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Diaporthe longicolla. a: young colony of pathogen isolated from soybean stem, b: six days old colony, c: pycnidial conidiomata on stroma, d: alpha conidia, e: beta conidia
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Seed decay is one of the most important diseases of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) that has a negative impact on the market grade of soybeans. The disease is mainly caused by Diaporthe longicolla, along with other Diaporthe species. Screening of soybean seeds health status in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, showed cultural and morphological variabili...
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In recent years, sweet and sour cherry production in Serbia has increased. Under Serbian agroecological conditions, pathogens causing leaf diseases threaten the success of sweet and sour cherry production. In the period 2012-2019, the health status of cherries was monitored in more than 30 locations. Depending on the production system, the followin...
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... The colony of D. longicolla A4 had similar characteristics to D. longicolla, which had been isolated by Petrovic et al. (2018) from soybean seeds. These isolates on PDA had white, compact aerial mycelium with a typical yellowish-green ring around the center of the colony (Figure 2j). ...
The application of pectinase in industries will continue to be developed. To broaden the applicability of enzyme manufacturing in new industries, more research to investigate pectinolytic microorganisms with high activity and stability is still required. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain pectinolytic fungi that have the potential as pectinase producers. Pectinolytic fungi were isolated from rotten apple peels and selected based on clear zone formation on pectic agar media after cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) staining. Pectinolytic fungi were identified based on 18S rRNA partial gene sequences and morphological characteristics. Pectinase production used Mandels and Weber medium with citrus pectin 20 g l-1 addition. Pectinase activity was determined based on the measurement of reducing sugars by a colorimetric method. A total of 5 fungal isolates were successfully isolated. All of the isolates had pectinolytic activities with clear zone diameters ranging between 0.99 to 7.32 mm. The isolate A3 showing the highest pectinolytic activity was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer. Microscopically, R. stolonifer A3 showed typical characteristics for Rhizopus, characterized by the presence of rhizoids, stolons and sporangiophores bearing a single spherical sporangium. The pectinase production of R. stolonifer A3 was optimum at initial pH 5.0, temperature 35 °C and incubation period of 3 days with pectinase activity of 14.75 U ml-1. R. stolonifer A3 produced acidic pectinase having optimum activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 50 °C. Thus R. stolonifer A3 has the potential to be used as a producer of acidic pectinase appropriate for use in the processing of fruit products.
... Afterward, this inoculation method was used for testing the sensitivity of cv. Sava (previously reported as a suitable host for the pathogenicity testing of Diaporthe species [24]) to five different Diaporthe species recovered from soybean stem (D. aspalathi, D. caulivora, D. eres, D. gulyae, and D. longicolla). The soybean cv. ...
... For all the inoculation methods, five soybean plants (cv. Sava that was reported in the previous research as a suitable host for pathogenicity testing of Diaporthe species [24]) were inoculated at the V2 growth stage. For the mycelium contact method ( Figure 4A), a mycelial plug (~5 mm diameter) was taken from the margin of a 10-day-old Diaporthe culture and placed in contact with the stem portion of the soybean plants~1-2 cm above the cotyledons. ...
Oxidative stress in soybean plants infected with Diaporthe isolates was evaluated in order to select (1) the least aggressive inoculation method, (2) to determine the most aggressive Diaporthe isolate, and (3) to determine the most tolerant soybean cultivar to this isolate. Based on the present malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the main end product of the lipid peroxidation process, and the biomarker for oxidative stress, the mycelium contact method was chosen as the least aggressive inoculation method, compared to the toothpick method and plug method. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide–dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (PX)), the reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and the level of lipid peroxidation (LP) were measured in soybean cv. Sava infected by five different Diaporthe species (DPM1F—D. aspalathi, DPC/KR19—D. caulivora, DPC004NY15—D. eres, 18-DIA-SOY-14—D. gulyae, and PL157A—D. longicolla). The most pathogenic Diaporthe species to cv. Sava was D. eres. The screening of the antioxidant enzymes activity in the leaves of 12 different soybean cultivars (Altona, Atlas, Capital, Chico, CX134, Favorit, Lakota, McCall, Morsoy, Strain, Rubin, and Victoria) infected with D. eres by the mycelium contact inoculation method showed that Capital, McCall, and Morsoy were the cultivars with the highest tolerance to D. eres, followed by Chico, Favorit, Lakota, and Rubin. The most sensitive cultivars were Atlas, CX134, Victoria, and Strain.
... Moreover, Diaporthe rizhaoensis can be distinguished from D. guttulata (15/364 in cal, 5/428 in his3, 5/313 in tef1, and 1/408 in tub2) and D. stewartii (3/532 in ITS, 7/451 in cal, and 7/369 in tub2) by sequence data. Diaporthe helianthi, D. longicolla, D. pseudolongicolla (= D. novem) and D. rizhaoensis have been reported form the host Xanthium strumarium (Vrandecic et al. 2007(Vrandecic et al. , 2010Petrović et al. 2018;Thompson et al. 2018). Morphologically, Diaporthe helianthi is a bit longer than D. rizhaoensis in the beta conidia, but not fully distinguished (Vrandecic et al. 2007(Vrandecic et al. , 2010. ...
Species of Diaporthe have been reported as plant endophytes, pathogens and saprobes on a wide range of plant hosts. Strains of Diaporthe were isolated from leaf spots of Smilax glabra and dead culms of Xanthium strumarium in China, and identified based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of combined internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), calmodulin (cal), histone H3 (his3), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) loci. As a result, two new species named Diaporthe rizhaoensis and D. smilacicola are identified, described and illustrated in the present study.
... For example, Diaporthe pseudolongicolla K. Petrović, L. Riccioni & M. Vidić was introduced as nom. nov. to replace the taxon D. novem J.M. Santos, Vrandečić & A.J.L. Phillips (Petrović et al. 2018). According to Petrović et al. (2018), the epithet 'novem' was not consistent with the International Code of Nomenclature in terms of a numerological classification that is not permissible (McNeill et al. 2011). ...
... nov. to replace the taxon D. novem J.M. Santos, Vrandečić & A.J.L. Phillips (Petrović et al. 2018). According to Petrović et al. (2018), the epithet 'novem' was not consistent with the International Code of Nomenclature in terms of a numerological classification that is not permissible (McNeill et al. 2011). However, the new name D. pseudolongicolla has been considered as invalid according to the Article 32.1 (a) of the ICNafp, which supports D. novem to be the appropriate name the name cannot be seen as a mere enumeration (McNeill et al. 2011). ...
Scientific names are crucial for communicating knowledge concerning fungi and fungus-like organisms. In plant pathology, they link information regarding biology, host range, distribution and potential risk to agriculture and food security. In the past, delimitation among pathogenic taxa was primarily based on morphological characteristics. Due to distinct species sharing overlapping characteristics, the morphological identification of species is often neither straightforward nor reliable. Hence, the phylogenetic species concept based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions gained importance. The present opinion discusses what a fungal species is and how identification of species in plant pathology has changed over the past decades. In this context, host-specialization and species complexes are discussed. Furthermore, species concepts in plant pathology are examined using case studies from Bipolaris, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Diplodia, Meliola, Plasmopara, rust fungi and Trichoderma. Each entry contains a brief introduction to the genus, concepts used in species identification so far and the problems in describing a species followed by recommendations. The importance of correctly naming and identifying a species is addressed in the context of recent introductions, and we also discuss whether the introduction of new species in pathogenic genera has been overestimated. We also provide guidelines to be considered when introducing a new species in a plant pathogenic genus.
... Most of them attack the soybean seed, decrease germination, and cause a poor seed quality. One of the major causes of a poor seed quality in most soybeangrowing regions worldwide is the Diaporthe seed decay (Li, 2011;Vidić et al., 2013;Petrović et al., 2018). This disease is caused primarily by the fungus Diaporthe longicolla, along with D. sojae, D. caulivora, D. aspalathi and the D. eres species complex, D. foeniculina, and D. radis (Li, 2011;Petrović et al., 2015;Petrović et al., 2016;Hosseini et al., 2020). ...
... Nevertheless, a latently infected seed can have a normal appearance, without disease symptoms, but the germination, vitality, and quality will be reduced as a result of a latent infection (Kmetz et al., 1978). The isolates of D. longicolla were equally present on the soybean seeds and stems, while the D. pseudolongicolla was earlier isolated only from seeds (Petrović et al., 2018). A difference between these two species was that the isolates of D. pseudolongicolla become rapidly sterile when grown in a culture and lost their ability to form the reproductive organs. ...
... A difference between these two species was that the isolates of D. pseudolongicolla become rapidly sterile when grown in a culture and lost their ability to form the reproductive organs. In many Diaporthe species, both anamorph (asexual) and teleomorph (sexual) stages have been described, as well as their ability to form pycnidia and perithecia (Petrović et al., 2018). The D. longicolla has long been described as a fungus without a teleomorph stage, whose pycnidia has the very long necks and releases the alpha conidia only. ...
This study’s objective was to determine if there was a difference in aggressiveness between the Diaporthe longicolla and the Diaporthe pseudolongicolla isolates infecting the soybean seeds. An artificial inoculation was performed under laboratory conditions and in a greenhouse on a soybean cultivar (Tisa) created in the breeding program of the Agricultural Institute Osijek and represented in a large-scale production in the Republic of Croatia. An attempt was made to discover whether the isolates of the recently described D. pseudolongicolla were more aggressive to the soybean seeds than the D. longicolla isolates, which have manifested a high aggressiveness to the soybean seeds throughout a series of earlier experiments. The D. pseudolongicolla isolates used in the experiment were isolated from the infected seeds pertaining to a wide production in the vicinity of Osijek. The experiments have demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the aggressiveness between the isolates tested, with the D. longicolla isolate manifesting the highest aggressiveness in both trials.
... Diaporthe species are economically important pathogens of soybean seed which cause seed decay. D. longicolla (Hobbs) Santos, Vrandečić & Phillips is the most dominant and the most aggressive pathogen of this complex (Petrović et al., 2018). This was confirmed by results in the current study. ...
Soybean is one of the most important industrial crops in the world. The rich nutritional content of the seed is the reason for the increasing cultivation of this crop all over the world. However, a large number of phytopathogenic fungi that exist in soybean seed can reduce the nutritional content, germination, and seed vigor. Health status analysis of soybean seed has shown that Peronospora manshurica, Macrophomina phaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora kikuchii as well as the species from genera Alternaria, Diaporthe, and Fusarium colonized soybean seed in Serbia over three years (2016-2018). Species from the genus Alternaria and Peronospora manshurica were dominant in all three examined years. Furthermore, it has been noticed that weather conditions, location, and cultivar significantly influenced the intensity of the infection. The results of this study have shown which pathogens present the threat to successful soybean seed production and help in finding preventive measures to control these pathogens during vegetation.
The genus Diaporthe (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales) is a large group of fungi frequently reported as phytopathogens, with ubiquitous distribution across the globe. Diaporthe have traditionally been characterized by the morphology of their ana-and teleomorphic state, revealing a high degree of heterogeneity as soon as DNA sequencing was utilized across the different members of the group. Their relevance for biotechnology and agriculture attracts the attention of taxonomists and natural product chemists alike in context of plant protection and exploitation for their potential to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. While more than 1000 species are described to date, Africa, as a natural habitat, has so far been under-sampled. Several endophytic fungi belonging to Diaporthe were isolated from different plant hosts in Cameroon over the course of this study. Phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene, and partial fragments of the calmod-ulin, beta-tubulin, histone and the translation elongation factor 1-α genes, demonstrated that these isolates represent four new species, i.e. D. brideliae, D. cameroonensis, D. pseudoanacardii and D. rauvolfiae. Moreover, the description of D. isoberliniae is here emended, now incorporating the morphology of beta and gamma conidia produced by two of our endophytic isolates, which had never been documented in previous records. Moreover, the paraphyletic nature of the genus is discussed and suggestions are made for future revision of the genus.
Seed quality is affected by fungal contamination. These cause abortion, rot, or necrosis of the seed, as well as seedling damage that results in the development of diseases in later stages of growth. Their identification and characterization are essential to establish appropriate management. The objective of this work was to identify and determine the prevalence of fungal contaminants present in the seed of thirteen plant varieties of rice, soybean, corn, and forage sweet sorghum produced in the municipality of El Espinal, Tolima, Colombia. This research was carried out at the Tibaitatá Research Center of the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation AGROSAVIA (Cundinamarca, Colombia) during the second semester of 2021. By means of a blotter test, fungal contaminants and their prevalence in germinated and non-germinated seeds were identified. A total of 65 fungal isolates were obtained, which were grouped into twenty-eight molecularly identified morphotypes (44 soybean, 5 rice, 7 sorghum and 9 corn). The genera Diaporthe and Fusarium were the ones with the highest total prevalence and in ungerminated seeds. The fungi found include possible pathogens such as Fusarium spp, Curvularia spp and Diaporthe spp. and saprophytic fungi such as Penicillium spp and Aspergillus spp. The isolates of Fusarium equiseti and Diaporthe sp. in soybean seed, Curvularia penniseti in rice seed, Diaporthe melonis in sorghum seed and Fusarium verticillioides in corn seed can be considered as potential seed-borne pathogens that caused a negative effect on germination capacity.
Chemical investigation of an endophytic fungus herein identified as Diaporthe cf. ueckeri yielded four known compounds, named cytochalasins H and J and dicerandrols A and B. Reports
of acid sensitivity within the cytochalasan family, inspired an attempt of acid-mediated conversion of cytochalasins H and J resulting in the acquisition of five polycyclic cytochalasins
featuring 5/6/5/8-fused tetracyclic and 5/6/6/7/5-fused pentacyclic skeletons. Two of the obtained polycyclic cytochalasins constituted unprecedented analogues for which the trivial names cytochalasins J4 and J5 were proposed whereas the others were identified as the known phomopchalasin A, phomopchalasin D and 21-acetoxycytochalasin J3. The structures of the compounds were determined by extensive spectral analysis, namely HR-ESIMS, ESIMS and 1D/2D NMR. The stereochemistry of cytochalasins J4 and J5 was proposed using their ROESY data, biosynthetic and mechanistic considerations and by comparison of their ECD spectra with those of related congeners. All compounds except for cytochalasins H and J were tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Cytochalasins J4 and J5 showed neither antimicrobial nor cytotoxic activity in the tested concentrations, with only weak antiproliferative activity
observable against KB3.1 cells. The actin disruption properties of all cytochalasins obtained in this study and of the previously reported cytochalasins RKS-1778 and phomopchalasin N were
examined, and monitored by fluorescence microscopy using human osteo-sarcoma U2-OS cells. Compared to their precursor molecuacetoxycytochalasin J3, cytochalasins J4 and J5 revealed a strongly reduced activity on the F-actin network, highlighting that the macrocyclic ring is crucial for bioactivity.
