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Diagram showing the factors associated with climate change and their impact on various biological processes in trees
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The enhancement in photosynthesis at elevated concentration of carbon dioxide level than the ambient level existing in the atmosphere is widely known. However, many of the earlier studies were based on instantaneous responses of plants grown in pots. The availability of field chambers for growing trees, and long-term exposure studies of tree specie...
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... increase in CO 2 emissions, increasing day and night tem- peratures, drought, fire and other extreme events and pest and diseases. The mechanisms driving photosynthesis, tree growth, water use, phenology, species composition, etc. under these conditions will provide insights into responses of trees in a changed environment in the future (Fig. ...
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Citations
... However, the spatio-temporal dynamics of transpiration across geographical and environmental gradients and across different species are poorly understood (Fatichi et al. 2016;Mencuccini et al. 2019). In the context of global climate change and the associated threat to biodiversity in general and vegetation in particular, it is important to gain more understanding of this important physiological process both at species level and ecosystem level (Kallarackal and Roby 2012). A large number of studies done during the period 1950-1990 have used micrometeorological, lysimeter, catchment water balance and remote sensing methods to measure transpiration (e.g. ...
Recent research has shed light on the crucial role of wood density, a fundamental physical property, as a functional trait. This means wood density isn't just about how much a piece of wood weighs, but how it influences a plant's entire strategy for survival and growth. While variations exist between individual species, a surprising trend has emerged: the majority of this variation can be traced back to a plant's genus or even family. This strong phylogenetic signal indicates that wood density is a deeply ingrained characteristic, shaped by a plant's evolutionary history. This newfound understanding allows us to leverage wood density as a taxon-based functional trait. By considering the typical wood density of a plant group (like a genus or family), we can improve models and predictions related to various ecological and functional aspects in forests and plantations. Over the past couple of decades, scientists have been actively exploring the connections between wood density and a wide range of plant functions. Denser wood is often linked to slower growth rates, delayed reproduction, and increased mechanical strength. It also influences a plant's ability to transport water, resist death (mortality rate), and manage internal water balance (water potential). Additionally, wood density is closely tied to physiological aspects such as gas exchange and xylem hydraulic conductance, which are crucial for nutrient and water movement. Wood density is also an important parameter to determine the carbon sequestration capacity of a tree or vegetation, thus important in climate change research. This proposed book will delve into these fascinating connections, highlighting how wood density acts as a key player in shaping the lives of plants and the overall health of forest ecosystems.
... -290 -the CO 2 concentrations (Ceulemans and Mousseau, 1994;Hollister et al., 2023;Raison et al., 2007;Watanabe et al., 2016). Through these studies, it was found that the effects of increased CO 2 concentration on tree growth were different depending upon the tree species, tree age, and growing conditions, such as soil, light intensity, humidity, and temperature (Fathurrahman, 2023;Kallarackal and Roby, 2012;Reed et al., 2018;Souza et al., 2019), and therefore, future studies should include these parameters to get a clearer picture (Ryu et al., 2014). ...
... On one hand, high levels of CO 2 emissions can benefit the growth and productivity of tree species (Franks et al., 2013;Gustafson et al., 2018). However, different tree species exhibit varying responses to elevated CO 2 concentrations (Kallarackal and Roby, 2012). On the other hand, moderate temperature increases can prolong the growing season and enhance productivity of tree species (Duveneck and Thompson, 2017), but excessive temperature increases can induce heat stress in tree species, resulting in decreased productivity and reduced carbon sequestration capacity (Teskey et al., 2015). ...
The aboveground carbon sequestration rate (ACSR) of forests serves as an indicator of their carbon sequestration capacity over time, providing insights into the potential carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystems. To explore the long-term Spatiotemporal variation of ACSR in the transitional ecotone of the eastern Tibetan Plateau under climate change scenarios, we utilized a forest landscape model that was parameterized with forest inventory data from the eastern Tibetan Plateau to simulate this ecological function changes. The study found that climate warming had significant effect on forests ACSR in different types of forests. ACSR was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in cold temperate coniferous and temperate coniferous forests, whereas it was significantly increased in deciduous broad-leaved forests. However, the impact of climate warming on evergreen broad-leaved forests was found to be negligible. At the species level, climate warming has mostly suppressed the ACSR of coniferous trees, except for Chinese hemlock. The main dominant species, spruce and fir, have been particularly affected. Conversely, the ACSR of most broad-leaved trees has increased due to climate warming. In addition, at the landscape scale, the ACSR within this region is expected to experience a steady decline after 2031s-2036s. Despite the effects of climate warming, this trend is projected to persist. In conclusion, the forests ACSR in this region will be significantly affected by future climate warming. Our research indicates that climate warming will have a noticeable suppressive effect on conifers. It is imperative that this factor be taken into account when devising forest management plans for the future in this region.
... Zagazig city have not public transportation modes like buses, rails, and metro. The Origin-Destination (O-D) matrix for each travel modes were extracted using Zagazig city transportation database [15]. The occupancy of each travel modes is determined using JICA study [16]. ...
... ): Summery of CO2 emissions estimation studies Trees are environmental important item and it is playing a main role in global climate change through sequestration of CO2 emissions[15]. Many studies were conducted to estimate the trees absorption rate of CO2 emission. ...
... Study by Rey and Jarvis (1997) reported that elevated CO 2 has resulted in 58% increase in biomass in Betula pendula. FACE experimental studies on Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera, and Populus tremuloid srevealed that the biomass production of these trees increased under elevated levels of CO 2 (Kallarackal and Roby, 2012). Pine trees grown under elevated CO 2 accumulated 55% more dry mass than trees under ambient CO 2 (Jach and Ceulemans 2000). ...
The present study is an attempt to assess the growth and biochemical responses of Pongamia pinnata grownunder elevated levels of CO2 supply. Saplings (18 months) maintained in the nursery were brought toexperimentation in two growth chambers having controlled supply of air and air- CO2 mixture, for a periodof 15 days. The control and treated chambers were retained at an average CO2 concentration of 505.28±17.39 ppm and 1053.85± 24.99 ppm respectively. Day and night fluxes of CO2 within the chambers wereanalysed daily, along with a periodic assessment of the growth and biochemical responses associated withthe plants. A standardization study, excluding plants, was also attempted to assess the resultantflux ofCO2 associated with the growth chambers. The day flux of CO2 in the control and treatedchambers wasdifferent from that of the night flux in both experimentation and standardization studies. Higher CO2assimilation by the plants in the CO2 enriched system during the day time has also resulted in increasedplant height, stem thickness, leaf area and also in the assimilation of carbohydrates, sodium and potassium.Increased Carotenoids and phenol are implications of the stress to which the plants are subjected to underelevated levels of CO2 supply. The present study confirms that, despite certain signs of stress, Pongamiapinnata can be an ideal candidate for carbon offset planting.
... This is not unusual since some studies elsewhere had also showed rainfall and temperature fluxes are not decisive factors in triggering flowering and fruiting in tropical ecosystems (e.g. Kallarackal and Roby 2012;Polansky and Boesch 2013;Harrison et al. 2016). Further placing our results into a broader context, we integrated our data with data from previous research in the study site and encountered some interesting observations (Fig. 6). ...
Timber extraction is often cited as detrimental to wildlife ecology. Little information, however, in particular from the Southeast
Asian tropics, is available on how exactly logging affects wildlife food security. To address the gap, this paper presents
the first high-resolution comparison of fruit production between logged and intact forests in lowland Borneo. In the period of
2004–2008, dry weight of fruit litter was assessed as a proxy for food security of wildlife. The pheno-phases of 1,054 trees
in 14 sampling plots were monitored for 54 months. A total of 143,184 fruits from 50 tree families were collected from six
sampling transects totalling 810 km in 34 months. Surprisingly, logged forest (mean = 23.3 kg ha−
1, SD = 48.9) produced
more fruit litter than intact forest (mean = 16.7 kg ha−
1, SD = 23.3), although the difference is not significant based on Student’s
t test; t(66) = 0.702, p = 0.485. Pheno-phases could not be entirely explained by rainfall and temperature variables.
Some evidence, however, indicates tree species composition, stand structure and sunlight exposure were likely determinants
of flowering and fruit litter intensity. All things being equal, results imply selective logging if considerately practiced may
increase food security for wildlife. The findings, however, should be interpreted with caution since tropical forest phenology
and fruit productivity are also driven by a suite of small-scale edaphic attributes and large-scale spatio-temporal meteorological
forcing. Although this research deals mainly with Borneo, the principles discussed and insights offered herein are
valuable for furthering conversation around sustainable forestry in tropical Asia and elsewhere globally.
... On the other hand, carbon dioxide is an important substrate for photosynthesis and, because of this, vegetation, in particular, the world's forests, plays a key role in abating the rise in atmospheric CO 2 (Rogers et al. 1999;Coomes et al. 2014). During the last decades, the growth enhancement of different tree species under artificially elevated CO 2 has been reported in several studies (LaMarche et al. 1984;Jarvis 1998;Jach and Ceulemans 1998;Kallarackal and Roby 2012;Ainsworth and Long 2005;Smith et al. 2013) and assumes the sufficient nutrients supply has a decisive role on the tree growth under elevated CO 2 (Brown and Higginbotham 1986;Pettersson et al. 1993;Yazaki et al. 2005;Atwell et al. 2003 andDrake et al. 2011;Piñeiro et al. 2017). However, Norway spruce response to elevated CO 2 was different in the different studies. ...
A 7-year study was conducted to examine the growth (diameter and root) response of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings to elevated CO2 (CO2ELV, 770 μmol (CO2) mol⁻¹) in different mixture types (monospecific (M): a Norway spruce seedling surrounded by six spruce seedlings, group-admixture (G): a spruce seedling surrounded by three spruce and three European beech seedlings, single-admixture (S): a spruce seedling surrounded by six beech seedlings). After seven years of treatments, no significant effect from elevated CO2 was found on the root dry mass (p = 0.90) and radial growth (p = 0.98) of Norway spruce. Neither did we find a significant interaction between [CO2] × mixing treatments (p = 0.56), i.e. there was not a significant effect of CO2 concentrations [CO2] in all the admixture types. On the contrary, spruce responses to admixture treatments were significant under CO2AMB (p = 0.05), which demonstrated that spruce mainly increased its growth (diameter and root) in M and neighbouring with beech was not favourable for spruce seedlings. In particular, spruce growth diminished when growing beside high proportions/numbers of European beech (S). Here, we also evaluated the association between tree-ring formation and climatic variables (precipitation and air temperature) in different admixture types under elevated and ambient CO2 (CO2AMB, 385 μmol (CO2) mol⁻¹). Overall, our result suggests that spruce responses to climate factors can be affected by tree species mixing and CO2 concentrations, i.e. the interaction between climatic variables × admixture types × [CO2] could alter the response of spruce to climatic variables.
... Therefore, with increased photosynthesis and lower water loss, the water efficiency of plants is increased. Thus, it seems that more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is good for plants that grow faster and use less water and more carbon sequestration 25 . Chlorophyll is a chemical substance absorbing and transferring energy from sunlight to high-energy electrons 26 . ...
The composition of species can play an essential role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Forest trees are an important part of the functioning of the terrestrial ecosystem, predominantly in the cycling of carbon. However, tree physiology is much less studied than crop physiology for several reasons: a large number of species, difficulty in measuring photosynthesis of tall trees or forest species. This study aims to establish the relationship between physiological plant functional traits (photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content) with soil carbon stock in Pinus roxburghii forest of Garhwal Himalaya. The present findings revealed that photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content positively correlated to the soil carbon stock. The different regression models also showed that photosynthesis rate with water-use efficiency, stomatal conductance and carotenoid content is a good predictor of soil carbon stock in Pinus roxburghii forest. Physiological plant functional characteristics are thus crucial for regulating the carbon cycle and ecosystem functioning in Garhwal Himalaya.
... There are already examples of 'big laboratory' experiments that have manipulated the environment to understand future landscape changes that may not be observable otherwise. These include Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) studies (Kallarackal and Roby, 2012), paired catchment studies where one catchment is intentionally disturbed (Ruprecht and Schofield, 1989) and the experiment of Livensperger et al. (2016), who induced changes in temperature and snowmelt independently over a plot in Alaska. Such forcing experiments, perhaps combined with rainfall simulation experiments (Martínez-Murillo et al., 2013;Zhao et al., 2014), could be used to study the landscape response to many different unprecedented changes. ...
... Increasing temperatures may increase atmospheric vapor 159 pressure deficit, which enhances the rate of transpiration and may compensate the effects of increased 160 stomatal closure [3,8] (Wright, 2010). Elevated carbon dioxide levels may enhance photosynthesis in a 161 process referred to as 'fertilization' [10] (Kallarackal et al., 2012). The fertilization effect is thought to be 162 greater for C3 species (most plant types including nearly all tree species) than C4 species (with a specific 163 adaptation to reduce photorespiration); this may give a competitive advantage to C3 plants, altering 164 future species composition (Ainsworth et al., 2004;Kallarackal et al., 2012). ...
... Elevated carbon dioxide levels may enhance photosynthesis in a 161 process referred to as 'fertilization' [10] (Kallarackal et al., 2012). The fertilization effect is thought to be 162 greater for C3 species (most plant types including nearly all tree species) than C4 species (with a specific 163 adaptation to reduce photorespiration); this may give a competitive advantage to C3 plants, altering 164 future species composition (Ainsworth et al., 2004;Kallarackal et al., 2012). However, a given species' 165 optimum temperature for photosynthesis may be exceeded more often in the future [9] , counteracting 166 the stimulating influence of carbon dioxide fertilization (Lindner et al., 2010). ...
Human activities have extensively altered landscapes throughout the world and further changes are expected in the future. Anthropogenic impacts such as land use change, groundwater extraction and dam construction, along with the effects of climate change, interact with natural factors including soil weathering and erosion. Together, these processes create a constantly shifting, dynamic terrestrial environment that violates the assumption of stationarity commonly applied in hydrology. Consequently, hydrologists need to rethink both statistical and calibrated models to account for complex environmental processes. We review the literature on human-landscape-hydrological interactions to identify processes and feedbacks that influence water balances. Most of the papers covered consider only a few of these processes at a time and focus on structural attributes of the interactions rather than the short and long-term dynamics. We identify challenges in representing the scale-dependence, environmental connectivity and human-water interactions that characterize complex, dynamic landscapes. A synthesis of the findings posits connections between different landscape changes, as well as the associated timescales and level of certainty. A case study explores how different processes could combine to drive long-term shifts in catchment behavior. Recognizing that some important questions remain unaddressed by traditional approaches, we suggest the concept of ‘big laboratories’ in which multifaceted experiments are conducted in the environment by artificially inducing landscape change. These experiments would be accompanied by mechanistic modeling to both untangle experimental results and improve the theoretical basis of environmental models. An ambitious program of physical and virtual experimentation is needed to progress hydrologic prediction for dynamic landscapes.
Plain language summary
The Earth’s surface is constantly changing due to human-driven and natural processes. Shifts may be driven by humans directly (e.g. via land use change) or indirectly (e.g. by driving climate change that causes shifts in ecological communities). Other changes are natural, such as certain soil processes that lead to shifts in texture and properties over time. In many places, landscape change is now occurring at unprecedented rates. This impacts the water cycle, creating a need for models that are robust under changing conditions. Our paper synthesizes a wide range of literature on key aspects of landscape change that have wide-ranging implications for hydrology. We focus on the impacts of processes at different spatial and temporal scales, along with feedbacks between various environmental and anthropogenic shifts. We discuss connections between different landscape changes and the timescales over which they each affect the water cycle. A case study is presented to highlight the potential for cascading landscape disturbances that could alter long-term catchment response. Recognizing limitations in traditional data collection and modeling, we introduce the concept of ‘big laboratories’ to conduct environmental experiments under landscape change, providing an avenue for addressing the complex questions around hydrology in a changing world.
... It is possible that climate-induced drought stress may eventually moderate such regional trends, although elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) that drives a warming climate is thought to also enhance drought tolerance across a broad range of taxa (Peñuelas et al., 2011). Further, CO 2 fertilization is anticipated to enhance tree growth and productivity (Franks et al., 2013, Gustafson et al., 2018b, but tree species vary widely in their response to enriched CO 2 (Kallarackal and Roby, 2012). Warming climate lengthens growing seasons, and in some scenarios, the lengthening is dramatic, resulting in large increases in forest productivity (Duveneck and Thompson, 2017), although individual species may be negatively impacted by heat stress in mid-summer (Teskey et al., 2015). ...
Forest managers have been wrestling with questions of how best to prepare today’s forests for a future climate that may be quite different from the climate under which they were established. We used the LANDIS forest landscape model to conduct a factorial simulation experiment to assess the landscape-wide effects of alternative cutting and planting practices in northern Wisconsin (USA) under three climate change scenarios simulated for 300 years to allow demographic legacies to be overcome by the experimental treatments. Our objective was to assess the relative ability of actionable components of silvicultural strategies to maintain productivity and economical and ecological values of forests under future climates compared to a “business as usual” (BAU) silviculture scenario representing current sustained yield practices. We found that the general effect of climate change was to increase the biomass of all species (CO2 fertilization and increased growing season), although the most cold-adapted species eventually declined under warming climate scenarios. Two alternative silvicultural strategies produced clearly different outcomes compared to the BAU scenario. Total landscape tree biomass was least under BAU, reflecting its high biomass removal rates, and greatest under the most aggressive climate-adapted silviculture strategy coupled with a high CO2 climate scenario due to increased growth and relatively high removal rates. Harvested outputs responded to both climate and silvicultural strategy, with the high CO2 scenario reducing biomass available for harvesting compared to a moderate CO2 scenario, except under the aggressive climate-adapted strategy. Our study suggests that creative silvicultural practices can be developed (and tested) to maintain productive and ecologically healthy forests under future climate conditions.
