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Diademosa californiana (holotype). ((a)-(b)) Ascomata on host substrate. (c) Side view of the ascomata. ((d)-(e)) Section of ascomata. (f) Section of peridium. (g) Septate, hyaline, and cellularpseudoparaphyses. (h) Light to dark brown seta. ((i)–(k)) Ascus with minute pedicel bearing irregularly arranged 8 ascospores. (l)–(n) Ascospores. Scale bars: ((d)-(e)) = 200 μm, ((f)–(h)) = 10 μm, ((i)–(k)) = 50 μm, and (l)–(n) = 10 μm.
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We revisit the family Diademaceae based on available sequence data and morphology. Diademaceae is characterized by ascomata opening with a flat circular lid and fissitunicate, short orbicular frequently cylindrical, pedicellate asci. Ascospores are frequently circular in section but narrowing to one end with three or more transverse septa, without...
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... The species was originally assigned to the Diademaceae, based on having ascomata with flat circular lid-like opening (Shoemaker and Babcock 1992). Previously, Comoclathris was considered a synonym of Platyspora (Ariyawansa et al. 2014) and Comoclathris has been associated with an asexual morph resembling Alternaria-like (Simmons 1967); thus, the genus was temporarily referred to Pleosporaceae, based to these morphological characteristics (Zhang et al. 2012;Woudenberg et al. 2013). Two strains of Comoclathris compressa (CBS 157.53 and CBS 156.53) were treated as representative sequences which formed a well-supported clade within the family Pleosporaceae (Ariyawansa et al. 2014). ...
... Previously, Comoclathris was considered a synonym of Platyspora (Ariyawansa et al. 2014) and Comoclathris has been associated with an asexual morph resembling Alternaria-like (Simmons 1967); thus, the genus was temporarily referred to Pleosporaceae, based to these morphological characteristics (Zhang et al. 2012;Woudenberg et al. 2013). Two strains of Comoclathris compressa (CBS 157.53 and CBS 156.53) were treated as representative sequences which formed a well-supported clade within the family Pleosporaceae (Ariyawansa et al. 2014). Subsequently, Comoclathris was placed into Pleosporaceae, based on phylogenetic evidence coupled with morphological characteristics (Ariyawansa et al. 2015;Thambugala et al. 2017;Wijayawardene et al. 2017;Wanasinghe et al. 2018). ...
... Comoclathris can be distinguished from Pleospora, Pleoseptum and Clathrospora by its applanate and dark reddish-brown muriform ascospores with a single longitudinal septum and ascomata with circular lid-like opening (versus two or more rows of longitudinal septa of Clathrospora species) (Shoemaker and Babcock 1992; Zhang et al. 2012;Ariyawansa et al. 2014Ariyawansa et al. , 2015. Thirty-eight epithets have been recorded as Comoclathris in Species Fungorum (2023); however, most lack molecular data, including the type species C. lanata. ...
Two novel Comoclathris species were identified from dicotyledonous plants ( Clematis sp. and Xanthoceras sorbifolium ) in China. The results were supported by morphological characters and Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, LSU, SSU and rpb 2 sequences revealed two new species Comoclathris clematidis and C. xanthoceratis , which are phylogenetically distinct. The new species are phylogenetically closely related to C. arrhenatheri. However, they are distinguishable from C. arrhenatheri by having comparatively larger asci and ascospores. This study improves our knowledge of Comoclathris as no species has been previously described from China. This suggests such taxa may be rare and it is likely that new taxa will be discovered from hosts and environments that have not yet been extensively investigated.
... The type species of the genus is C. lanata, which lacks ITS nrDNA sequence data. Ariyawansa et al. (2014) used sequences of two strains of C. compressa (CBS 157.53 and CBS 156.57) as reference. Those two strains together create a well-supported clade inside Pleosporaceae but outside the Alternaria complex. ...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Algeria,
Phaeoacremonium adelophialidum from Vitis vinifera. Antarctica, Comoclathris antarctica from soil. Australia,
Coniochaeta salicifolia as endophyte from healthy leaves of Geijera salicifolia, Eremothecium peggii in fruit of Citrus
australis, Microdochium ratticaudae from stem of Sporobolus natalensis, Neocelosporium corymbiae on stems of
Corymbia variegata, Phytophthora kelmanii from rhizosphere soil of Ptilotus pyramidatus, Pseudosydowia backhousiae
on living leaves of Backhousia citriodora, Pseudosydowia indooroopillyensis, Pseudosydowia louisecottisiae
and Pseudosydowia queenslandica on living leaves of Eucalyptus sp. Brazil, Absidia montepascoalis from soil.
Chile, Ilyonectria zarorii from soil under Maytenus boaria. Costa Rica, Colletotrichum filicis from an unidentified
fern. Croatia, Mollisia endogranulata on deteriorated hardwood. Czech Republic, Arcopilus navicularis from tea bag
with fruit tea, Neosetophoma buxi as endophyte from Buxus sempervirens, Xerochrysium bohemicum on surface
of biscuits with chocolate glaze and filled with jam. France, Entoloma cyaneobasale on basic to calcareous soil,
Fusarium aconidiale from Triticum aestivum, Fusarium juglandicola from buds of Juglans regia. Germany, Tetraploa
endophytica as endophyte from Microthlaspi perfoliatum roots. India, Castanediella ambae on leaves of Mangifera
indica, Lactifluus kanadii on soil under Castanopsis sp., Penicillium uttarakhandense from soil. Italy, Penicillium ferraniaense
from compost. Namibia, Bezerromyces gobabebensis on leaves of unidentified succulent, Cladosporium
stipagrostidicola on leaves of Stipagrostis sp., Cymostachys euphorbiae on leaves of Euphorbia sp., Deniquelata
hypolithi from hypolith under a rock, Hysterobrevium walvisbayicola on leaves of unidentified tree, Knufia hypolithi
and Knufia walvisbayicola from hypolith under a rock, Lapidomyces stipagrostidicola on leaves of Stipagrostis sp.,
Nothophaeotheca mirabibensis (incl. Nothophaeotheca gen. nov.) on persistent inflorescence remains of Blepharis
obmitrata, Paramyrothecium salvadorae on twigs of Salvadora persica, Preussia procaviicola on dung of Procavia
sp., Sordaria equicola on zebra dung, Volutella salvadorae on stems of Salvadora persica. Netherlands, Entoloma
ammophilum on sandy soil, Entoloma pseudocruentatum on nutrient poor (acid) soil, Entoloma pudens on
plant debris, amongst grasses. New Zealand, Amorocoelophoma neoregeliae from leaf spots of Neoregelia sp.,
Aquilomyces metrosideri and Septoriella callistemonis from stem discolouration and leaf spots of Metrosideros
sp., Cadophora neoregeliae from leaf spots of Neoregelia sp., Flexuomyces asteliae (incl. Flexuomyces gen. nov.)
and Mollisia asteliae from leaf spots of Astelia chathamica, Ophioceras freycinetiae from leaf spots of Freycinetia banksii, Phaeosphaeria caricis-sectae from leaf spots of Carex secta. Norway, Cuphophyllus flavipesoides on soil
in semi-natural grassland, Entoloma coracis on soil in calcareous Pinus and Tilia forests, Entoloma cyaneolilacinum
on soil semi-natural grasslands, Inocybe norvegica on gravelly soil. Pakistan, Butyriboletus parachinarensis on
soil in association with Quercus baloot. Poland, Hyalodendriella bialowiezensis on debris beneath fallen bark of
Norway spruce Picea abies. Russia, Bolbitius sibiricus on а moss covered rotting trunk of Populus tremula, Crepidotus
wasseri on debris of Populus tremula, Entoloma isborscanum on soil on calcareous grasslands, Entoloma
subcoracis on soil in subalpine grasslands, Hydropus lecythiocystis on rotted wood of Betula pendula, Meruliopsis
faginea on fallen dead branches of Fagus orientalis, Metschnikowia taurica from fruits of Ziziphus jujube, Suillus
praetermissus on soil, Teunia lichenophila as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina. Slovakia, Hygrocybe fulgens
on mowed grassland, Pleuroflammula pannonica from corticated branches of Quercus sp. South Africa, Acrodontium
burrowsianum on leaves of unidentified Poaceae, Castanediella senegaliae on dead pods of Senegalia
ataxacantha, Cladophialophora behniae on leaves of Behnia sp., Colletotrichum cliviigenum on leaves of Clivia
sp., Diatrype dalbergiae on bark of Dalbergia armata, Falcocladium heteropyxidicola on leaves of Heteropyxis
canescens, Lapidomyces aloidendricola as epiphyte on brown stem of Aloidendron dichotomum, Lasionectria
sansevieriae and Phaeosphaeriopsis sansevieriae on leaves of Sansevieria hyacinthoides, Lylea dalbergiae on
Diatrype dalbergiae on bark of Dalbergia armata, Neochaetothyrina syzygii (incl. Neochaetothyrina gen. nov.) on
leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Nothophaeomoniella ekebergiae (incl. Nothophaeomoniella gen. nov.) on leaves of
Ekebergia pterophylla, Paracymostachys euphorbiae (incl. Paracymostachys gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Euphorbia
ingens, Paramycosphaerella pterocarpi on leaves of Pterocarpus angolensis, Paramycosphaerella syzygii on leaf
litter of Syzygium chordatum, Parateichospora phoenicicola (incl. Parateichospora gen. nov.) on leaves of Phoenix
reclinata, Seiridium syzygii on twigs of Syzygium chordatum, Setophoma syzygii on leaves of Syzygium sp., Starmerella
xylocopis from larval feed of an Afrotropical bee Xylocopa caffra, Teratosphaeria combreti on leaf litter of
Combretum kraussii, Teratosphaericola leucadendri on leaves of Leucadendron sp., Toxicocladosporium pterocarpi
on pods of Pterocarpus angolensis. Spain, Cortinarius bonachei with Quercus ilex in calcareus soils, Cortinarius
brunneovolvatus under Quercus ilex subsp. ballota in calcareous soil, Extremopsis radicicola (incl. Extremopsis
gen. nov.) from root-associated soil in a wet heathland, Russula quintanensis on acidic soils, Tubaria vulcanica on
volcanic lapilii material, Tuber zambonelliae in calcareus soil. Sweden, Elaphomyces borealis on soil under Pinus
sylvestris and Betula pubescens. Tanzania, Curvularia tanzanica on inflorescence of Cyperus aromaticus. Thailand,
Simplicillium niveum on Ophiocordyceps camponoti-leonardi on underside of unidentified dicotyledonous leaf. USA,
Calonectria californiensis on leaves of Umbellularia californica, Exophiala spartinae from surface sterilised roots of
Spartina alterniflora, Neophaeococcomyces oklahomaensis from outside wall of alcohol distillery. Vietnam, Fistulinella
aurantioflava on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
... The type species of the genus is C. lanata, which lacks ITS nrDNA sequence data. Ariyawansa et al. (2014) used sequences of two strains of C. compressa (CBS 157.53 and CBS 156.57) as reference. Those two strains together create a well-supported clade inside Pleosporaceae but outside the Alternaria complex. ...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Algeria , Phaeoacremonium adelophialidum from Vitis vinifera . Antarctica , Comoclathris antarctica from soil. Australia , Coniochaeta salicifolia as endophyte from healthy leaves of Geijera salicifolia , Eremothecium peggii in fruit of Citrus australis , Microdochium ratticaudae from stem of Sporobolus natalensis , Neocelosporium corymbiae on stems of Corymbia variegata , Phytophthora kelmanii from rhizosphere soil of Ptilotus pyramidatus , Pseudosydowia backhousiae on living leaves of Backhousia citriodora , Pseudosydowia indooroopillyensis , Pseudosydowia louisecottisiae and Pseudosydowia queenslandica on living leaves of Eucalyptus sp. Brazil , Absidia montepascoalis from soil. Chile , Ilyonectria zarorii from soil under Maytenus boaria . Costa Rica , Colletotrichum filicis from an unidentified fern. Croatia , Mollisia endogranulata on deteriorated hardwood. Czech Republic , Arcopilus navicularis from tea bag with fruit tea, Neosetophoma buxi as endophyte from Buxus sempervirens , Xerochrysium bohemicum on surface of biscuits with chocolate glaze and filled with jam. France , Entoloma cyaneobasale on basic to calcareous soil, Fusarium aconidiale from Triticum aestivum , Fusarium juglandicola from buds of Juglans regia . Germany , Tetraploa endophytica as endophyte from Microthlaspi perfoliatum roots. India , Castanediella ambae on leaves of Mangifera indica , Lactifluus kanadii on soil under Castanopsis sp., Penicillium uttarakhandense from soil. Italy , Penicillium ferraniaense from compost. Namibia , Bezerromyces gobabebensis on leaves of unidentified succulent, Cladosporium stipagrostidicola on leaves of Stipagrostis sp., Cymostachys euphorbiae on leaves of Euphorbia sp., Deniquelata hypolithi from hypolith under a rock, Hysterobrevium walvisbayicola on leaves of unidentified tree, Knufia hypolithi and Knufia walvisbayicola from hypolith under a rock, Lapidomyces stipagrostidicola on leaves of Stipagrostis sp., Nothophaeotheca mirabibensis (incl. Nothophaeotheca gen. nov.) on persistent inflorescence remains of Blepharis obmitrata , Paramyrothecium salvadorae on twigs of Salvadora persica , Preussia procaviicola on dung of Procavia sp., Sordaria equicola on zebra dung, Volutella salvadorae on stems of Salvadora persica . Netherlands , Entoloma ammophilum on sandy soil, Entoloma pseudocruentatum on nutrient poor (acid) soil, Entoloma pudens on plant debris, amongst grasses. New Zealand , Amorocoelophoma neoregeliae from leaf spots of Neoregelia sp., Aquilomyces metrosideri and Septoriella callistemonis from stem discolouration and leaf spots of Metrosideros sp., Cadophora neoregeliae from leaf spots of Neoregelia sp., Flexuomyces asteliae (incl. Flexuomyces gen. nov.) and Mollisia asteliae from leaf spots of Astelia chathamica , Ophioceras freycinetiae from leaf spots of Freycinetia banksii , Phaeosphaeria caricis-sectae from leaf spots of Carex secta . Norway , Cuphophyllus flavipesoides on soil in semi-natural grassland, Entoloma coracis on soil in calcareous Pinus and Tilia forests, Entoloma cyaneolilacinum on soil semi-natural grasslands, Inocybe norvegica on gravelly soil. Pakistan , Butyriboletus parachinarensis on soil in association with Quercus baloot . Poland , Hyalodendriella bialowiezensis on debris beneath fallen bark of Norway spruce Picea abies . Russia , Bolbitius sibiricus on а moss covered rotting trunk of Populus tremula , Crepidotus wasseri on debris of Populus tremula , Entoloma isborscanum on soil on calcareous grasslands, Entoloma subcoracis on soil in subalpine grasslands, Hydropus lecythiocystis on rotted wood of Betula pendula , Meruliopsis faginea on fallen dead branches of Fagus orientalis , Metschnikowia taurica from fruits of Ziziphus jujube , Suillus praetermissus on soil, Teunia lichenophila as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina . Slovakia , Hygrocybe fulgens on mowed grassland, Pleuroflammula pannonica from corticated branches of Quercus sp. South Africa , Acrodontium burrowsianum on leaves of unidentified Poaceae , Castanediella senegaliae on dead pods of Senegalia ataxacantha , Cladophialophora behniae on leaves of Behnia sp., Colletotrichum cliviigenum on leaves of Clivia sp., Diatrype dalbergiae on bark of Dalbergia armata , Falcocladium heteropyxidicola on leaves of Heteropyxis canescens , Lapidomyces aloidendricola as epiphyte on brown stem of Aloidendron dichotomum , Lasionectria sansevieriae and Phaeosphaeriopsis sansevieriae on leaves of Sansevieria hyacinthoides , Lylea dalbergiae on Diatrype dalbergiae on bark of Dalbergia armata , Neochaetothyrina syzygii (incl. Neochaetothyrina gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium chordatum , Nothophaeomoniella ekebergiae (incl. Nothophaeomoniella gen. nov.) on leaves of Ekebergia pterophylla , Paracymostachys euphorbiae (incl. Paracymostachys gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Euphorbia ingens , Paramycosphaerella pterocarpi on leaves of Pterocarpus angolensis , Paramycosphaerella syzygii on leaf litter of Syzygium chordatum , Parateichospora phoenicicola (incl. Parateichospora gen. nov.) on leaves of Phoenix reclinata , Seiridium syzygii on twigs of Syzygium chordatum , Setophoma syzygii on leaves of Syzygium sp., Starmerella xylocopis from larval feed of an Afrotropical bee Xylocopa caffra , Teratosphaeria combreti on leaf litter of Combretum kraussii , Teratosphaericola leucadendri on leaves of Leucadendron sp., Toxicocladosporium pterocarpi on pods of Pterocarpus angolensis . Spain , Cortinarius bonachei with Quercus ilex in calcareus soils, Cortinarius brunneovolvatus under Quercus ilex subsp. ballota in calcareous soil, Extremopsis radicicola (incl. Extremopsis gen. nov.) from root-associated soil in a wet heathland, Russula quintanensis on acidic soils, Tubaria vulcanica on volcanic lapilii material, Tuber zambonelliae in calcareus soil. Sweden , Elaphomyces borealis on soil under Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens . Tanzania , Curvularia tanzanica on inflorescence of Cyperus aromaticus . Thailand , Simplicillium niveum on Ophiocordyceps camponoti-leonardi on underside of unidentified dicotyledonous leaf. USA , Calonectria californiensis on leaves of Umbellularia californica , Exophiala spartinae from surface sterilised roots of Spartina alterniflora , Neophaeococcomyces oklahomaensis from outside wall of alcohol distillery. Vietnam , Fistulinella aurantioflava on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
... The problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully referenced, e.g. confusion of the putative strain of Clathrospora heterospora (CBS 175.52; Ariyawansa et al. 2014a). Many studies purchased strains from culture collections. ...
... Therefore the status of Diademaceae as a distinct family, based on the ascomata opening by a flat circular lid, is thought to be doubtful. Fresh collections of Diadema, and the ability to fix the application by of the name from a sequenced epitype to establish if this family can be well-resolved is needed Ariyawansa et al. 2014a) Rules for epitypification There are rules under the ICN that must be fulfilled when designating an epitype. If they are not adhered to, the designation may not be accepted by the mycological community. ...
A review of phylogenetic studies carried out together
with morphological ones shows that a major problem
with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques
and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were
not carefully reference, and in a worrying number of cases
wrongly named. Most classical species, particularly of
microfungi, are not represented by adequate type material, or
other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens, that can
serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study, or for
developing robust identification systems. Natural classifications
of fungi therefore suffer from the lack of reference strains
in resultant phylogenetic trees. In some cases, epitypification
and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are
increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize
the understanding of species, genera, families, or orders of
fungi. This manuscript discusses epitypification and
neotypification, describes how to epitypify or neotypify species
and examines the importance of this process. A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented. Examples where
taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and
problems of epitypification are discussed. As examples of
epitypification, or to provide reference specimens, a new
epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and
reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella
stellata, A. bakeriana, Phaeosphaeria elongata, Ophiobolus
cirsii, and O. erythrosporus. In this way we demonstrate how
to epitypify taxa and its importance, and also illustrate the
value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is
not advisable. Although we provided guidelines for
epitypification, the decision to epitypify or not lies with the
author, who should have experience of the fungus concerned.
This responsibility is to be taken seriously, as once a later
typification is made, it may not be possible to undo that,
particularly in the case of epitypes, without using the lengthy
and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.
... We have been studying various families of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes to provide a natural classification Ariyawansa et al. 2014aAriyawansa et al. , b, c, 2015a Wi j a y a w a r d e n e e t a l . 2 0 1 4 ; L i u e t a l . 2 0 1 5 ; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015;Thambugala et al. 2015). The resulting data allows us to place many of the poorly documented asexual hyphomycetous genera in a natural taxonomic framework (Shenoy et al. 2007(Shenoy et al. , 2010Su et al. 2015). ...
During a north–south latitudinal survey of aquatic fungi on submerged wood and herbaceous material in streams in the Asian region, we collected several hyphomycetous taxa. This paper is part of a series where we provide illustrated accounts of these taxa and place them in a natural classification in the fungi. DNA sequence based phylogenies in recent literature have shown that Dendryphion, Sporidesmium and Torula-like species are polyphyletic in the phylum Ascomycota and their taxonomyhas been problematic due to a lack of understanding of the importance of morphological characters used to delimit taxa, as well as the lack of ex-type or reference strains. Based on multi-locus phylogenies together with morphology, we propose the novel family Distoseptisporaceae (Sordariomycetes) and three novel genera Neotorula (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), Distoseptispora (Sordariomycetes) and Pseudosporidesmium (Sordariomycetes). In addition, Dendryphion aquaticum, D. submersum, Distoseptispora fluminicola, D. aquatica, Kirschsteiniothelia submersa, Neotorula aquatica, Sporidesmium aquaticum, S. submersum and S. fluminicola are introduced as new species. Pseudosporidesmium knawiae comb. nov. is proposed to accommodate Sporidesmium knawiae in Sordariomycetes. The polyphyletic nature of Dendryphion, Sporidesmium and Torula-like species are partially resolved, but further sampling with fresh collections and molecular data of species are needed to obtain a natural classification.
... Regions containing many leading or trailing gaps were removed from the ITS, SSU, LSU, RPB2, TEF and ACT alignments prior to tree building. All sequences obtained from GenBank and used by Alves et al. (2013), Ariyawansa et al. (2014a), De Gruyter et al. (2013), Hyde et al. (2013), Liu et al. (2015), Phookamsak et al. (2014) Schoch et al. (2009), and Zhang et al. (2012 are listed in supplementary Table 1. ...
... A best scoring RAxML tree is shown in Fig. 1, with the value of −20,128.721105. Phylogenetic trees obtained from Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis yielded trees with similar overall topology at subclass and family level relationships in agreement with previous work based on Maximum Likelihood analysis and Bayesian analysis (Alves et al. 2013;Ariyawansa et al. 2014a;De Gruyter et al. 2013;Hyde et al. 2013;Liu et al. 2015;Schoch et al. 2009;Wijayawardene et al. 2014;Zhang et al. 2012). The support values for the different phylogenetic methods vary, with the Bayesian posterior probabilities being higher than the RAxML bootstrap support values. ...
Leptosphaeriaceae is a family in the order Pleosporales comprising economically important plant pathogens. Species may also be endophytes or saprobes on various host plants. In recent classifications Alternariaster, Leptosphaeria, Neophaeosphaeria, Paraleptosphaeria, Heterospora, Subplenodomus and Plenodomus were included in the family. The taxonomy of genera and species in Leptosphaeriaceae has been problematic due to the lack of understanding of the importance of morphological characters used to distinguish taxa, as well as the lack of reference strains. In order to establish evolutionary relationships and to provide a backbone tree for Leptosphaeria and allied genera, we sequenced the 18S nrDNA, 28S nrDNA, ITS, RPB2, TEF and ACT gene regions of Leptosphaeriaceae species and analysed this data. Multi-locus phylogenies together with morphology robustly support the monophyletic nature of Leptosphaeriaceae among the other families in Pleosporales, and the inclusion of the genera Alternariaster, Heterospora, Leptosphaeria, Paraleptosphaeria, Sphaerellopsis, Subplenodomus, Plenodomus and three novel genera Alloleptosphaeria, Neoleptosphaeria and Pseudoleptosphaeria. Five new species, Alternariaster centaureae-diffusae, Leptosphaeria cichorium, Paraleptosphaeria rubi, Plenodomus guttulatus and P. salviae are introduced. An account of sexual morph of Alternariaster centaureae-diffusae is provided, and the sexual morph of Leptosphaeria doliolum is re-described and illustrated using modern concepts from fresh collections. A novel family Neophaeosphaeriaceae is established to accommodate the genus Neophaeosphaeria and its species.
... The problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully referenced, e.g. confusion of the putative strain of Clathrospora heterospora (CBS 175.52; Ariyawansa et al. 2014a). Many studies purchased strains from culture collections. ...
... Therefore the status of Diademaceae as a distinct family, based on the ascomata opening by a flat circular lid, is thought to be doubtful. Fresh collections of Diadema, and the ability to fix the application by of the name from a sequenced epitype to establish if this family can be well-resolved is needed Ariyawansa et al. 2014a) Rules for epitypification There are rules under the ICN that must be fulfilled when designating an epitype. If they are not adhered to, the designation may not be accepted by the mycological community. ...
A review of phylogenetic studies carried out together
with morphological ones shows that a major problem
with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques
and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were
not carefully reference, and in a worrying number of cases
wrongly named. Most classical species, particularly of
microfungi, are not represented by adequate type material, or
other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens, that can
serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study, or for developing robust identification systems. Natural classifications
of fungi therefore suffer from the lack of reference strains
in resultant phylogenetic trees. In some cases, epitypification
and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are
increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize
the understanding of species, genera, families, or orders of
fungi. This manuscript discusses epitypification and
neotypification, describes how to epitypify or neotypify species
and examines the importance of this process. A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented. Examples where
taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and
problems of epitypification are discussed. As examples of
epitypification, or to provide reference specimens, a new
epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and
reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella
stellata, A. bakeriana, Phaeosphaeria elongata, Ophiobolus
cirsii, and O. erythrosporus. In this way we demonstrate how
to epitypify taxa and its importance, and also illustrate the
value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is
not advisable. Although we provided guidelines for
epitypification, the decision to epitypify or not lies with the
author, who should have experience of the fungus concerned.
This responsibility is to be taken seriously, as once a later
typification is made, it may not be possible to undo that,
particularly in the case of epitypes, without using the lengthy
and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.
... Thus, Barr (1992a) accepted only 14 genera in Phaeosphaeriaceae: Bricookea, Chaetoplea, Didymella, Graphyllium, Hadrospora, Kalmusia, Lautitia, Metameris, Montagnula, Nodulosphaeria, Ophiosphaerella, Phaeosphaeria, Paraphaeosphaeria and Rhopographus (Table 1). Shoemaker and Babcock (1992) revised the taxonomy of the Pleosporales and transferred Comoclathris to Diademaceae and Graphyllium was moved to Hysteriaceae based on its hysterothecia with a slit-like opening Ariyawansa et al. 2014a). The marine fungus, Carinispora K.D. Hyde (Hyde 1992), a saprobe on the intertidal Nypa palm was placed in Phaeosphaeriaceae, and it was noted that the genus was closely related to Phaeosphaeria, although differed in several important aspects. ...
... Various other genera included in Phaeosphaeriaceae by Barr (1979Barr ( , 1987aBarr ( , b, 1990aBarr ( , 1992a, have been transferred to other families based on morphology. Comoclathris is currently accommodated in the Diademaceae (Shoemaker and Babcock 1992;Zhang et al. 2012;Hyde et al. 2013;Ariyawansa et al. 2014a), Heptameria and Rhopographus are treated in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis Huhndorf 2007, 2010;Zhang et al. 2012;Hyde et al. 2013), Loculohypoxylon and Teichospora in the family Teichosporaceae (Barr 2002;Huhndorf 2007, 2010;Zhang et al. 2012;Hyde et al. 2013;Wijayawardene et al. 2014b). ...
Phaeosphaeriaceae is a large and important family in the order Pleosporales which includes economically important plant pathogens. Species may also be endophytes or saprobes on plant hosts, especially on monocotyledons (e.g., Cannaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Poaceae); some species have also been reported on dicotyledons. The family previously accommodated 35 sexual and asexual genera and comprised more than 300 species with a range of morphological characters. The morphological characters of taxa in this family are often ambiguous and can be confused with other taxa in Leptosphaeriaceae and Montagnulaceae. Fourteen specimens of the type genera of Phaeosphaeriaceae were loaned from herbaria worldwide and were re-examined and illustrated. Fresh collections were obtained from Italy and Thailand, characterized, examined, isolated into pure culture and used to obtain molecular data. The asexual state was induced where possible on sterile bamboo pieces placed on water agar. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence datasets were carried out using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis. Molecular analyses shows that 21 genera (Amarenomyces, Ampelomyces, Chaetosphaeronema, Dematiopleospora, Entodesmium, Loratospora, Neosetophoma, Neostagonospora, Nodulosphaeria, Ophiobolus, Ophiosphaerella, Paraphoma, Parastagonospora, Phaeosphaeria, Phaeosphaeriopsis, Sclerostagonospora, Setomelanomma, Setophoma, Vrystaatia, Wojnowicia and Xenoseptoria) belong in Phaeosphaeriaceae, while seven genera (Amarenographium, Bricookea, Dothideopsella, Eudarluca, Phaeostagonospora, Scolecosporiella and Tiarospora) are included based on morphological data. Amarenomyces is reinstated and Nodulosphaeria is confirmed in Phaeosphaeriaceae. Eudarluca is distinguished from Sphaerellopsis based on its morphological characters and is typical of Phaeosphaeriaceae. ITS gene phylogenetic analysis indicates that Sphaerellopsis belongs to Leptosphaeriaceae. Ophiobolus species form a clade within Phaeosphaeriaceae while Ophiosphaerella is shown to be polyphyletic. Phaeosphaeria sensu stricto is redefined. Two new species of Phaeosphaeria and one of Phaeosphaeriopsis are introduced while the asexual states of Phaeosphaeria chiangraina and Phaeosphaeriopsis dracaenicola are reported. Scolicosporium minkeviciusii forms a sister clade with Neostagonospora and Parastagonospora in Phaeosphaeriaceae. However, Scolicosporium minkeviciusii is not the type species. Thus, the placement of Scolicosporium sensu stricto in Phaeosphaeriaceae is questionable. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU genes, confirm the placement of Septoriella oudemansii in Phaeosphaeriaceae. However, it is not represented by the generic type, thus the placement of Septoriella is questionable. Setophaeosphaeria is excluded from Phaeosphariaceae as the type species, Sp. hemerocallidis forms a clade at the base of Cucurbitariaceae. Wilmia clusters in Didymosphaeriaceae and is synonymized under Letendraea. Barria, Chaetoplea, Hadrospora, Lautitia, Metameris, Mixtura and Pleoseptum are excluded from Phaeosphaeriaceae based on their morphological characters. The asexual genera Mycopappus and Xenostigmina are excluded from this family based on the phylogenetic evidence; these genera form a clade close to Melanommataceae.
... Molecular data play a pivotal role in modern mycological taxonomy, but have some constraints in application (Ariyawansa et al. 2014a;Boonmee et al. 2014;Hyde et al. 2014;Nilsson et al. 2014;Phookamsak et al. 2014;Schoch et al. 2014;Thambugala et al. 2014;Wijayawardene et al. 2014). The most significant and unsettled problem is that the phylogeny inferred from any gene may not reveal the evolution history of the organism (Uilenberg et al. 2004). ...
... The most significant and unsettled problem is that the phylogeny inferred from any gene may not reveal the evolution history of the organism (Uilenberg et al. 2004). It is therefore better to incorporate a polyphasic taxonomy including genotypical and phenotypical characteristics in all future studies (Ariyawansa et al. 2014a;Udayanga et al. 2014;Uilenberg et al. 2004). The genome also needs to be evaluated (Ariyawansa et al. 2014a;Uilenberg et al. 2004). ...
... It is therefore better to incorporate a polyphasic taxonomy including genotypical and phenotypical characteristics in all future studies (Ariyawansa et al. 2014a;Udayanga et al. 2014;Uilenberg et al. 2004). The genome also needs to be evaluated (Ariyawansa et al. 2014a;Uilenberg et al. 2004). ...
The ascomycetous families, Didymosphaeriaceae and Montagnulaceae, have been treated in Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, and both include saprobes, endophytes and pathogens associated with a wide variety of substrates worldwide. Didymosphaeriaceae was characterized by 1-septate ascospores and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, mainly anastomosing above the asci, while species in Montagnulaceae had 1 to multi-septate ascospores and generally cellular pseudoparaphyses. In recent treatments, Bimuria, Didymocrea, Kalmusia, Karstenula, Montagnula, Paraphaeosphaeria, Paraconiothyrium and Letendraea were placed in Montagnulaceae, while only Didymosphaeria has been placed in Didymosphaeriaceae. New morphological and molecular data from recent collections have become available and thus the understanding of the families can be improved. Based on analyses of concatenated internal transcribed spacer (ITS) with LSU, SSU and β-tubulin gene sequences, the taxonomy of the genera classified in these families are re-assessed. Our phylogenetic analyses conclude that, the recently introduced Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii with Paraconiothyrium brasiliense species complex, Alloconiothyrium, Bimuria, Deniquelata, Didymocrea, Kalmusia, Karstenula, Letendraea, Montagnula, Neokalmusia, Paraconiothyrium, Paraphaeosphaeria, Phaeodothis and Tremateia, forms a robust clade named here Didymosphaeriaceae. We therefore synonymize Montagnulaceae under Didymosphaeriaceae which is the oldest name and has priority and provide a new account of the family. Didymosphaeria is represented by Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii. A new genus, Neokalmusia, is introduced in the family to accommodate the bambusicolous taxa Kalmusia brevispora and K. scabrispora. This introduction is based on molecular data coupled with morphology. One new species, Paraconiothyrium magnoliae and the sexual morph of Paraconiothyrium fuckelii, is also introduced. Julella and Barria are assigned to the family based on morphological similarity with Didymosphaeriaceae. Wilmia (previously referred to the Phaeosphaeriaceae) is synonymized under Letendraea (Didymosphaeriaceae). Furthermore, a new species, Letendraea cordylinicola, is introduced and placed in Didymosphaeriaceae based on phylogeny and morphology. The paraphyletic nature of Paraconiothyrium is partially resolved, but further sampling with fresh collections and molecular data of species in this genus are needed to obtain a natural classification.
Keywords: Didymosphaeriaceae Montagnulaceae new species Phylogeny rDNA β-tubulin
... Several recent studies using multigene analysis and some coupled with morphology have provided the groundwork for classification in Pyrenophora (Berbee 1996, Zhang & Berbee 2001, Zhang et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2013. We have been working on the genera of Pleosporales in order to provide a natural classification via morphological and phylogenetic characterization (Zhang et al. 2012, Ariyawansa et al. 2013a, b, c, Hyde et al. 2013, Ariyawansa et al. 2014. In this paper we bring together data on the genus Pyrenophora. ...
This is the first in a series of papers in which we revisit genera of fungi to provide baseline data for future study. In this article we examine the genus Pyrenophora and provide details of morphology, phylogeny and the current status of species. Pyrenophora is a genus of saprobic and plant pathogenic fungi with a worldwide distribution, commonly associated with leaves, wood, cereals and other grasses. A phylogeny for Pyrenophora (sexual state of Drechslera) and allied genera is presented based on analysis of ITS, GPDH, RPB2, nrSSU and nrLSU DNA sequence datasets. Pyrenophora is a monophyletic genus in Pleosporaceae. Pyrenophora sexual states cluster with their expected Drechslera asexual states. As a genus can now only have one name we synonymise Drechslera under Pyrenophora.
