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Conservation of biodiversity can generate considerable indirect economic value and this is being increasingly recognized in China. For a forest ecosystem type of a nature reserve, the most important of its values are its ecological functions which provide human beings and other living things with beneficial environmental services. These services in...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... paper assesses the value of the ecological services of a forest ecosystem, namely that of Changbaishan Mountain Biosphere Reserve (CMBR) located in Northeast China, a border area to North Korea. Changbaishan Reserve, established in 1960, was one of the first group reserves in China, and it was accepted into the World Biosphere Reserve Network in 1980 for its outstanding forest ecosystem of international significance for scientific research, cultural heritage and recreational values. It is a strict reserve in terms of IUCN categories, and is rich in biodiversity, with a rare forest ecosystem, uncommon wild animals and plants. The whole area of the reserve is 196465 ha, of which 167081 ha is forested. The forests are mostly primary and have obvious diverse vegetation as the altitude changes. As a forest ecosystem, the ecological functions of the reserve are mainly displayed in: water conservancy; soil-erosion prevention; wild animals and plants conservation; CO 2 fixation and O 2 release; pollutant decomposition; disease and pest control; nutrient cycle and maintenance; climate regulation (Fig 1) ...
Citations
... The replacement cost method is used in 86 valuations and is the most used method, e.g., [31]. Among these, 16 use the afforestation cost method developed in China, e.g., [32]. The second most common method is the avoided cost method, which is used in 77 valuations, e.g., [33]. ...
... The contribution of forests to nutrient cycling has 13 valuations, e.g., [47,54]. These valuations are typically based on fertilizer prices or on replacement costs [32,55]. The annual average (median) valuation of nutrient cycling is USD 104 ha −1 (USD 33 ha −1 ). ...
... The highest annual valuation of USD 366 ha −1 is for broadleaf forests in Maryland, USA [56], and the lowest of USD 24 ha −1 is for coniferous forests near an urban area in Sweden [54]. Replacement cost methods are applied in three valuations in two studies [32,51], with an average annual valuation of USD 94 ha −1 . The highest annual valuation of USD 208 ha −1 is for a mountain forest in a nature reserve in northern China [32] and the lowest of USD 6.5 ha −1 is for a tropical forest in a biodiversity hotspot in India [51]. ...
Forests provide a variety of resources and benefits, but only a few, such as timber, are traded on the markets. Ecosystem service valuation is a method for quantifying the non-market benefits of forests to understand the full costs of forest management. This review examines the forest ecosystem service valuations over the past 20 years, with a particular focus on their spatial modeling. The literature review method is designed to provide a systematic, explicit, and reproducible outcome concerning the valuations of forest ecosystem services and the contextual setting of these valuations. The findings suggest that there is a huge variation in the values reported for similar ecosystem services but that carbon sequestration, recreation in forests, and hydrological services, such as watershed protection and flood prevention, are the ecosystem services that are consistently valued highly in the reviewed studies. In the last ten years, studies have more frequently modeled ecosystem services in spatial terms.
... Biodiversity supports the ecosystem functions of water conservation, including freshwater provision, regulation, and purification [14]. It also plays a crucial role in regulating soil, fixing CO2, releasing O2, nutrient cycling, decomposing pollutants, and controlling disease and pests [63,66]. Biodiversity is fundamental to human health and well-being [35], as soil biodiversity can help to suppress disease-causing organisms, and provide clean air, water, and food [61]. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to demonstrate the interconnectivity between circular economy, biodiversity, and institutional investors literature. Secondly, to critically discuss the degree to which institutional investors are involved in promoting biodiversity and circular economy models that will improve the state of biodiversity.
Methodology
A literature search was conducted on papers from 2013 to 2023, followed by a discussion based on the results.
Findings
The findings indicate that only one article examines all three terms together and reveals conflicting views on the effectiveness of circular economy in achieving sustainability. To avoid confusion, metrics should include circular economy, biodiversity, and investors. While ESG is associated with circular economy, its limitations can hinder sustainability. Effective CE business models face obstacles such as uncertainty of outcomes and resource shortages.
Originality
This research is original in that it focuses on the interconnectivity of these terms and emphasizes the need for sustainable tools to aid in biodiversity restoration and promote a clearer path to sustainability.
... The study was conducted in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (henceforth Changbai Mountain) (41 • 41′-42 • 51′N; 127 • 43′-128 • 16′E) in northeast China. The reserve was established in 1960 and contains one of the few protected close to natural mature temperate forests in Asia (Stone, 2006;Xue and Tisdell, 2001). Changbai Mountain has a typical temperate continental monsoon climate. ...
Investigating functional facets of biodiversity across elevation gradients provides the perspective to deepen understanding of the response of communities to global changes. Functional ecology approaches typically assume that filtering of traits across broad environmental gradients is largely due to species turnover rather than intraspecific trait variability. However, few studies quantified the relative importance of species turnover versus intraspecific variability for the composition of soil animal communities across environmental gradients. Here, for the first time, we investigated the relative contribution of species turnover, intraspecific trait variability and their covariation to changes in Collembola body size based on measurements at the individual level along a temperate-boreal elevation gradient in northeastern China. The results indicated that community weighted mean (CWM) body size of Collembola varied significantly with elevation as well as with life form, with the variations in CWM body size in total, epedaphic and hemiedaphic species being similar and more pronounced than in euedaphic Collembola. These variations in body size were driven to a similar extent by intraspecific trait variability and species turnover, with the former being somewhat higher in total, epedaphic and euedaphic but not in hemiedaphic Collembola. Further, variations in body size were better explained by local habitat-related soil factors than by temperature, but the relative importance of these factors differed among ecological groups of Collembola. Overall, these findings show that intraspecific variations in traits may be of similar importance than the turnover of species and needs closer consideration when using trait approaches to understand biodiversity – ecosystem functioning relationships in face of global change.
... The Changbai Mountain is an important gene pool of biodiversity in Northeast China (Xue and Tisdell, 2001;Tang et al., 2011). Its rich species diversity has made it a research hotspot. ...
Soil fungi are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems and play a major role in soil biogeochemical cycling. Although the diversity and composition of fungal communities are regulated by many abiotic and biotic factors, the effect of elevation on soil fungal community diversity and composition remains largely unknown. In this study, the soil fungal composition and diversity in Deyeuxia angustifolia populations along an elevational gradient (1,690 m to 2020 m a.s.l.) were assessed, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, on the north-facing slope of the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. Our results showed that soil physicochemical parameters changed significantly along with the elevational gradients. The Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most dominant phyla along with the gradient. Alpha diversity of soil fungi decreased significantly with elevation. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 ⁻ -N) was positively correlated with fungal richness and phylogenetic diversity (PD), indicating that soil nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 ⁻ -N) is a key soil property determining fungal community diversity. In addition to soil nitrate content, soil pH and soil moisture were the most important environmental properties determining the soil fungal diversity. Our results suggest that the elevational changes in soil physicochemical properties play a key role in shaping the community composition and diversity of soil fungi. This study will allow us to better understand the biodiversity distribution patterns of soil microorganisms in mountain ecosystems.
... It has a unique plant community composition and biodiversity, dominated by northern temperate plants, with high vegetation coverage and good water and soil conservation [37]. Furthermore, the reserve contains a variety of rare wetlands with special causes, as well as numerous types of national rare and protected animals and plants that play an important role in maintaining biodiversity, water conservation, and carbon fixation, and have extremely important ecological significance and economic value [38]. In view of this area, where the relevant research on the community structure characteristics and the effects of stand structure on tree growth and diversity is still lacking, this study took Longwan Nature Reserve as the research object and addressed the following questions: (1) Which stand factors have significant effects on tree growth? ...
The management of stand structure and the protection of species diversity are crucial to forest ecosystem service functions. Changbai Mountain is one of the three major forest regions in Northeast China, and understanding the characteristics of stand structure and the allometric relationship between stand structure variables and the correlation between stand factors and species diversity is the basis for achieving effective forest management and ecological function improvement. In this study, the typical deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of the Longwan Nature Reserve in the Changbai Mountain were taken as the research objects, and the stand structure and diversity were investigated in detail. Allometric growth equations were established using the breast height diameter (DBH), tree height, and crown width of the main dominant species. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on the stand structure and diversity of the forest community. The experimental results showed that young forests with small diameters and small individuals were the main part of the stands. Optimal allometric growth models of the main tree species (Acer mandshuricum, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Juglans mandshurica, Acer mono, and Tilia amurensis) were 0.807D0.646, 0608D0.381H0.390, 0.502D0.533H0.295, 0.795D0.540H0.157, and 0.541D0.484H0.301, respectively, with R2 values ranging between 0.6 and 0.8, indicating a good fit for the models. Furthermore, tree density, crown width, and DBH were the main factors affecting tree diversity. The research results will provide theoretical support for the efficient management of forest stand structure and diversity conservation in the Longwan Reserve.
... As oxygen production and carbon sequestration are the joint outcomes of photosynthesis, some researchers may be concerned about double counting of photosynthesis when carbon sequestration and oxygen production are both valued separately and aggregated (Xue and Tisdell 2001). However, this concern confuses ESs with ecological process and misunderstands double counting. ...
... As per above Macro-scale atmospheric oxygen production Uncertain, because the effects of declining global atmospheric oxygen, especially in the short term, remain unclear afforestation cost already includes both the costs of restoring carbon sequestration and oxygen production (Xue and Tisdell 2001). To avoid double counting, the values of oxygen production and other ESs should not be assessed based on the afforestation cost and then aggregated. ...
Oxygen production is an ecosystem service essential to life on Earth. However how it should be valued is controversial and depends on several factors. Here, we commented on how valuation might be applicable to the stock or flow of oxygen, whether additional oxygen produced at the micro or macro scale provides additional human wellbeing, and whether double counting may occur if oxygen production and carbon sequestration are both valued independently and added. We concluded that the flow of oxygen produced by ecosystems should be valued when: (1) high levels of atmospheric oxygen at specific micro-scale areas (e.g., a park) provides additional benefits to local human health and additional attraction to tourists; (2) micro-scale aquatic oxygen production (e.g., in a pond or aquafarm) avoids potential loss of aquatic products; and (3) macro-scale aquatic oxygen production (e.g., in global oceans) maintains marine contributions to humans (e.g., fishery resources). However, whether macro-scale atmospheric oxygen production should be valued is uncertian, because the effects of declining global atmospheric oxygen, especially in the short term, remain unclear. This needs further research. We also concluded that the values of oxygen production and carbon sequestration can be aggregated without double counting, given that the values are not duplicated in multiple ecosystem service categories. For example, oxygen production is best considered as contributing to gas regulation while carbon sequestration contributes to climate regulation. But one should not count and add both carbon sequestration and oxygen production as contributing to both gas and climate regulation. Techniques for valuing oxygen production may include the willingness to pay for additional health benefits of breathing extra high levels of atmospheric oxygen, the market price of industrial oxygen, the travel cost to natural ‘oxygen bars’, the avoided cost of losing aquatic resources, and the replacement cost of using artificial techniques to produce oxygen.
... 127°43'-128°16'E), which was established in 1960 and contains one of the best-protected mature temperate forests in Asia (Stone, 2006;Xue & Tisdell, 2001). Changbai Mountain is characterized by exceptionally high diversity of plants and invertebrates in the temperate zone, presumably exceeding that in Europe and North America at the same latitude (Yang & Xu, 2003;Zou et al., 2013). ...
Altitudinal changes in the diversity of plants and animals have been well documented; however, soil animals received little attention in this context and it is unclear whether their diversity follows general altitudinal distribution patterns. Changbai Mountain is one of few well-conserved mountain regions comprising natural ecosystems on the Eurasian continent. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the diversity and community composition of Collembola along ten altitudinal sites representing five vegetation types from forest to alpine tundra. Among 7834 Collembola individuals, 84 morphospecies were identified. Species richness varied marginally significant with altitude and generally followed a unimodal relationship with altitude. By contrast, the density of Collembola did not change in a consistent way with altitude. Collembola communities changed gradually with altitude, with local habitat-related factors (soil and litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, litter carbon content, and soil pH) and climatic variables (precipitation seasonality) identified as major drivers of changes in Collembola community composition. Notably, local habitat-related factors explained more variation in Collembola assemblages than climatic variables. The results suggest that local habitat-related factors including precipitation and temperature are the main drivers of changes in Collembola communities with altitude. Specifically, soil and litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio correlated positively with Collembola communities at high altitudes, whereas soil pH correlated positively at low altitudes. This documents that altitudinal gradients provide unique opportunities for identifying factors driving the community composition of not only above- but also belowground invertebrates.
... Recent crustal uplift of the mountains occurred in the Pliocene, about 5.3-2.5 mya, through several cycles of volcanic activity and continued until the late Pleistocene (Wang et al., 2003;Zhang, Guo, et al., 2018). Today, the region is characterized by cool-temperate moist forests and among the few remains of mature temperate forests in Asia (Xue & Tisdell, 2001). The Changbai Mountain reserve represents an elevational gradient from 600 to 2745 m above sea level. ...
Aim: Both ecological and evolutionary processes shape biological communities along elevational gradients. Compared to above-ground taxa, elevational patterns and processes of below-ground animals are little studied. Here, we investigated how environmental gradients across elevation may affect species divergence in the past and act as filters of contemporary assembly of soil detritivores via traits. We asked: (1) Are environmental filtering processes due to elevation, vegetation or microhabitat-related factors driving isotomid springtail community assembly across elevation; (2) did species divergences occur after mountain uplift; and (3) are there environmental factors related to species divergences in the past.
Location: Changbai Mountain, north-east China.
Taxon: Isotomidae, Collembola.
Methods: We collected isotomid springtails from 800 to 2150 m above sea level and reconstructed the phylogeny using mitochondrial genome sequencing. We inspected the body length, number of ommatidia and pigmentation, and determined their evolutionary patterns. We then derived community parameters using trait-based and metacommunity phylogenetic approaches and used linear mixed-effects models to identify environmental variables that allow predicting community trait and phylogenetic parameters.
Results: Isotomid springtails differed more in traits when co-occurring in environments with lower soil nitrogen, typically at higher elevations. Most communities exhibited phylogenetic clustering, but this pattern was not related to elevation or any environmental variables. These isotomid species mainly diverged in the Mesozoic with some divergence events associated with soil N and pH, as well as other factors covarying with the contemporary elevational gradient studied. The current communities comprised old phylogenetic lineages possessing traits that have undergone evolutionary drift.
Main conclusions: While environmental gradients act as filters for below-ground detritivores, evolution of traits preconditions their assembly. Species divergence likely resulted from filtering processes of past environments resembling the present day. Below-ground diversity in Changbai Mountain is mainly based on the persistence of old phylogenetic lineages, while recent speciation is of little importance.
... 14,000 Yuan/ha/year; Li et al., 2006). The values in Jilin (Xue and Tisdell, 2001;Wu et al., 2002) and Hubei (Guo et al., 2001) are less than 10,000 Yuan/ha/year, respectively, and the smallest value of ca. 500 Yuan/ha/year is found in Xinjiang (Aishan et al., 2018;Fig. ...
... 9,000 Yuan/ha/year in Inner Mongolia (Zhang and Zhang, 2018), ca. 4,000 Yuan/ha/year in Jilin (Xue and Tisdell, 2001;Wu et al., 2002) and Beijing (Sheng et al., 2017;Pei et al., 2019), respectively. The values in Hubei (Guo et al., 2001), Liaoning (Qu and Dai, 2010) and Shaanxi (Li et al., 2006) are less than 1,000 Yuan/ha/year (Fig. 7b). ...
Since the turn of the millennium, studies on the value of ecosystem services have grown significantly in China, producing a rich and diverse literature. However, a systematic review of these findings remains lacking. In this paper, we examine over 3000 studies that have been published over the past twenty years (2001-2020), selecting from this vast corpus 63 articles for more in-depth analysis according to four strict review criteria, in order to provide the basis for building a national database of ecosystem services value. Based on this database, we illustrate the spatial distribution of study sites and ecosystem types, identify the methods applied to quantify physical amounts of ES supply and monetary values, analyze the spatial variation of ES values in different provinces of China, and establish a national empirical value table. We further compare our value table to other value tables in the existing literature and indicate the advantages and shortcomings of our database. Finally, we suggest future research needs in this growing field.
... With the construction of dams, many of these services provided by the forest ecosystem will be destroyed or the composition and biodiversity of forest communities will be changed (Beck et al., 2012;Chen et al., 2015;Vale et al., 2015). Numerous studies have been conducted on the valuation of forest resources (Amirnejad et al., 2006;Jahanifar et al., 2017;Ninan & Inoue, 2013;Xue & Tisdell, 2001). It is important to note that the numerical calculation of these values does not mean that these values are tradable, but is only a good way for calculating the compensation for damages (Amirnejad et al., 2006;Ninan & Inoue, 2013). ...
... To conduct this study, first, the value of Iranian Oak forest ecosystem services was measured/estimated in the current conditions and priced through conventional methods (alternative goods or costs, opportunity cost method, Willingness to pay for participatory, etc.) (Amirnejad et al., 2006;Jahanifar et al., 2017;Ninan & Inoue, 2013;Xue & Tisdell, 2001). ...
Today, the environmental damages of dams are enormous and undeniable, and it is very difficult to reduce these losses. However, environmental damages from dam construction projects may be reduced in intensity and scope through remedial proceedings in the realm of engineering and management operations. The aim of this study was to provide a framework for reducing the destructive effects of dam construction in Western Iran in the heart of the Oak forests of the Zagros. To explore policymaking options and provide technical solutions to reduce damages from the dams and restoration the forests in the region, the scenario examination approach was used in a dynamic model due to the complexity of human–forest relationship interaction and the presence of many actors in this realm. The dynamic model prepared by variations of forest growth over time and the evaluation of the value of forest ecosystem services made it possible to implement predefined scenarios in forest management. Four different scenarios were designed to develop policies for reducing damages caused by the dam construction. Finally, the appropriate scenario (S4) is one in which conservation, restoration and reduction in pressure on forest resources in the region is proposed as the final solution to reduce the damages to forest resources caused by dam construction and restoration of vegetation. Also, the afforestation in the area is not a suitable option for remediation of vegetation.
