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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adherence of biofilms to the surfaces of two indirect resin composites, Estenia C&B and Gradia. Slabs were prepared from the materials, and then either ground with 800-grit silicon carbide paper or polished with diamond pastes up to 1 microm. Artificial biofilms of Streptococcus mutans were grown on the...
Citations
... On the one hand, when evaluating resin-based CAD/CAM materials, a group of researchers demonstrate a definite association between biofilm formation and surface roughness or surface modification procedures [69][70][71]74,75,77,78], whereas, on the other hand, no correlation between these factors is found in research studies conducted by other groups of investigators [73,76,79]. These discrepancies are also present in previously conducted in vitro studies assessing surface roughness, different polishing techniques and their impact on biofilm formation for laboratory-fabricated indirect and direct resin-based restorative materials [27,[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]. ...
Hybrid materials are a recent addition in the field of restorative dentistry for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) indirect restorations. The long-term clinical success of modern dental restorative materials is influenced by multiple factors. Among the characteristics affecting the longevity of a restoration, the mechanical properties and physicochemical interactions are of utmost importance. While numerous researchers constantly evaluate mechanical properties, the biological background of resin-based CAD/CAM biomaterials is scarcely investigated and, therefore, less described in the literature. This review aims to analyze biofilm formation on the surfaces of novel, hybrid, resin-based CAD/CAM materials and evaluate the methodological protocols followed to assess microbial growth. It is demonstrated that the surface structure, the composition and the finishing and polishing procedures on the surface of a dental restorative material influence initial bacterial adhesion; however, most studies focus on in vitro protocols, and in vivo and/or in situ research of microbiomics in CAD/CAM restorative materials is lacking, obstructing an accurate understanding of the bioadhesion phenomenon in the oral cavity.
... On the one hand, when evaluating resin-based CAD/CAM materials, a group of researchers demonstrate a definite association between biofilm formation and surface roughness or surface modification procedures [69][70][71]74,75,77,78], whereas, on the other hand, no correlation between those factors is present in research studies conducted by other groups of investigators [73,76,79]. These discrepancies are also present in previously conducted in vitro studies, assessing surface roughness, different polishing techniques, and their impact on biofilm formation for laboratoryfabricated indirect and direct resin-based restorative materials [81,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97]. ...
Hybrid materials are a recent addition in the field of Restorative Dentistry for computer-assisted design/ computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) indirect restorations. The long–term clinical success of modern dental restorative materials follows a multifactorial pattern. Among the characteristics, affecting the longevity of a restoration, mechanical properties and physicο – chemical interactions are of utmost importance. While numerous researchers constantly evaluate the mechanical properties, the biological background of resin–based CAD/CAM biomaterials is scarcely investigated and, therefore, less described in the literature. This review aims to analyze the biofilm formation on the surfaces of novel hybrid, resin–based CAD/CAM materials and evaluate the methodological protocols followed to assess microbial growth. It is demonstrated that the surface structure, the composition and the finishing and polishing procedures on the surface of a dental restorative material influence the initial bacterial adhesion; however most studies focus on in vitro protocols, whereas in vivo and/or in situ research of microbiomics in CAD/CAM restorative materials is lacking, obstructing in that manner the accurate understanding of the bioadhesion phenomenon in the oral cavity.
... Adhesion of oral bacteria to restorative materials is influenced by the bacteria and surface properties, including surface free energy, surface chemical composition, and roughness. 6,15,20 A relationship has been reported between decreasing roughness and a decline in bacterial adhesion, 6 although other studies have reported that roughness is independent of adhesion 9,21 or that there is no relationship between bacterial adhesion and roughness. 22,23 Different roughness values have been reported for ceramics because roughness depends on the composition of the material, manufacturing method, measurement techniques, and surface treatment, which can affect bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. ...
... A series of investigations focused on surface characteristics, amount of biofilm formation on different restorative materials with different surface characteristics. [21][22][23][24] In most of these studies, the surfaces of restorative materials were polished by different techniques such as burs or sandpapers aiming to create different surfaces. 21,23,24 However, the effects of aging on surface characteristics and related biofilm formation of different fluoride-releasing restoratives remain unclear. ...
... [21][22][23][24] In most of these studies, the surfaces of restorative materials were polished by different techniques such as burs or sandpapers aiming to create different surfaces. 21,23,24 However, the effects of aging on surface characteristics and related biofilm formation of different fluoride-releasing restoratives remain unclear. Given the acknowledged advantages and extensive adoption of fluoride-releasing restorative materials in contemporary restorative dentistry, the objective of this study was to conduct an in-depth examination of biofilm development, surface roughness, and microhardness pertaining to four distinct fluoride-releasing restoratives at long-term. ...
Background and Aim: This study aimed to investigate the long-term surface roughness, microhardness and biofilm formation of 4-different fluoride-releasing restoratives.
... Adhesion of cariogenic bacteria and biofilm formation are among the most important causes of dental caries (16,17). Although many studies have been conducted on bacterial adhesion on various restorative dental materials (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), there is no study with similar experimental design in the literature investigating the effect of mouthwashes applied to these materials on S. mutans adhesion. ...
... Covering teeth and restorative materials with a salivary pellicle layer is the rst step for bacterial colonization. Oral bacterias bind to host-derived receptors in the pellicle [33]. In our study, after forming a pellicle with arti cial saliva on the samples, bio lm was formed on the pellicle layer, and bio lm biomass values were obtained independent of the roughness, thus supporting the hypothesis that the surface roughness could not be transferred from the pellicle. ...
Objectives
To investigate the effect of biofilm formation on the coloration properties of CAD/CAM materials.
Materials and Methods
106 samples of 2-mm thickness were prepared from two different CAD/CAM materials (IPS e.max CAD; Cerasmart) and a total of 53 samples were prepared from extracted caries-free human-teeth. Five samples from each sample group were used to measure the amount of alive biomass in the biofilm. The remaining 48 samples in each group were divided into four subgroups: group-1, kept in water without the formation of dental biofilm; group-2, kept in tea without the formation of dental biofilm; group-3, kept in water after the formation of dental biofilm; group-4: kept in tea after the formation of dental biofilm (n=12). After finishing and polishing, color and surface roughness measurements were made. After baseline measurements, a biofilm layer was formed in groups-3 and 4, and the measurements were repeated. Afterward, all samples were brushed, and a third measurement was performed. Data were statistically analyzed (p<0.05).
Results
The lowest roughness value was observed in Cerasmart. Tooth-IPS e.max CAD gave similar results. The Cerasmart material had the most viable biomass, whereas the IPS e.max CAD material had the least. Group-4 had the highest ΔE1 value for all materials and group-1 had the lowest. The presence of biofilm on CAD/CAM materials immersed in water caused an unacceptable degree of coloration (ΔE>1.8), and immersion in tea caused much more color change.
Conclusions
The brushing process allowed CAD/CAM materials to return to their original color.
Clinical Relevance
The adhesion of biofilm to restorative dental materials plays an important role in the coloring of dental treatment.
... To simulate the formation of an acquired salivary pellicle, unstimulated whole saliva was collected from two healthy volunteers after receiving their informed consent, as required by the Local Ethical Committee for Research (protocol 96/2021). 24 Volunteers refrained from oral hygiene for 24 hours, had no active dental disease, and did not have antibiotic therapy for at least three months before the experiments. All specimens were horizontally placed in presterilized 24-well plates, then were covered with 2 mL sterile human saliva prepared according to Baffone et al. 23 and incubated by shaking at 37 °C for 1 hour. ...
... 17 Surface roughness is generally regarded as an important surface property that affects microbial adhesion to restorative materials in the oral environment. 24,27,28,34,35 The current study found a significant, positive correlation between the Ra values and the quantity of adhesion S. mutans and C. albicans cells on the materials consistent with previous reports. 6,7,24,27,34,35 However, results of present study are in disagreement with other studies, where no correlation was observed between surface roughness of the resins and microbial adhesion. ...
... 24,27,28,34,35 The current study found a significant, positive correlation between the Ra values and the quantity of adhesion S. mutans and C. albicans cells on the materials consistent with previous reports. 6,7,24,27,34,35 However, results of present study are in disagreement with other studies, where no correlation was observed between surface roughness of the resins and microbial adhesion. [36][37][38] In the present study, the lowest Ra values were observed on Milled-PMMA (0.42 µm). ...
Objectives: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare conventionally manufactured, CAD/CAM milled, and 3D-printed interim materials based on their susceptibility to adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, and examine the influence of surface roughness and hydrophobicity. Materials and Methods: Eighty disc-shaped specimens fabricated from autopolymerized polymethyl methacrylate (A-PMMA), bis-acryl composite (Bis-acrylate), CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymer (Milled-PMMA), and 3D-printed resin (Printed) were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles (5-55 °C) and divided into two groups (n=10) according to microbial suspension used: Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Surface roughness (Ra) and hydrophobicity (WCA) of specimens were measured. An adhesion test was performed by incubating the specimens in Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans suspensions at 37 °C for 24 hours, and the adherent cells were evaluated by counting colony-forming units (CFU/ml). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze the surfaces (n=2). Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to determine correlation among the measurements (α=.05). Results: Type of restorative material significantly influenced Ra and WCA. The highest adhesion of Streptococcus mutans was observed in Printed, followed by Bis-acrylate, A-PMMA, and Milled-PMMA (p=.001). The highest adhesion of Candida albicans was noted on A-PMMA, followed by Printed, Bis-acrylate, and Milled-PMMA (r=.001). The adhesion of Streptococcus mutans (r=.660) and Candida albicans (r=.413) showed a positive correlation with Ra. A negative correlation was found between WCA of the materials and Streptococcus mutans adhesion (r=-.373). Conclusions: Surface roughness plays an important role in the adherence of microorganisms. CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymers may be a better choice to reduce microbial adhesion in long-term use.
... The roughness was highest in ML II group and reached mean values of 0.3 μm (Ra). A threshold of Ra larger than 0.2 μm is often used in investigations to describe that surfaces are more prone to biofilm formation [17,18]. It is believed that the increased surface and the shelters of the rougher surface might ease the colonization of microorganism. ...
Objectives:
To investigate stability and wear of tooth-supported zirconia single crowns with micro-layering in-vitro.
Materials and methods:
Molar crowns and specimens were fabricated from 5Y-TZP zirconia (Gen-X, Amann-Girrbach). Three groups were investigated: ML I: 0.1 mm cutback/painted/glazed (MiYO, Jensen); ML II: occlusal 0.3 mm cutback/painted/veneered/glazed (MiYO), and a monolithic control group (polished). After thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML), crowns were loaded to failure in a universal testing machine. Two-body wear test was performed. Wear (mean, maximum, antagonist) and roughness (Ra, Rz) were determined with a 3D laser-scanning-microscope.
Results:
All crowns survived TCML. In the control (2501.5 N) and ML II group (1775.3 N) significantly lower fracture forces were observed than in ML I (3636.4 N) (p ≤ 0.003). Significant wear differences were found (p ≤ 0.001) but not for antagonist wear (p ≥ 0.202). Lowest wear was observed in the control group 10.2±1.5 µm/28.8±6.4 µm, ML I 112.8±37.3 µm/152.9±42.8 µm, and ML II 192.4±49.1 µm/340.7±54.2 µm. Roughness was characterized by a Ra from 1.6 µm (control) to 3.0 µm (ML II), and a Rz from 11.8 µm (Control) to 24.0 µm (ML II). Roughness significantly differed between control group and ML I (p = 0.002) as well as ML I and ML II (p = 0.020).
Conclusions:
Good in-vitro performance and fracture stability without chipping or fracture were found for all systems. Wear and roughness were comparable to conventional ceramic veneering systems.
Clinical relevance:
The micro-layering of zirconia restorations can be recommended, yet the micro-layering could be worn during clinical application.
... However, the SR results from the present research revealed significantly lower values in the PMMA group, compared to the RBC and PMMA groups. This result is in agreement with the results from previous studies, in which PMMA was considered as relatively smooth [22], in contrast to RBC and PEEK, which were described as materials filled with different particles, presenting a heterogeneous surface morphology which is difficult to polish [18,23,24]. All tested materials revealed Ra values above 0.2 µm, which was considered as the threshold value below which the role of surface irregularities in regards to plaque adherence on material's surface is eliminated [25]. ...
... There is a lack of research investigating the influence of surface characteristics on microbial adhesion on CAD/CAM dental polymers. Numerous studies focused on conventionally produced materials suggested that the rougher surfaces of RBC [24], PMMA [26], and PEEK [27] promote the increase in biofilm formation. Investigating the same microorganisms, several authors found a strong linear correlation between the SR of RBC and the adhesion of oral streptococci [28] and between the SR of PMMA and C. albicans biofilm [29,30]. ...
Dental polymers are now available as monolithic materials which can be readily used in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems. Despite possessing numerous advantages over conventionally produced polymers, the polymers produced by either of these systems fail to exhibit immunity to surface microbial adhesion when introduced into the oral environment, leading to the development of oral diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the biofilm formation of six microorganisms from the oral cavity and its correlation to the surface characteristics of CAD/CAM dental polymers. A total of ninety specimens were divided into three groups: resin-based composite, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyether ether ketone. The experimental procedure included surface roughness and water contact angle measurements, colony forming unit counting, and scanning electron microscopy analysis of biofilm formed on the surface of the tested materials. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, with a Dunn’s post hoc analysis, and one way analysis of variance, with a Tukey’s post hoc test; the correlation between the measurements was tested using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Despite using the same manufacturing procedure, as well as the identical manufacturer’s finishing and polishing protocols, CAD/CAM dental polymers revealed significant differences in surface roughness and water contact angle, and the increased values of both parameters led to an increase in biofilm formation on the surface of the materials. The CAD/CAM resin-based composite showed the lowest number of adhered microorganisms compared to CAD/CAM polymethyl methacrylate and CAD/CAM polyether ether ketone.
... However, there are still quite a few disadvantages to their use, such as polymerization shrinkage and susceptibility to recurrent caries [4]. Furthermore, with the consequential growth in plaque accumulating on restoration surfaces, the surrounding tooth structures will be at high risk of demineralization [5]. When compared to other restorative materials, composite restorations are more vulnerable to bacterial attachment than other materials, such as dental ceramics and metallic alloys [6]. ...
Background:
Biofilm deposit on the composite restoration is a common phenomenon and bacterial growth follows the deposition. The study aims to evaluate Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) early biofilm formation on the surfaces of various dental composite resins by using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique.
Materials and methods:
Thirty-two discs, where eight discs were in each group of Filtek Supreme Ultra (FSU; 3M, St. Paul, MN), Clearfil AP-X (APX; Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan), Beautifil II (BE2; Shofu, Inc., Kyoto, Japan), and Estelite Sigma Quick (ESQ; Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan), were fabricated and subjected to S. mutans biofilm formation in an oral biofilm reactor for 12 hours. Contact angles (CA) were measured on the freshly fabricated specimen. The attached biofilms underwent fluorescent microscopy (FM). S. mutans from biofilms were analyzed using a qPCR technique. Surface roughness (Sa) measurements were taken before and after biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), including energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) analysis, was also performed for detecting relative elements on biofilms.
Results:
The study showed that FSU demonstrated the lowest CA while APX presented the highest values. FM revealed that condensed biofilm clusters were most on FSU. The qPCR results indicated the highest S. mutans DNA copies in the biofilm were on FSU while BE2 was the lowest (p < 0.05). Sa test signified that APX was significantly the lowest among all materials while FSU was the highest (p < 0.05). SEM displayed areas with apparently glucan-free S. mutans more on BE2 compared to APX and ESQ, while FSU had the least. Small white particles detected predominantly on the biofilms of BE2 appeared to be Si, Al, and F extruded from the resin.
Conclusion:
Differences in early biofilm formation onto various composite resins are dependent on the differences in material compositions and their surface properties. BE2 showed the lowest quantity of biofilm accumulation compared to other resin composites (APX, ESQ, and FSU). This could be attributed to BE2 proprieties as a giomer and fluoride content.
