Figure 7 - uploaded by Jon Hyett
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Diagram of the Placenta Components (Red Arrow: Spiral Artery, Blue Arrow: Spiral Vein, Black Arrow: Chorionic Villi, Asterisk: Intervillous Space, Thick Black Arrow: Umbilical Cord And Vessels).
Source publication
The placenta is the link between mother and fetus and its function is central to a successful pregnancy. The predominant theory within the literature is that the development of placental dysfunction is a result of abnormal trophoblast invasion early in pregnancy. Knowledge of the development of the early placenta and the establishment of the fetoma...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... and maternal blood do not normally co-mingle and are separated by the placental membrane. After exchange of materials within the intervillous space (supplied by the spiral arteries of the decidual basalis), blood is returned to the embryo/fetus via the single umbilical vein 5 (Figure 7). ...
Context 2
... and maternal blood do not normally co-mingle and are separated by the placental membrane. After exchange of materials within the intervillous space (supplied by the spiral arteries of the decidual basalis), blood is returned to the embryo/fetus via the single umbilical vein 5 (Figure 7). ...
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Human trophoblast stem cells (hTSC) can be isolated from first trimester placenta but not from term placenta. Here we demonstrate that villous cytotrophoblasts (vCTB) from term placenta can be reprogrammed into induced trophoblastic stem-like cells (iTSC) by introducing sets of transcription factors. The iTSCs express TSC markers such as GATA3, TEA...
Citations
... The timing of the maternal exposure to MCS is important, given that it is acknowledged that the first trimester of pregnancy is critical for placenta development [59][60][61]. The inflammatory response and oxidative environment caused by first trimester MCS exposure may result in poor placentation and inadequate uterine artery transformation and remodeling [62,63], which can contribute to placental dysfunction, characterized by impaired uteroplacental perfusion, chronic hypoxia and placental ischemia and finally can lead to PTB [64][65][66]. Thus, there appears to be plausible biological processes that may contribute to the first trimester of pregnancy being the sensitive period for prenatal MCS exposure causing PTB through placental dysfunction. ...
Mosquito coils are efficient mosquito repellents and mosquito coil smoke (MCS) contributes to indoor air pollution. However, no prior population-based study has investigated whether prenatal MCS exposure is a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB) and whether exposure to MCS in different trimesters of pregnancy is associated with different levels of risk. The sample involved 66,503 mother-child dyads. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between prenatal MCS exposure during different trimesters of pregnancy and PTB. We found that prenatal MCS exposure was associated with a greater likelihood of PTB (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.05-1.20). The prenatal MCS exposure during the first trimester was associated with 1.17 (95%CI: 1.09-1.25) times the odds of being PTB, which was higher than exposure during the second trimester (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.19) and during the third trimester (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.16). In the stratified analysis, prenatal MCS exposure significantly increased PTB risk among girls but not among boys. Our results indicated that maternal MCS exposure during pregnancy was associated with PTB and that the first trimester might be the sensitive period. In light of these findings, public health interventions are needed to reduce prenatal exposure to MCS, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Although environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is considered to be a severe public health problem and a modifiable risk factor for preterm birth (PTB), we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the PTB risk associated with trimester-specific prenatal ETS exposure. This study aimed to examine the accumulation of risk across trimester ETS exposure and the critical window of the association between maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy and PTB. A total of 63,038 mother-child pairs were involved in the analysis of the 2017 survey of Longhua Child Cohort Study. Information about socio-demographic characteristics, prenatal ETS exposure, and birth outcomes were collected using a self-report questionnaire. A series of logistic regression models were employed to assess the associations between prenatal ETS exposure and PTB. We found that maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy significantly increased the risk of PTB and this association increased with both the average level of daily ETS exposure and the number of trimesters of ETS exposure. Moreover, mothers who were initially exposed to ETS in the 1st trimester of pregnancy had significant higher risk of PTB (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.25–1.44). Furthermore, mothers exposed to ETS in the 1st trimester only (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.04–1.50), in both 1st and 2nd trimester (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.08–1.67) and throughout pregnancy (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.24–1.46) experienced a significantly high risk of PTB. Prenatal maternal ETS exposure during only the 2nd trimester also resulted in a high risk of PTB with marginal significance (OR = 1.33, 95% CI:0.78–2.13). To conclude, the 1st and early 2nd trimester might be the critical window for prenatal ETS exposure causing PTB.
