS 201) was proved by fulfilling Koch's postulates, and the morphological and molecular identification (internal transcribed spacer region as DNA barcoding) indicated the presence of the fungal agent Eremothecium coryli. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of yeast spots in hazelnut in Iran.
... Commercial hazelnut orchards have expanded significantly in the last years due to increasing demand for direct consumption of fruit as well as often in combination with chocolate production. Nearly 90% of the harvested yield is destined for processing companies, whereas fresh consumption represents the residual 10% (Scarpari et al., 2020). With 24,307 ha of cultivated area and 13,407 tons of hazelnut production, Iran ranks eighth among global hazelnut producers, but it does not play a major role in the global hazelnut trade (FAO 2020). ...
... However, the hazelnuts produced in these areas are of high quality (Amini-Noori et al., 2016;Salimi & Hoseinova, 2012). Hazelnut is an adaptable fruit tree compared to other nut species such as almonds, walnut, and pistachio (Scarpari et al., 2020). Still, it is affected by several fungal pathogens, which can reduce the quality of kernel and consequently reduce harvest quality and crop yield. ...
... Still, it is affected by several fungal pathogens, which can reduce the quality of kernel and consequently reduce harvest quality and crop yield. Eremothecium coryli is known as causative agent of hazelnut yeast spot (Scarpari et al., 2020), that the fungus is usually transmitted into hazelnut kernel by sap-sucking pentatomid (Hemiptera) insects. The presence of spore masses of the fungus in the internal wall, the spongy part of the husk, and the seed-coat indicated that the yeast always entered through insect punctures (Bobev et al., 2018;Minutolo et al., 2016;Scarpari et al., 2018). ...
... In previous studies, Didymellaceae species were identified mainly according to their morphologies and plant-host relationships, which are limited in species determination [24,45]. In recent years, phylogenetic analysis based on multi-loci has been developed for taxon analysis in Phoma and phoma-like genera [45,46], and the multi-loci (ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tub2) provide a solid phylogenetic pillar for the determination of Didymellaceae taxa [22,[47][48][49][50]. Here, we utilized these multi-loci for phylogenetic analysis, revealing that these obtained isolates associated with LBSD symptoms of tea plants belong to two novel species, tentatively named D. theae and D. theifolia to refer to their host plants, with the suffix "-folia" used for a distinction from the former. ...
Amplicon sequencing is a powerful tool for analyzing the fungal composition inside plants, whereas its application for the identification of etiology for plant diseases remains undetermined. Here, we utilize this strategy to clarify the etiology responsible for tea leaf brown-black spot disease (LBSD), a noticeable disease infecting tea plants etiology that remains controversial. Based on the ITS-based amplicon sequencing analysis, Didymella species were identified as separate from Pestalotiopsis spp. and Cercospora sp., which are concluded as the etiological agents. This was further confirmed by the fungal isolation and their specific pathogenicity on diverse tea varieties. Based on the morphologies and phylogenetic analysis constructed with multi-loci (ITS, LSU, tub2, and rpb2), two novel Didymella species—tentatively named D. theae and D. theifolia as reference to their host plants—were proposed and characterized. Here, we present an integrated approach of ITS-based amplicon sequencing in combination with fungal isolation and fulfillment of Koch’s postulates for etiological identification of tea plant disease, revealing new etiology for LBSD. This contributes useful information for further etiological identification of plant disease based on amplicon sequencing, as well as understanding, prevention, and management of this economically important disease.
Hazelnuts, constituting a significant global crop, hold paramount importance in Türkiye, contributing to approximately 71.14% of the world's hazelnut cultivation area. In the summer of 2023, hazelnut trees in two orchards situated in the Altınordu district of Ordu province, within the Black Sea region of Türkiye, the largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts, exhibited symptoms of decline associated with root rot. Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic taproots, initiating an in-depth study to discern the causal agent behind the observed hazelnut decline. The species was identified as P. polonica by its distinctive morphological traits, including homothallic characteristics, amphigynous or paragynous antheridia, long nonbranching sporangiophores, and nonpapillate sporangia with internal proliferation. Multiple genetic markers (ITS, tub2, and COI) facilitated a clear differentiation of P. polonica from other Phytophthora species within Clade 9, supporting its classification within Subclade 9b. This investigation also evaluated the impact of diverse nutrient media (CA, V8A, and CMA), temperatures, and pH levels on the mycelial growth of P. polonica HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates. The optimal conditions for maximal mycelial growth were determined through the D-optimal design of the Response Surface Method, revealing the significant influence of all factors on mycelial growth. The identified optimal conditions were at 26.09 °C, pH 5.12, with CMA as the nutrient medium. Validation experiments conducted under these optimal conditions unveiled mycelial growth of 7.24±0.15 mm day-1 and 6.81±0.09 mm day-1 for P. polonica HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates, respectively, with an error of less than 5%. Pathogenicity assessments confirmed P. polonica's virulence on hazelnuts, with distinct lesion development observed in twig inoculation, cut stem segments, and foliar tests. While no statistically significant difference was noted in lesion areas between HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates in twig and stem segment assays, a statistical difference in leaf lesion areas (19.96±2.04 cm² and 9.16±3.43 cm²) emerged in foliar tests after only a 5-day incubation period, indicating their high susceptibility to the pathogen. This study is the first to report P. polonica as a hazelnut pathogen in Türkiye and around the world, highlighting the previously non-existent threat of Phytophthora root rot in hazelnuts, given the substantial lack of scientifically documented cases related to hazelnut root rot diseases. The quadratic model design employed in physiological analyses is reliable for optimizing mycelial growth and can serve as a guiding framework for similar investigations.
