Fig 5 - uploaded by Alan John Lander Phillips
Content may be subject to copyright.
Diaporthe neotheicola . a , perithecium and stroma at the base of F . vulgare stem in vivo (CBS-H 20131). b , perithecia on F . vulgare stem in culture ( Di-C004/1 × Di-C004/4 ). c , ascogenesis ( Di-C004/4 × Di-C004/5 ). d , ascus with 8 ascospores ( Di-C004/1 × Di-C004/4 ). e , ascus with 7 ascospores ( Di-C004/4 × Di-C004/5 ). f ( Di-C004/5 ) and g ( Di-C004/9 ), pycnidia on F . vulgare stems in culture. h and i , conidiophores ( Di-C004/5 ). j , α and β conidia ( Di- C004/5 ). k , 5 days old culture ( Di-C004/4 ). Bars: a, b, f, g = 1 mm; c, d, e, h, i, j = 5 μm; k = 1 cm. Ex-type cultures are in bold.
Source publication
L. (2009). Resolving the complex of Diaporthe (Phomopsis) species occurring on Foeniculum vulgare in Portugal. Fungal Diversity 34: 111-125. Diaporthe species and their Phomopsis anamorphs are endophytes and pathogens on a wide range of plant hosts, and are responsible for several diseases, some of which are of economic importance. Species in this...
Citations
... Species identification criteria in Diaporthe has mainly relied on host association, morphology and culture characteristics (Mostert et al. 2001;Santos and Phillips 2009;Udayanga et al. 2011), which resulted in the description of over 200 species. Some species of Diaporthe were reported to colonise a single host plant, while other species were found to be associated with different host plants (Santos and Phillips 2009;Diogo et al. 2010;Santos et al. 2011;Gomes et al. 2013). ...
... Species identification criteria in Diaporthe has mainly relied on host association, morphology and culture characteristics (Mostert et al. 2001;Santos and Phillips 2009;Udayanga et al. 2011), which resulted in the description of over 200 species. Some species of Diaporthe were reported to colonise a single host plant, while other species were found to be associated with different host plants (Santos and Phillips 2009;Diogo et al. 2010;Santos et al. 2011;Gomes et al. 2013). In addition, considerable variability of the phenotypic characters was found to be present within a species (Rehner and Uecker 1994;Mostert et al. 2001;Udayanga et al. 2011). ...
Tea-oil tree ( Camellia oleifera Abel.) is an important edible oil woody plant with a planting area over 3,800,000 hectares in southern China. Species of Diaporthe inhabit a wide range of plant hosts as plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes. Here, we conducted an extensive field survey in Hainan Province to identify and characterise Diaporthe species associated with tea-oil leaf spots. As a result, eight isolates of Diaporthe were obtained from symptomatic C. oleifera leaves. These isolates were studied, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of partial ITS, cal , his3 , tef1 and tub2 gene regions. Two new Diaporthe species ( D. hainanensis and D. pseudofoliicola ) were proposed and described herein.
... Phomopsis) was established by Nitschke (1870) with D. eres as the type species. Species in this genus have a cosmopolitan distribution and broad host range, occurring as endophytes, saprobes and plant pathogens (Santos & Phillips 2009, Santos et al. 2011, Udayanga et al. 2011, Gomes et al. 2013, Dissanayake et al. 2017, Yang et al. 2018. The identification of Diaporthe has traditionally relied mainly on host associations and morphological characteristics such as shape and size of ascomata, asci, ascospores, conidiomata, conidia and conidiophores (Wehmeyer 1933, Uecker 1988, Rehner & Uecker 1994, Mostert et al. 2001a, Udayanga et al. 2011. ...
Species in Diaporthe have broad host ranges and cosmopolitan geographic distributions, occurring as endophytes, saprobes and plant pathogens. Previous studies have indicated that many Diaporthe species are associated with Citrus . To further determine the diversity of Diaporthe species associated with citrus diseases in China, we conducted extensive surveys in major citrus-producing areas from 2017–2020. Diseased tissues were collected from leaves, fruits, twigs, branches and trunks showing a range of symptoms including melanose, dieback, gummosis, wood decay and canker. Based on phylogenetic comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), calmodulin ( cal ), histone H3 ( his3 ), translation elongation factor 1-alpha ( tef1 ) and beta-tubulin ( tub2 ), 393 isolates from 10 provinces were identified as belonging to 36 species of Diaporthe , including 32 known species, namely D. apiculata , D. biconispora , D. biguttulata , D. caryae , D. citri , D. citriasiana , D. compacta , D. discoidispora , D. endophytica , D. eres , D. fusicola , D. fulvicolor , D. guangxiensis , D. hongkongensis , D. hubeiensis , D. limonicola , D. litchii , D. novem , D. passifloricola , D. penetriteum , D. pescicola , D. pometiae , D. sackstonii , D. sennicola , D. sojae , D. spinosa , D. subclavata , D. tectonae , D. tibetensis , D. unshiuensis , D. velutina and D. xishuangbanica , and four new species, namely D. gammata , D. jishouensis , D. ruiliensis and D. sexualispora . Among the 32 known species, 14 are reported for the first time on Citrus, and two are newly reported from China. Among the 36 species, D. citri was the dominant species as exemplified by its high frequency of isolation and virulence. Pathogenicity tests indicated that most Diaporthe species obtained in this study were weakly aggressive or non-pathogenic to the tested citrus varieties. Only D. citri produced the longest lesion lengths on citrus shoots and induced melanose on citrus leaves. These results further demonstrated that a rich diversity of Diaporthe species occupy Citrus , but only a few species are harmful and D. citri is the main pathogen for Citrus in China. The present study provides a basis from which targeted monitoring, prevention and control measures can be developed.
... Moreover, plasticity of morphological characters in these genera makes identification to species difficult (43). Accordingly, Phomopsis and Diaporthe species are currently identified primarily by molecular phylogenies (12,46,47,53,61). ...
... Species identification in Phomopsis/Diaporthe had historically been based on morphological and cultural characteristics, as well as on host affiliation (30,35,43,47,54,55). These species recognition criteria have long been used on grapevines to identify P. viticola, which for many years was the sole Phomopsis species reported to occur in this host. ...
... However, it is currently wellaccepted that the vast majority of the Phomopsis/Diaporthe spp. can only be properly identified to species by using DNA sequence analyses (8,12,46,47,53,54). Nevertheless, solely using ITS analysis was not sufficient to separate all Phomopsis/Diaporthe isolates from California (single ITS phylogenetic tree not shown). ...
... The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) can be used for discrimination of Diaporthe spp. [17][18][19]. The primers Phom.I and Phom.II were designed on the ITS sequences of D. phaseolorum and D. longicolla for the detection of many Diaporthe spp. ...
Soybean (Glycine max) acreage is increasing dramatically, together with the use of soybean as a source of vegetable protein and oil. However, soybean production is affected by several diseases, especially diseases caused by fungal seed-borne pathogens. As infected seeds often appear symptomless, diagnosis by applying accurate detection techniques is essential to prevent propagation of pathogens. Seed incubation on culture media is the traditional method to detect such pathogens. This method is simple, but fungi have to develop axenically and expert mycologists are required for species identification. Even experts may not be able to provide reliable type level identification because of close similarities between species. Other pathogens are soil-borne. Here, traditional methods for detection and identification pose even greater problems. Recently, molecular methods, based on analyzing DNA, have been developed for sensitive and specific identification. Here, we provide an overview of available molecular assays to identify species of the genera Diaporthe, Sclerotinia, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Cercospora, Septoria, Macrophomina, Phialophora, Rhizoctonia, Phakopsora, Phytophthora, and Pythium, causing soybean diseases. We also describe the basic steps in establishing PCR-based detection methods, and we discuss potentials and challenges in using such assays.
... This is because many of the species have a wide host range and there are few characteristics that can differentiate them (Uecker 1988), whereas some species are thought to be host-specific. Therefore, caution is needed when confirming species of the genus in an individual host (Santos and Phillips 2009). ...
Seed health testing, using the blotter method, revealed some fungal growth on the seed surface of one accession of Indian trumpet flower/Broken bones tree (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz) collected from Kokrajhar, Assam, India. The fungus was identified as Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. based on morphological characters. Later, the identity was re-confirmed by DNA sequencing using ITS gene sequencing (NCBI Sequence Id: MT154253.1) and a large subunit of rRNA (NCBI Sequence Id: OL798081.1). Literature reveals that D. phaseolorum is a destructive pathogen causing severe yield losses in various host crops. However, detection of D. phaseolorum in Indian trumpet flower seed followed by pathogenicity on its seedlings confirms that O. indicum is a new host record. Being a destructive pathogen of several other crops, such as seed decay and stem canker in soybean, it may pose a serious threat to future cultivation of this herbal plant.
... Why is necessary the precise identification of the pathogen? For the elimination of the confusions with other pathogens and for the setting of the proper control measures[5][24][11][12] ...
Phomopsis mali Roberts (Phomopsis fruit tree canker) is a fungus that infects the fruit tree trunks, branches and sprigs. There were described more than 60 species of Phomopsis. Every of the species is identified in general after the size of the conidia and after the host from which was isolated, the precise identification being sometimes difficult. Phomopsis is a fungus that can produce serious damages in production because it affects the fruitful sprigs. On the other hand, in case of massive attacks it can lead to the fruit trees decline. In the young orchards cultivated in ecologic super-intensive system, the young trees can die in the case of severe infections. The purpose of this research was to identify the Phomopsis fungus in an ecologic super-intensive apple orchard from Arad County (western Romania), in the first two years after the plantation. The biological material used was consisting in six samples sets (sprigs, stems, branches and roots) collected from four apple varieties (Primiera/M9, Crimson Crisp/M9, Golden Orange/M9 and GoldRush/M9). The identification of the disease and of the pathogen was done using visual and laboratory methods. In laboratory was identified the fungus with the humid chamber method and by placement of diseased tissue samples on culture medium followed by incubation at 23-24 o C for seven days. The branches, sprigs and stems were analysed at stereomicroscope too. Under the cracked bark were identified numerous pycnidia of black colour and pear shaped, specific to the Phomopsis mali fungus. There were noticed young and old fructifications, the old ones were from the previous year or even from the precedent years. The obtained results after the visual analysis of the trees in the orchard and after the laboratory analyses highlighted the presence of the fungus Phomopsis mali. There were highlighted at the microscope the alpha and beta conidia, typical for this fungus. In the orchard all the trees were presenting symptoms specific to the Phomopsis fruit tree canker. The trees covered with numerous canker lesions were died. At the assessment time the dead trees rate on varieties was the following: Primiera-16.5%, Crimson Crisp-1.7%, Golden Orange-16.1%, and Gold Rush-17.2%. From all the analysed apple varieties only Crimson Crisp had reacted well to the attack of the Phomopsis mali fungus.
... Meanwhile, phylogenetic relationships among the 15 analyzed species are consistent with our data obtained at the whole-genome level, assuming that evolution of the Diaporthe genus is host-independent. In fact, as previously reported, the different Diaporthe species can occupy a single host and the same species of this genus can be found in different hosts (Rehner et al. 1994;Crous 2005;Niekerk et al. 2005;Diogo et al. 2010;Udayanga et al. 2014b;Santos et al. 2009;Gomes et al. 2013;Mostert et al. 2001). Furthermore, the Diaporthe species analyzed here share the same core protein-coding genes including more than 60% of predicted virulence factors, implying that adaptation to different hosts is likely determined by variation in the primary structure of common (core) genes rather than by differences in speciesspecific genes. ...
Diaporthe caulivora is an economically important fungal pathogen and a causal agent of soybean stem canker and seed decay. Here, the genome of a Russian Far Eastern isolate of D. caulivora was sequenced, assembled, and announced. Assembly quality was enough for advanced annotation, including prediction of potential disease-related genes encoding virulence factors and molecular determinants contributing to pathogen-host selection, interactions, and adaptation. Comparative analysis of 15 Diaporthe species was conducted regarding general genome properties, collinearity, and proteomes, and included detailed investigation of interspersed repeats. A notable feature of this analysis is a high recombinant variability of Diaporthe genomes, determined by the number and distribution of interspersed repeats, which also proved to be responsible for the diversity of GC content and genome size. This variability is assumed the main determinant of the divergence of Diaporthe genomes. A Bayesian multi-gene phylogeny was inferred for the 15 Diaporthe species on the basis of twenty thousand polymorphic sites of > 100 orthologous genes using independently adjusted evolutionary models. This allowed for the most accurate determination of evolutionary relationships and species boundaries for effective reporting about these plant pathogens. The evidence, obtained by different genome analysis techniques, implies the host-independent evolution of Diaporthe species.
Key points
• The genome of a Far Eastern isolate of D. caulivora was announced.
• A high degree of recombinant variability determines genomic divergence in Diaporthe genus.
• The multi-gene phylogeny implies host-independent evolution of Diaporthe species.
... Diaporthe is a genus in the family Diaporthaceae (Diaporthales), with the asexual morph previously known as Phomopsis. However, with the initiative of "one fungus, one name" nomenclature, Diaporthe and Phomopsis are no longer used for different morphs of the same genus (Santos and Phillips 2009). Diaporthe (Nitschke 1870) has priority over Phomopsis (Saccardo and Roumeguère 1884) and is adopted as the current generic name (Gomes et al. 2013;Udayanga et al. 2012). ...
... Meanwhile, some studies have also shown that this characteristic is not a good criterion to differentiate Diaporthe spp. Species of Diaporthe often occur on taxonomically unrelated host plants and one species could infect more than one host species Diogo et al. 2010;Gomes et al. 2013;Guo et al. 2020;Santos and Phillips 2009;van Niekerk et al. 2005). Molecular data indicate that Diaporthe spp. ...
Diaporthe species are often reported as plant pathogens, endophytes, and saprobes. In this study, three new species: Diaporthe foliicola, D. monospora, and D. nanjingensis on Acer palmatum were described and illustrated based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic relationships of the new species were determined by multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), beta-tubulin (TUB), histone H3 (HIS) and calmodulin (CAL) genes. Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) with a pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test was used to verify the conclusions of the phylogenetic analyses. All species were illustrated and their morphology and phylogenetic relationships with other related Diaporthe species are discussed. In addition, the tests of Koch’s postulates showed that the three new species were pathogens causing leaf blight on A. palmatum.
... Diaporthe Nitschkes (syn. Phomopsis) is a large genus in the Diaporthaceae with plant pathogens, endophytes or saprobes (Muralli et al. 2006;Rossman et al. 2007;Santos and Phillips 2009;Santos et al. 2011;Udayanga et al. 2011Udayanga et al. , 2014aUdayanga et al. , b, 2015Fan et al. 2015Fan et al. , 2018Du et al. 2016;Dissanayake et al. 2017;Crous 2017, 2018;Yang et al. 2018Yang et al. , 2020Yang et al. , 2021aGuo et al. 2020;Sun et al. 2021). Currently, more than 1100 epithets for Diaporthe and 950 for Phomopsis are listed in Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/; ...
Species of Diaporthe inhabit a wide range of plant hosts as plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes. During trips to collect forest pathogens in Beijing, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and Zhejiang Provinces in China, 16 isolates of Diaporthe were obtained from branch cankers and leaf spots. These isolates were studied by applying a polyphasic approach including morphological, cultural data, and phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), calmodulin ( cal ), histone H3 ( his3 ), partial translation elongation factor-1α ( tef-1α ) and β-tubulin ( tub2 ) loci. Results revealed four new taxa, D. celticola , D. meliae , D. quercicola , D. rhodomyrti spp. nov. and two known species, D. eres and D. multiguttulata .
... The genus of Diaporthe was established by Nitschke [65]. Phomopsis is the anamorphic (asexual stage) name of Diaporthe [38,63,[66][67][68][69][70]. The genus Diaporthe shows high species diversity; more than 1200 species named "Diaporthe" and about 1050 species named "Phomopsis" have been recorded in MycoBank lists (http://www.mycobank.org; ...
... Since the widespread use of DNA sequences [35], genus Diaporthe species identification has progressed beyond host association and morphological characterization [73,81]. The Diaporthe genus is commonly represented by using traditional molecular barcoding for fungal species identification based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) [70,[97][98][99]. As a result, some Diaporthe species have been reported to be perplexing, with contradictory findings when only the ITS sequence is used to produce a phylogenetic tree [35,67,[99][100][101][102]. ...
Citrus melanose is a fungal disease caused by Diaporthe citri F.A. Wolf. It is found in various citrus-growing locations across the world. The host range of D. citri is limited to plants of the Citrus genus. The most economically important hosts are Citrus reticulata (mandarin), C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. grandis or C. maxima (pumelo), and C. paradisi (grapefruit). In the life cycle of D. citri throughout the citrus growing season, pycnidia can be seen in abundance on dead branches, especially after rain, with conidia appearing as slimy masses discharged from the dead twigs. Raindrops can transmit conidia to leaves, twigs, and fruits, resulting in disease dispersion throughout small distances. Persistent rains and warm climatic conditions generally favor disease onset and development. The melanose disease causes a decline in fruit quality, which lowers the value of fruits during marketing and exportation. High rainfall areas should avoid planting susceptible varieties. In this article, information about the disease symptoms, history, geographic distribution, epidemiology, impact, and integrated management practices, as well as the pathogen morphology and identification, was reviewed and discussed.
