Fig 4 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Diaporthe longicolla. a. Pycnidia on F. vulgare stem in culture (CBS H-20460); b. conidiophores (PL4); c. alpha-conidia (PL4). — Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b, c = 5 μm.
Source publication
Diaporthe (anamorph = Phomopsis) species are plant pathogens and endophytes on a wide range of hosts including economically important crops. At least four Diaporthe taxa occur on soybean and they are responsible for serious diseases and significant yield losses. Although several studies have extensively described the culture and morphological chara...
Citations
... Species of Diaporthe are important plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes that induce root and fruit rots, dieback, stem cankers, leaf spots, leaf and pod blights, and seed decay. Numerous species, such as Phomopsis cane and leaf spot, cane bleaching, swelling arm and trunk cankers, are well-known for infecting grapevines either prior to or after harvest (Mostert et al. 2001;Santos et al. 2011;Udayanga et al. 2011Udayanga et al. , 2015van Rensburg et al. 2011;Guarnaccia et al. 2016;Guarnaccia and Crous 2017). ...
For decades, the grapevine has been produced as a commercial fruit crop in Morocco. From 2004 to 2022, the area dedicated to cultivating and producing grapes has increased across the country. Despite the implementation of adequate agricultural practices, grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) lead to significant yield losses and a remarkable reduction in viticultural quality. Many grape growers encounter this issue in their vines each year and seek strategies to cope with it. In the most significant grapegrowing regions globally, including Morocco, grapevine decline is a common and significant disease that is brought on by a multitude of latent fungal plant diseases. Due to the use of poorly informative markers in phylogenetic analyses and the lack of relevant morphological characteristics, the classification of these pathogens has proven to be challenging. Numerous genera and families have not yet been extensively studied, especially in Morocco. To identify the dieback-causing agents, surveys were carried out in 152 Moroccan vineyards in Marrakech-Safi, Casablanca-Settat, RabatSale-Kenitra, and Fez- Meknes regions between 2019-2021. Samples of symptomatic trunks were collected and processed for mycological analysis. Afterward, fungal identification of representative isolates was performed combining morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and protein-coding gene (β-TUB). Pathogenicity tests were fulfilled under greenhouse conditions for 15 days. Among the fungi collected in the current study, 54 fungal isolates were obtained belonging to different genera and families namely: Botryosphaeria (11 species), Fusarium (10 species), Pestialiotiopsis (4 species), Clonostachys (3 species), Entoleuca mammata, Phaeoacremonium hungaricum, Trichothecium roseum, Diaporthe ampelina, Epicoccum nigrum, Alternaria alternata, and Rosellinia convexa. Pathogenicity test revealed that Diplodia mutila, Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, Neopestalotiopsis vitis, and Trichothecium roseum isolates are the most pathogenic. This is the first detailed report of species associated with GTDs in Morocco where new records of species worldwide are highlighted.
... Species identification criteria in Diaporthe has mainly relied on host association, morphology and culture characteristics (Mostert et al. 2001;Santos and Phillips 2009;Udayanga et al. 2011), which resulted in the description of over 200 species. Some species of Diaporthe were reported to colonise a single host plant, while other species were found to be associated with different host plants (Santos and Phillips 2009;Diogo et al. 2010;Santos et al. 2011;Gomes et al. 2013). In addition, considerable variability of the phenotypic characters was found to be present within a species (Rehner and Uecker 1994;Mostert et al. 2001;Udayanga et al. 2011). ...
Tea-oil tree ( Camellia oleifera Abel.) is an important edible oil woody plant with a planting area over 3,800,000 hectares in southern China. Species of Diaporthe inhabit a wide range of plant hosts as plant pathogens, endophytes and saprobes. Here, we conducted an extensive field survey in Hainan Province to identify and characterise Diaporthe species associated with tea-oil leaf spots. As a result, eight isolates of Diaporthe were obtained from symptomatic C. oleifera leaves. These isolates were studied, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of partial ITS, cal , his3 , tef1 and tub2 gene regions. Two new Diaporthe species ( D. hainanensis and D. pseudofoliicola ) were proposed and described herein.
... Some endophytic species such as D. foeniculina also act as opportunistic pathogens (Udayanga et al. 2014). D. phaseolorum is known to affect soybean (Santos et al. 2011) as well as it is an endophyte on Laguncularia racemosa (Sebastiane et al. 2011) and in the estuarine mangrove plant Kandelia candel (Rhizophora candel) (Cheng et al. 2006). The dieback-causing pathogen, D. phaseolorum, produces two types of conidia (α and β) and the germination was observed only in α conidia. ...
Melia dubia is an important tree species grown worldwide for its medicinal and timber values. It is widely used in timber and pulp industry and also as an organic pesticide, fertilisers, agro-forestry and herbal formulations. During 2019–2022, a dieback disease in plantations of M. dubia was recorded in Mysore, Mandya, Chamarajanagar, Hassan and Tumkur districts of Karnataka state (India) with disease incidence of 26.25%. The associated pathogen was isolated on PDA medium and its morpho-cultural characteristics were studied. The genomic DNA of the pathogen was isolated, and rDNA was amplified and sequenced using universal primers. Based on the microscopic, morpho-cultural, sequence data and phylogenetic analysis, the pathogen was identified as Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. Koch’s postulates were performed both in vitro and in vivo and the typical symptoms of dieback disease were recorded on post-inoculated saplings. The dieback disease is responsible for the poor growth of Melia species in the region, and hence, there is an urgent need to manage the disease in plantations using integrated management practices. This is the first report of the occurrence of D. phaseolorum on M. dubia plantations in India.
... In the development cycle of D. сaulivora, the main infectious agent is ascospores emerging from the perithecia, and, according to foreign authors, the pathogen extremely rarely forms conidial sporulation both in nature and on a nutrient medium in the laboratory (Santos et al., 2011). If pycnidia are formed in culture, they are usually sterile or contain a small number of β-spores (Fernández and Hanlin, 1996). ...
... В цикле развития D. сaulivora основным инфекционным агентом являются вышедшие из перитециев аскоспоры, и, по сообщениям зарубежных авторов, возбудитель крайне редко образует конидиальное спороношение как в природе, так и на питательной среде в лабораторных условиях (Santos et al., 2011). Если в культуре и образуются пикниды, то они, как правило, стерильны или содержат небольшое количество β-спор (Fernández, Hanlin, 1996). ...
Соя – одна из самых востребованных и рентабельных сельскохозяйственных культур в мире. Заболевания, вызываемые грибными патогенами, являются одним из основных факторов, ограничивающих ее производство. В статье приводится информация о заболеваниях сои, распространенных в России, и Дальневосточном регионе в частности. В 2022 г. сотрудниками ФГБУ «ВНИИКР» было проведено частичное обследование фитосанитарного состояния посадок сои в Амурской области. Обследование проводилось с целью определения видового состава возбудителей грибных заболеваний сои в условиях Дальнего Востока РФ и методов их идентификации. В результате исследований были выявлены грибные патогены, относящиеся к 14 видам, 9 родам, 7 семействам, 5 порядкам и 2 классам. Самыми многочисленными оказались представители рода Fusarium – 6 видов. Род Colletotrichum включил в себя 4 вида. Остальные 7 родов были представлены по 1 виду. Среди выделенных и идентифицированных патогенов наиболее вредоносными и экономически значимыми являются представители родов Colletotrichum и Diaporthe, вызывающие антракноз и рак сои. На растениях сои было одновременно обнаружено 3 возбудителя антракноза – C. truncatum, C. incanum и C. sojae, что в значительной степени может усложнить борьбу с этим заболеванием. Также на растениях сои были выявлены такие опасные и экспортно значимые для России виды, как Diaporthe caulivora и Phomopsis longicolla. При проведении исследования морфологических структур возбудителей был выявлен ранее неизвестный штамм D. caulivora, содержащий в цикле своего развития пикнидиальную стадию. При этом в пикнидах одновременно присутствовали как α-, так и β-споры. Результаты, полученные культурально-морфологическим методом, были подтверждены с помощью секвенирования нуклеотидных последовательностей по внутреннему транскрибируемому спейсеру ITS рибосомальной ДНК с дальнейшим сравнением их с эталонными последовательностями в Генбанке NCBI.
... The most studied Diaporthe spp. are those associated with soybean (Santos et al., 2011;Zhang et al., 1998), sunflower (Thompson et al., 2011), citrus (Udayanga et al., 2014), grapes (Baumgartner et al., 2013;van Niekerk et al., 2005), sweet potato (Huang et al., 2021) and blueberry (Hilário et al., 2021). ...
... Isolates of Diaporthe/Phomopsis species causing SSC have also been found in other countries, including Canada (Abdelmagid et al., 2019;Hildebrand, 1956), Australia (Stovold & Francis, 1987), Ghana (Asante et al., 1998), China (Chen et al., 2020;Cui et al., 2009;Zhao et al., 2022), Korea (Oh, 1998;Sun et al., 2012), Croatia (Santos et al., 2011;Vratarić et al., 1998), and France, Italy and Spain (Bertolini & Tanzi, 1987;EPPO, 2021;Hilário et al., 2021;Hissek et al., 2017). ...
... The Diaphorthe/Phomopsis complex includes hemibiotrophic fungi with two phases: the imperfect, asexual or anamorphic P. phaseoli, and the perfect, sexual or teleomorphic D. phaseolorum (Santos et al., 2011). Currently, more than 1100 epithets for Diaporthe and 900 for Phomopsis are listed in the Index Fungorum database (http:// www. ...
Soybean stem canker (SSC) is an important disease caused by different Diaporthe spp., including D . aspalathi , D . caulivora and D . longicolla , that leads to soybean ( Glycine max ) yield losses around the world. Most studies have been focused on the morphological characterization and molecular identification of Diaporthe spp. present in SSC lesions. Several soybean resistance loci to Diaporthe spp. causing SSC have been identified, although the molecular identities of the resistance genes are at present unknown. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on SSC disease, the molecular characterization of Diaporthe spp. and their evolutionary relationships. We highlight how recent genomic and transcriptomic information is allowing significant progress in our understanding of the molecular components and mechanisms underlying Diaporth e infection strategies as well as soybean disease resistance. The information generated, combined with available resources enabling functional genomics, will contribute to the development of breeding strategies for disease resistance, leading to a more sustainable agriculture.
... In addition, warm and wet weather conditions, especially during pod filling and maturation, are suitable for infection by pathogen and disease development [12]. Soybean stem canker is mainly caused by two different species, D. caulivora (northern stem canker) and D. aspalathi (southern stem canker), which seem to be geographically limited to some degree, but their ranges may overlap [13][14][15][16]. Additionally, it was reported recently that D. gulyae is also a causal agent of stem disease [17]. ...
Oxidative stress in soybean plants infected with Diaporthe isolates was evaluated in order to select (1) the least aggressive inoculation method, (2) to determine the most aggressive Diaporthe isolate, and (3) to determine the most tolerant soybean cultivar to this isolate. Based on the present malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the main end product of the lipid peroxidation process, and the biomarker for oxidative stress, the mycelium contact method was chosen as the least aggressive inoculation method, compared to the toothpick method and plug method. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide–dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (PX)), the reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and the level of lipid peroxidation (LP) were measured in soybean cv. Sava infected by five different Diaporthe species (DPM1F—D. aspalathi, DPC/KR19—D. caulivora, DPC004NY15—D. eres, 18-DIA-SOY-14—D. gulyae, and PL157A—D. longicolla). The most pathogenic Diaporthe species to cv. Sava was D. eres. The screening of the antioxidant enzymes activity in the leaves of 12 different soybean cultivars (Altona, Atlas, Capital, Chico, CX134, Favorit, Lakota, McCall, Morsoy, Strain, Rubin, and Victoria) infected with D. eres by the mycelium contact inoculation method showed that Capital, McCall, and Morsoy were the cultivars with the highest tolerance to D. eres, followed by Chico, Favorit, Lakota, and Rubin. The most sensitive cultivars were Atlas, CX134, Victoria, and Strain.
... Alpha conidia are hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 5-9.5 × 1.5-3.5 μm, while beta conidia are rare, hyaline and filiform (Hobbs et al. 1985). Phomopsis longicolla was synonymized under Diaporthe longicolla by Santos et al. (2011) and it is the main cause of seed decay of soybean (Santos et al. 2011). However, the colony surface of D. biconispora is white and light yellow, the center of the back is black, and the sides are light yellow (Huang et al. 2015). ...
... Alpha conidia are hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 5-9.5 × 1.5-3.5 μm, while beta conidia are rare, hyaline and filiform (Hobbs et al. 1985). Phomopsis longicolla was synonymized under Diaporthe longicolla by Santos et al. (2011) and it is the main cause of seed decay of soybean (Santos et al. 2011). However, the colony surface of D. biconispora is white and light yellow, the center of the back is black, and the sides are light yellow (Huang et al. 2015). ...
Diaporthe is a large and taxonomically complex genus, with over a thousand epithets listed in Index Fungorum. The placement of many Diaporthe species remains confusing, and there is a lack of consensus on their taxonomy and phylogeny. In this study, we provide annotated notes on accepted or presumed species of Diaporthe up to 2023. Our notes cover 832 species and include information on their morphology, ecology, geographic distribution, molecular data, and pathogenicity, where available. Diaporthe cyatheae comb. nov., D. pseudobauhiniae nom. nov., D. xishuangbannaensis nom. nov., D. krabiensis sp. nov., and D. pseudobiguttulata nom. nov. are introduced in this paper. In addition, we list 331 species that were previously classified as Diaporthe but are no longer accepted as members of the genus. Our comprehensive review of Diaporthe species provides a resource for researchers and taxonomists, enabling accurate identification and classification, and enhancing our understanding ecological roles of these fungi.
... identified. The pathogenic plasticity of DP has been transmitted by seeds and expanded to different agro-ecosystems causing the inoculum to introduce a primary infection in disease-free batches of Argentina [14][15][16] and other countries of America [17][18][19][20][21][22], Europe, Asia and Africa [9,11,23]. Thus, DP has limited the production and quality of dry [16,24] and soybean fresh grain (edamame) [25] as crops and seeds of diverse native species of Argentina [26]. ...
Diaporthe/Phomopsis (DP) is a fungal complex, hemi-biotroph that affects more than 900 hosts including cultivated and uncultivated species, native forests, fruits and weeds; they can also survive in seeds and stubble. The trends and progress in biology, interactions with different hosts and bio-taxonomic adaptations since 1912 have already been summarized and published by several authors. The binomial specific generic: Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke& Ellis) Sacc. (Teleomorph, perfect sexual form, Dp) - Phomopsis phaseoli (Desmaz.) Sacc (anamorph, imperfect asexual form, Pp) and the independent species P. longicolla T.W. Hobbs (asexual form, imperfect o anamorph (Plo) of a teleomorph still unknown) have been identified. The pathogenic plasticity of DP has been transmitted by seeds and expanded to different agro-ecosystems causing the inoculum to introduce a primary infection in disease-free batches of Argentina and other countries of America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Thus, DP has limited the production and quality of dry and soybean fresh grain (edamame) as crops and seeds of diverse native species of Argentina [26]. Dp complex interacting with Soybean causes two main pathologies: Soybean Stem Canker (SSC) and Soybean Stem and Pod Blight (SSB). SSC may be caused by D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis (Dpm), and Dp var. caulivora (Dpc). Likewise, new reports have pointed out that D. aspalathi, previously cited as a pathogen of Aspalathus laminari by van Rensburg [2006], was reported as a pathogen of soybean by Bruna Bruner et al. [2018]. These results, according to taxonomic and biological concepts [Alexopoulos et al., 1996], would allow defining such D. aspalathi isolates as D. phaseolorum f. sp. aspalathi, a novel pathogenic variant to the soybean crop and belongs to a sub-specific taxon of D. phaseolorum. This conceptual framework introduces a different taxonomic perspective for the assigned denomination as an independent species of Diaporthe. Whilst SSB disease is caused by D. phaseolorum var. sojae (Dps) associated to P. longicolla (Plo), producing also seed decay in the reproductive stages of a soybean crop.
... D. longicolla has been identified as the main causal agent of PSD. However, although it was the dominant species in isolates from soybean in multiple studies [11][12][13], several different fungi in the Diaporthe-Phomopsis complex have also been found to be associated with PSD in soybean [11,71,72]. Evaluating soybean breeding lines with a panel of different fungi from the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex would aid in the management of soybean seed decay, breeding for resistance, and be a benefit to soybean producers and the industry at large. ...
... D. longicolla has been identified as the main causal agent of PSD. However, although it was the dominant species in isolates from soybean in multiple studies [11][12][13], several different fungi in the Diaporthe-Phomopsis complex have also been found to be associated with PSD in soybean [11,71,72]. Evaluating soybean breeding lines with a panel of different fungi from the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex would aid in the management of soybean seed decay, breeding for resistance, and be a benefit to soybean producers and the industry at large. ...
Poor seed quality of soybean is often associated with Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), which is one of the most economically important seed diseases. Diaporthe longicolla (syn. Phomopsis longicolla) is the primary cause of PSD. Control of PSD is best accomplished by planting PSD-resistant cultivars. Sixteen exotic soybean accessions from the USDA soybean germplasm collection were screened for reaction to PSD at Stoneville, Mississippi. They consisted of maturity groups (MG) II, III and IV. Seeds from inoculated and non-inoculated plots harvested either promptly at maturity, or after a two-week delay in harvest, were assessed for infection by D. longicolla. Seed infection ranged from 0 to 36.7%. Overall, PI 417050 (MG II), PI 417017 (MG III), and PI 594692 (MG IV) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower percentages of seed infected by D. longicolla and higher seed germinations than other genotypes in the same maturity groups. PI 587982A also performed well. As a result of these findings, these resistant accessions were used over multiple cycles of breeding to develop improved breeding lines with resistance to PSD and low seed damage. Breeding line 11043-225-72, with combined resistance from both PIs 417050 and 587982A, had low scores for PSD (6.7%) and seed damage (3.4%), while DS65-1, deriving resistance from PI 587982A, had the lowest seed damage score (1.1%) and the highest seed germination (85.6%) among all lines tested in 2017. DS65-1 and 11043-225-72, along with five other improved breeding lines, were provided to public soybean breeders for developing improved cultivars and germplasm lines. DS31-243 (PI 700941), derived from PI 587982A, was publicly released by the USDA in 2022. This research will lead to future releases of improved germplasm lines and cultivars with PSD resistance and high seed quality. It will also aid in disease management and be a benefit to soybean producers and the industry at large.
... In soybean, Diaporthe species are the causal agents of seed decay, seed rot, pod and stem blights, and stem cankers ( Figure 7) [98]. However, pathogens belonging to this genus are able to infect several plant species, producing a variety of symptoms, including damping off, leaf spots, dieback, wilt, and fruit and root rot [97,100,101]. Usually, soybean seeds colonized by Diaporthe/Phomopsis are smaller than healthy ones, but they do not show other evident symptoms. Otherwise, in some cases, the seeds can be broken and covered with grayish-white mycelium [97,102]. ...
Pulses have gained popularity over the past few decades due to their use as a source of protein in food and their favorable impact on soil fertility. Despite being essential to modern agriculture, these species face a number of challenges, such as agronomic crop management and threats from plant seed pathogens. This review’s goal is to gather information on the distribution, symptomatology, biology, and host range of seedborne pathogens. Important diagnostic techniques are also discussed as a part of a successful process of seed health certification. Additionally, strategies for sustainable control are provided. Altogether, the data collected are suggested as basic criteria to set up a conscious laboratory approach.
