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Dichomera spp. falling into the Fusicoccum clade of Botryosphaeria. (a) Dichomera versiformis isolated in the present study (b) Dichomera versiformis holotype (c) D. eucalypti isolated in the present study and (d) D. eucalypti holotype. Bar=10 mm.
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Species within the genus Botryosphaeria include some of the most widespread and important pathogens of woody plants, and have been the focus of numerous taxonomic studies in recent years. It is currently accepted that anamorphs of Botryosphaeria belong to two distinct genera, Fusicoccum and Diplodia. Species within the genus Fusicoccum commonly pro...
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... pycnidia contained aseptate, hyaline conidia typical of Fusicoccum (Figs 6-7). Cultures produced from single conidia of this isolate formed muriform, brown conidia (Figs 8-9). These conidia were morphologically similar to D. versiformis ( Fig. 9) described from foliage of E. nitens in Tasmania (Yuan et al. 2000) and this was confirmed in a comparision with the type specimen (VPRI 22038a) of D. versiformis ( Fig. 9) (Table 3). ...
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... pycnidia within lesions typically associated with eulophid wasps (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) (Fig. 5). These pycnidia contained aseptate, hyaline conidia typical of Fusicoccum (Figs 6-7). Cultures produced from single conidia of this isolate formed muriform, brown conidia (Figs 8-9). These conidia were morphologically similar to D. versiformis ( Fig. 9) described from foliage of E. nitens in Tasmania (Yuan et al. 2000) and this was confirmed in a comparision with the type specimen (VPRI 22038a) of D. versiformis ( Fig. 9) (Table 3). Conidia were also morphologically distinct from other species examined in this study. Thus, numerous ellip- soid and broadly fusiform conidia, ...
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... (Figs 6-7). Cultures produced from single conidia of this isolate formed muriform, brown conidia (Figs 8-9). These conidia were morphologically similar to D. versiformis ( Fig. 9) described from foliage of E. nitens in Tasmania (Yuan et al. 2000) and this was confirmed in a comparision with the type specimen (VPRI 22038a) of D. versiformis ( Fig. 9) (Table 3). Conidia were also morphologically distinct from other species examined in this study. Thus, numerous ellip- soid and broadly fusiform conidia, considerably longer than those observed for D. eucalypti and the Dichomera form of B. ribis were produced in culture (Figs 2, 9) ( Table 2). Obovoid and obpyriform conidia were ...
Citations
... Hence, it is essential to recollect these species and subject them to polyphasic analyses. Barber et al. (2005) observed dichomera-like conidia in the cultures of several species of Botryosphaeria and this was confirmed in Wijayawardene et al. (2016) who introduced Botryosphaeria quercus, which has dichomera-like conidia. Dissanayake et al. (2016) accepted ten Botryosphaeria species, but this was based on an investigation of only a fraction of the potential diversity of the genus. ...
... Moreover, it is essential to re-visit Dichomera species and confirm their links with Botryosphaeria s. str. since several studies showed that Dichomera Cook taxa congeneric with Botryosphaeria ( Barber et al. 2005;Wijayawardene et al. 2016). ...
... Hence, it is essential to recollect these species and subject them to polyphasic analyses. Barber et al. (2005) observed dichomera-like conidia in the cultures of several species of Botryosphaeria and this was confirmed in Wijayawardene et al. (2016) who introduced Botryosphaeria quercus, which has dichomera-like conidia. Dissanayake et al. (2016) accepted ten Botryosphaeria species, but this was based on an investigation of only a fraction of the potential diversity of the genus. ...
... Moreover, it is essential to re-visit Dichomera species and confirm their links with Botryosphaeria s. str. since several studies showed that Dichomera Cook taxa congeneric with Botryosphaeria ( Barber et al. 2005;Wijayawardene et al. 2016). ...
Asexually reproducing fungi play a significant role in essential processes in managed and wild ecosystems such as nutrients cycling and multitrophic interactions. A large number of such taxa are among the most notorious plant and animal pathogens. In addition, they have a key role in food production, biotechnology and medicine. Taxa without or rare sexual reproduction are distinguished based on their sporulating structures and conidiomata in traditional morphology-based taxonomy. The number, variation and diversity of asexually reproducing taxa are insufficiently known, even though fungi capable of asexual reproduction may provide an untapped, rich biological resource for future exploitation. Currently, ca. 30,000 asexual species belonging to ca. 3800 genera have been reported (including 1388 coelomycetous and 2265 hyphomycetous genera). Recent reports (2017–2020) reiterate that the number of asexually producing fungi is higher than the number of frequently sexually-reproducing fungi. With the advent of molecular tools and the abandonment of the dual nomenclature system for pleomorphic fungi, priority criteria were established and revisited in the latest outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa. However, species numbers and taxonomic boundaries of pleomorphic taxa and their synanamorphs or synasexual morphs have yet to be addressed. The number of species of speciose genera (e.g. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phoma and Pseudocercospora), cryptic species, species of pleomorphic genera, less studied life modes (such as lichenicolous taxa, taxa from extreme environments) and species from biodiversity-rich areas still need evaluation to achieve more reliable estimates of their diversity. This paper discusses the current knowledge on the matter, with diversity estimates, and potential obstacles in several chapters on (1) speciose genera; (2) pleomorphic genera; (3) cryptic species; (4) well-studied but insufficiently resolved taxa, e.g. leaf inhabiting species, marine fungi, (5) less studied life modes, e.g. lichenicolous, rock-inhabiting fungi, insect-associated and yeast-forming taxa and (6) species from biodiversity-rich areas.
... As a result of fungal isolations from galls, B. dothidea was found to be systematically associated with the gall midges in all samples collected from C. vulgare and M. graeca subspp., confirming previous findings on other Lamiaceae and many different plant species [4,5,14,33]. Although no pycnidia were observed directly on galls, botryosphaeriaceous isolates regularly formed pycnidia on WA under UV light within one week, producing hyaline aseptate fusoid conidia corresponding in shape and size to the description of Fusicoccum aesculi, the anamorphic stage of B. dothidea [34]. Species identification was confirmed through a GenBank blast of the rDNA-ITS sequences obtained for isolates from M. graeca subsp. ...
... The evidence that B. dothidea and Alternaria commonly co-occur in galls leads to a recommendation for researchers involved in investigations on galls formed by Asphondyliinae on whatever plant species to be cautious in their assessments. In fact, B. dothidea is known to have a Dichomera synanamorph producing muriform conidia in pycnidia [34], and a preconceived observer could eventually be misled by the finding of this kind of phaeodictyospores in offhand glass slides. ...
An integrative study on some species of Asphondylia was carried out. Two species of gall midges from Italy, Asphondylia rivelloi sp. nov. and Asphondylia micromeriae sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), causing flower galls respectively on Clinopodium vulgare and Micromeria graeca (Lamiaceae), are described and illustrated. The characteristics of each developmental stage and induced galls are described, which allowed the discrimination of these new species in the complex of Asphondylia developing on Lamiaceae plants. Molecular data based on sequencing both nuclear (ITS2 and 28S-D2) and mitochondrial (COI) genes are also provided in support of this discrimination. Phylogeny based on nuclear markers is consistent with the new species, whereas COI phylogeny suggests introgression occurring between the two species. However, these species can also be easily identified using a morphological approach. Phenology of host plants and gall midges are described, and some peculiar characteristics allow the complete and confident discrimination and revision of the treated species. Gall-associated fungi were identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea, Alternaria spp., and Cladosporium spp.
... These links have also been established based on hyphal connections (e.g., Hughes [32] for Metacapnodium monillform with Capnobotrys Capnophialophora and Capnosporium synanamorphs) or by using culture-based methods. For example, dichomera-like asexual morphs in cultures of Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum (as Fusicoccum) were reported by Barber et al. [33]. In a second example, Cibiessia was introduced by Crous et al. [34] with a Readeriella synasexual morph in vivo. ...
Culture techniques are vital in both traditional and modern fungal taxonomy. Establishing sexual–asexual links and synanamorphs, extracting DNA and secondary metabolites are mainly based on cultures. However, it is widely accepted that a large number of species are not sporulating in nature while others cannot be cultured. Recent ecological studies based on culture-independent methods revealed these unculturable taxa, i.e., dark taxa. Recent fungal diversity estimation studies suggested that environmental sequencing plays a vital role in discovering missing species. However, Sanger sequencing is still the main approach in determining DNA sequences in culturable species. In this paper, we summarize culture-based and culture-independent methods in the study of ascomycetous taxa. High-throughput sequencing of leaf endophytes, leaf litter fungi and fungi in aquatic environments is important to determine dark taxa. Nevertheless, currently, naming dark taxa is not recognized by the ICN, thus provisional naming of them is essential as suggested by several studies.
... Class TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE Friedl, 1995. Order TREBOUXIALES Friedl, 1995 (Barber et al., 2005) is comparable to our specimens. ...
Vertebrate faunas of the Mesopotamian region in Argentina provided palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental information from the Pleistocene. Samples collected into a carapace of the turtle Chelonoidis lutzae and associated sediments obtained from the Toropí/Yupoí Formation (Arroyo Toropí, Bella Vista) palynologically studied for the first time. The palynomorph association includes angiosperms (Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, Poaceae, Sapotaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae), Bryophyta, Pteridophyte (Microgramma squamulosa), chlorophytes (Pediastrum tetras, Botryococcus) and fungal spores (Dichomera, Phaeoseptoria sp., Phragmotrichum sp., Agaricus sp.). Palaeoecologic requirements of these botanical groups indicate the predominance of herbaceous palaeocommunities associated with arboreal or shrubby elements and fresh waters bodies. They characterized dynamic scenarios typical of ecotonal zones under arid/semi-arid and humid warm seasonal climates during the Late Pleistocene (Last Maximum Glacial) in the Mesopotamian region.
... The tree was rooted to M. phaseolina but this report on E. globulus represents a new host association for the country. It has also been associated with canker of E. globulus in Spain (Armengol et al., 2008). This species was the most abundant in current study, but interestingly it was restricted to a single region (Fig 2). ...
... For the remaining Neofusicoccum species this study further confirms their pathogenic potential towards Eucalyptus already revealed previously (e.g. Gezahgne et al., 2004;Burgess et al., 2005;Pavlic et al., 2007;Armengol et al., 2008;Mohali et al., 2009;Chen et al., 2011;Iturritxa et al., 2011). Neofusicoccum algeriense, which is here reported for the first time on eucalypts, has been associated with wedge-shaped cankers on grapevines (Berraf-Tebbal et al., 2014). ...
Eucalyptus globulus, a non-native species, is currently the most abundant forest species in Portugal. This economically important forest tree is exploited mainly for the production of pulp for the paper industry. The community of Botryosphaeriaceae species occurring on diseased and healthy E. globulus trees was studied on plantations throughout the country. Nine species from three different genera were identified, namely Botryosphaeria (B. dothidea), Diplodia (D. corticola and D. seriata) and Neofusicoccum (N. australe, N. algeriense, N. eucalyptorum, N. kwambonambiense, N. parvum and Neofusicoccum sp.). Of these, N. algeriense, D. corticola and D. seriata are reported for the first time on E. globulus, while N. algeriense, N. eucalyptorum and N. kwambonambiense correspond to first reports in Portugal. The genus Neofusicoccum was clearly dominant with N. australe and N. eucalyptorum being the most abundant species on both diseased and healthy trees. In artificial inoculation trials representative isolates from all nine species were shown to be pathogenic to E. globulus but there were marked differences in aggressiveness between them. Thus, D. corticola and N. kwambonambiense were the most aggressive while B. dothidea and D. seriata were the least aggressive of the species studied.
... This also increases the virulence of the fungus on cork oak (Luque and Girral, 1989; Luque et al., 2000). Botryosphaeria corticola is part of the plant pathogenic mycoflora in many agricultural and forest trees (Quercus, Pinus, Eucalyptus), and has an important economic significance by causing dieback, cankers and shoot blight (Alves et al., 2004, 2005; De Wet et al., 2008; Barber et al., 2005). Its anamorph is Diplodia corticola (Luque et al., 2008). ...
Platypus cylindrus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Platypodidae) is an important insect pest of the cork
oak. These beetles maintain symbiotic relationships with many fungi that serve especially as food for
the adults and larvae but also intervene in the mechanisms of establishment of the insect by further
weakening the host-tree. 270 samples were taken by 3 sources: Galleries (30), mycangia and intestinal
contents of male and female insects and intestinal contents of mature larvae (60 each). The results
show the presence of 42 species of ambrosia fungi among which 17 are new to this association. The
mycetophagy of these beetles is very rich and consisted essentially of Ophiostomatales. Other groups
of fungi playing different roles were also isolated: entomopathogenic, antagonistic, saprophytic but
especially pathogenic for the tree host. This group consists of many species and their dissemination by
the insect and the inoculation in trees may have fatal consequences by accelerating the cycle of
declining affected trees. In the present paper, we discuss the fungal species associated to the beetle,
identified on the basis of phenotypic characters and ribosomal DNA sequences analysis, and their
relationship with P. cylindrus.
... The genus Dothiorella, which differs from Diplodia by having conidia that are brown and 1-septate early in their development, while they are still attached to the conidiogenous cells, was also re-introduced as a distinct botryosphaeriaceous anamorph ). Another genus, Dichomera, was also found to be linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae because it had Fusicoccum anamorphs ( Barber et al., 2005). ...
... ee constructed from combined ITS + EF1-α sequence data. The strains of N. vitifusiforme isolated from olives clustered with isolates of N. vitifusiforme from South African grapevines and isolates of Dichomera eucalypti from Australia. Only 2 bp in ITS separated the isolates in this clade, while EF1-α sequences for all these isolates were identical. Barber et al. (2005) showed that several 'Botryosphaeria' species from Eucalyptus form a Dichomera synanamorph in culture, but they did not associate it with any Neofusicoccum species. When Crous et al. (2006) introduced Neofusicoccum they stated that the formation of a Dichomera synanamorph is the main feature that differentiates it from Fusicoccum . Since ...
... When Crous et al. (2006) introduced Neofusicoccum they stated that the formation of a Dichomera synanamorph is the main feature that differentiates it from Fusicoccum . Since the isolates studied by Barber et al. (2005) clustered with ex-type cultures of N. vitifusiforme in this study, it is clear that D. eucalypti is the synanamorph of N. vitifusiforme. If this is accepted, the host range of N. vitifusiforme can be broadened to include Eucalyptus and Olea. ...
Species of Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum are well known as pathogens of woody hosts. In this study the species that occur on rotting olive drupes in the main production areas of southern Italy were studied. Species were identified from the morphology of their conidial states in culture and from sequence data of the ITS rDNA operon and partial sequence of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene. Botryosphaeria and Neofusicoccum species were isolated from more than 60% of the affected drupes, suggesting that they are the main contributors to this disease. The most common species was B. dothidea, which was isolated from 34% of the drupes. However, N. australe and N. vitifusiforme were also common and were isolated from 16 and 12%, respectively. Two other species (N. parvum and N. mediterraneum) were uncommon and occurred on less than 1% of the drupes. All five species were pathogenic on the two cultivars of olive tested. The most aggressive species was N. vitifusiforme, followed by N. australe and B. dothidea. The two olive cultivars differed in their susceptibility to the pathogens. The results show that B. dothidea, N. vitifusiforme and N. australe are important pathogens of olives.
... Only a few leaves were affected per tree, and often only a few trees per plantation. The Dichomera synanamorph of Botryosphaeria spp., described by Barber et al. (2005), was observed on several collections. Morphological characteristics were similar to those described previously (Slippers et al. 2004b). ...
... longicorn beetles) or vertebrates (cattle), and with trees under drought stress (isolated from cankers, dead tops, dead trees or the root-bole). The Dichomera synanamorph of Botryosphaeria spp., described by Barber et al. (2005), was observed on stems and twigs of several collections. Symptoms and fungal morphology were the same as have been previously reported (Slippers et al. 2004b). ...
Forests New SouthWales manages over 26 000 ha of young eucalypt (Eucalyptus and Corymbia) plantations, established since 1994. Forest health surveillance of these plantations was initiated in late 1995 to help
protect this valuable and expanding resource. Fungi recorded during surveys from 1996 to 2005 are reported here. Over 50 species
of fungi were identified, the majority being leaf spot fungi. The most commonly recorded were Quambalaria pitereka from leaves and shoots, Aulographina eucalypti, Kirramyces (=Phaeophleospora) epicoccoides and Mycosphaerella cryptica, all foliar fungi, and Botryosphaeria eucalypticola from both leaves and stems. Several species of fungi were recorded from many hosts, including A. eucalypti (18 hosts), M. cryptica (20 hosts), K. epicoccoides (14 hosts) and Botryosphaeria spp. (11 hosts). Others were restricted in their host range, such as Q. pitereka, Stigmina eucalypti, Kirramyces corymbiae prov. nom. and Lembosina corymbiae prov. nom., which were only found on species of Corymbia during these surveys. The published host range for several foliar fungi has been expanded from observations from these surveys,
including for A. eucalypti, K. epicoccoides, M. cryptica, Mycosphaerella marksii, Mycosphaerella suberosa, Kirramyces eucalypti, Phaeothyriolum
microthyrioides and S. eucalypti. Six new species of foliar fungi were identified during these surveys: Mycosphaerella tumulosa prov. nom., Mycosphaerella associata prov. nom., Mycosphaerella exentricum prov. nom., K. corymbiae, L. corymbiae and Lembosina eucalypticola prov. nom. Some foliar fungi were observed for the first time from New South Wales during these surveys, including M. marksii, M. suberosa, M. parva, Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti and Trimmatostroma excentricum. Tubercularia lateritia and Caliciopsis sp. spleomorpha, both stem fungi, are reported from eucalypts in New South Wales for the first time.
