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The objectives of this study were to design a field test based on the Conconi protocol to determine the ventilatory threshold of rowers and to test its reliability and validity. A group of sixteen oarsmen completed a modified Conconi test for on-water rowing. The reliability of the detection of the heart rate threshold was evaluated using heart rat...
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Citations
... In line with Conconi's principle in Cebo, to determine the anaerobic threshold in runners by analyzing the relationship between heart rate, running, and velocity, during continuous, incremental exercise, heart rate increases at a linear rate up to a specific point (the point of deflection). At which the heart rate deviates from linearity, the so-called point of deflection was shown to be related to the lactate anaerobic threshold [30]. Table 3 presents the average increase in pulse rate for dancers in groups 1 and 2; measurements were taken 4 times before and after dancing. ...
Managing dance movement elements is crucial for maintaining endurance and movement quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of applying diaphragmatic breathing on dancer endurance. The study employed a mixed-methods approach with an exploratory sequential design. The first phase, qualitative in nature, aimed to formulate hypotheses concerning the endurance issues faced by dancers in choreography courses. The second phase tested these hypotheses through experiments, incorporating control variables between two groups: Group 1, trained in dance movements using diaphragmatic breathing, and Group 2, solely trained in movements. The experiment took place at the Indonesian Institute of Cultural Arts in Aceh, with six female dancers enrolled in choreography classes randomly divided into two groups. None of the participants had prior experience with diaphragmatic breathing techniques while dancing. The study utilized a sphygmomanometer and oximetry for measurement. The endurance test involved dancing to a metronome for 5 minutes at tempos of 100, 110, and 120 without interruption. The results indicated that the respiratory frequency of dancers using diaphragmatic breathing was more stable compared to the group that did not employ this technique. These findings suggest that incorporating diaphragmatic breathing alternately while dancing can serve as a recommendation for maintaining dancers' endurance, particularly for students at the Indonesian Institute of Cultural Arts in Aceh.
... Widely used in sport science, it proves the interest in characterizing the dynamics changes during effort. Attractive by its simplicity, this approach suffers from several drawbacks, including a variable reliability (Cabo et al., 2011;Jones and Doust, 1995), the existence of HR performance curves having no inflection points (Hofmann et al., 1994(Hofmann et al., , 1997Kjertakov et al., 2016), and a lack of accuracy (Carey, 2002;Jones and Doust, 1997). ...
Objective: Dynamical analysis can be used to study the changes of self-regulated biological processes driven by external stimuli. Recently, heart rate during effort tests has been successfully adjusted with a simple first order differential equation with constant coefficients driven by the body power expenditure. Although producing proper estimations and yielding pertinent indices to analyze such measurements, this approach suffers from its inability to model the saturation of the heart rate increase at high power expenditure and the change of heart rate equilibrium after effort.
Approach: We propose a new analysis allowing to estimate the changes of heart rate response to effort (gain) as a function of the power expenditure value.
Main results: When applied to heart rate measured on 30 amateur athletes performing a maximum graded treadmill effort test, the proposed model was able to predict 99% of the measured heart rate change during exercise. The gains estimated decreased with power increase above the first ventilatory threshold. This trend was stronger above the second ventilatory threshold and was strongly correlated with the maximum oxygen consumption.
Significance: The proposed approach yields a highly precise modeling of heart rate dynamics during variable effort reflecting the changes of metabolic energy systems at play during exercise.
... This method, known as the Conconi method, link the lactic accumulation threshold with the HR dynamic change at high energy expenditure, appearing as an inflection point in the HR performance curve. Attractive by its simplicity, this approach suffers from several drawbacks, including a variable reliability 6,7 , the existence of HR performance curve having no inflection points [8][9][10] , and a lack of accuracy 11,12 . level of effort, the heart rate cannot increase as much as it did for low level of effort 15 . ...
Heart rate during effort test has been previously successfully adjusted with a simple first order differential equation with constant coefficients driven by the body power expenditure. Although producing proper estimation and yielding pertinent indices to analyze such measurement, this approach suffers from its inability to model the saturation of the heart rate increase at high power expenditure and the change of heart rate equilibrium after effort. The objective of the present study is to improve this model by considering that the amplitude of the heart rate response to effort (gain) depends on the power expenditure value. Therefore, heart rate and oxygen consumption of 30 amateur athletes were measured while they performed a maximum graded treadmill effort test. The proposed model was able to predict 99% of the measured heart rate variance during exercise. The gains estimated at the different power expenditures were constant but noisy before the first ventilatory threshold, stable and decreasing slightly with power increase between the two ventilatory thresholds, before decreasing in a more pronounced manner after the second ventilatory threshold. The slope of the decrease of heart rate gain with power expenditure was correlated with the deflection angle of the heart rate performance curve and with the maximum oxygen consumption. These results reflect the changes of metabolic energy systems at play during the effort test and are consistent with the analysis of the heart rate performance curve given by the Conconi method, thus validating our new approach to analyze heart rate during effort test.
... The HRVT is finally estimated by inputting the HRDP on the regression equations (3) and (4) for males and females, respectively. Because the modified D-max method was basically designed from the conventional D-max method, it is robust to the problems of the subjectivity, lack of individuality, or variation in recovery rate for the HRVT determination [19]. Furthermore, the modified D-max method utilizes a linear line which fully approximates the HR data and thus is less sensitive to HR data at the beginning and the end of the exercise test. ...
The purpose of this study was to design a modified D-max method to determine heart rate at a ventilatory threshold (HRVT) and to investigate whether this method would be valid during incremental exercise tests. The HRVT was estimated from a new parameter defined as HR at the maximal difference point between linearly- and quadratically approximated HR trends (modified D-max method). HR and ventilatory gas data for 105 subjects (53 males and 52 females; 38.26 ± 12.06 years; 166.62 ± 8.21 cm; 65.31 ± 11.10 kg) were simultaneously collected during an incremental treadmill test to evaluate the validity of the modified D-max method. Reference HRVTs were manually identified from the ventilatory gas data by an experienced sports physiologist and compared with those estimated by the HR parameter. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.71, p <; 0.01) and a low HR difference of 9.94 ± 7.10 bpm between the reference and estimated HRVTs were obtained. The results indicate that the modified D-max method outperforms the conventional D-max method (r = 0.53, p <; 0.01), the three-piece linear regression lines method (r = 0.42, p <; 0.01), and the parallel straight line slope method (r = 0.57, p <; 0.01). Furthermore, the modified D-max method improves the predictive accuracy of HRVTs by combining its result with subject's age. The combined parameters have a strong positive correlation with the reference HRVTs (r = 0.74, p <; 0.01) and a lower HR difference of 9.40 ± 6.91 bpm. The results suggest that the modified D-max method is highly applicable to predicting HRVTs during incremental exercise tests and also improves HRVT detection accuracy by combining its result with the subject's age.
... Bourgois and Vrijens (8) and Bourgois et al. (7), on the other hand, were able to detect HR DP in all of their subjects who were also submitted to the modified CT. The percentage of HR max (91%) at which HR DP occurred in our runners is comparable to the values reported in previous studies with athletes of various sports, ranging from 88% to 92% (5,10,25). To identify HR DP , we used manual graphing and visual analysis, which is in agreement with the aforementioned studies (7,8). ...
This study aimed to examine the validity of the modified Conconi test (CT) to predict lactate threshold (LT) during running. Twelve distance runners randomly performed the modified CT and the incremental test in which LT was determined directly by measuring blood lactate (BLa). Mean values of heart rate (HR) and running speed (RS) at heart rate deflection point (HRDP) obtained through the modified CT were compared with those at LT. Subsequently, the runners who showed a HRDP in the modified CT performed a 30-min prolonged exercise test (PET) at a RS corresponding to HRDP. During this test, the kinetics of BLa and HR were analyzed to determine whether a steady state in these variables could be attained. We succeeded in identifying HRDP in nine of our runners, whereas the remaining three runners showed entirely linear HR response. In those nine runners, no significant difference was found between HR and RS at HRDP and those at LT. Significant correlation was found between HR at HRDP and HR at LT (r = 0.84, p = 0.005), but RS at HRDP was not significantly correlated with RS at LT (r = 0.63, p = 0.07). All nine runners were able to complete the PET with steady state conditions being achieved for both BLa and HR. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the modified CT has a potential to be used as an alternative method for assessment of LT in distance runners presenting a HRDP.
... Before the load test, an ECG was performed on each diver. The workload test entailed progressively increasing the workload during a continuous test on a training bike (8). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) was measured by a direct method with the help of the Fi® Pro apparatus (Cosmed, Italy) (9). ...
The effect of scuba diving on ROS production and oxidative stress compared to that of other recreational activities is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different types of physical activity on the redox status of scuba divers by testing the pro- and anti-oxidative parameters immediately before and after different types of physical load. The prevalence study included 10 professional police divers. All examinees were male, 32 ± 5.1 years of age, well-trained, and with a minimum of five to a maximum of 20 years of diving experience. The study was divided into three experimental protocols: 1) an exercise test (at atmospheric pressure), 2) an at sea dive (30 meters for 30 minutes), and 3) a dive into river current (10 meters for 30 minutes). Immediately before and after the load test of the divers at atmospheric pressure and immediately before and after the dive, blood samples were taken to determine the values of the following pro-oxidant markers: O
... Daugelis tokių tyrimų atliekama tomis pačiomis sąlygomis kaip ir pats irklavimas -gryname ore ant vandens. Mokslininkai (Cabo et al., 2011) atliko tyrimą ant vandens, remiantis jo duomenimis galima nustatyti pirmąjį ir antrąjį ventiliacijos slenkstį pagal širdies susitraukimų dažnio rezultatus, taikant Conconi metodą. Mokslininkai nustatė, kad aerobinis širdies susitraukimų slenkstis pasiekiamas, kai ŠSD yra 92 % ŠSD max , o VO 2max pasiekiamas, kai ŠSD yra 73,7 %. ...
Background
The 6-minute rowing ergometer test (6-min RT ) is valid and reliable for establishing maximal aerobic power (MAP) in amateur male rowers. However, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) have not yet been established with their mechanical correspondence in this test.
Objective
The primary objective was to determine the VTs in the 6-min RT achieved by amateur male rowers, while the secondary objective was to determine the correspondence between ventilatory, mechanical, and heart rate (HR) outcomes of the 6-min RT .
Methods
Sixteen amateur male rowers were part of the study. All participants were instructed to perform an incremental test (IT) and a 6-min RT . Determination of the ventilatory parameters for the first ventilatory threshold (VT1), the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), and 6min RT VO 2max were performed by correlating the outcomes of VT1, VT2, and VO 2max obtained in the IT, with the outcomes of 6-min RT . For these purposes, Pearson’s test was used, with the following criteria: trivial, <0.1; small, 0.1–0.3; moderate, 0.3–0.5; high, 0.5–0.7; very high, 0.7–0.9; or practically perfect, >0.9. The significance level was p < 0.05.
Results
The IT analysis determined that VT1 and VT2 correspond to 55 and 80% of VO 2max , respectively. A high correlation was observed between IT outcomes in VT1, VT2, and VO 2max , with the outcomes of 6-min RT ( r > 0.6).
Conclusion
Based on IT ventilatory parameters and concordance analysis, VT1 and VT2 of 6-min RT are determined at 55 and 80%, respectively, of both ventilatory parameters and their corresponding mechanical outcomes and HR.
Aims of this study were: to verify if Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) of Heart Rate
Variability (HRV) time series could determine both ventilatory thresholds in individuals with
different fitness levels, and to assess the validity of RQA method compared to gasexchange
method (GE). The two thresholds were estimated in thirty young individuals during
incremental exercise on cycle-ergometer: Heart rate (HR), Oxygen consumption (VO2)
and Workload were measured by the two methods (RQA and GE). Repeated measures
ANOVA was used to assess main effects of methods and methods-by-groups interaction
effects for HR, VO2 and Workload at aerobic (AerT) and anaerobic (AnT) thresholds. Validity
of RQA at both thresholds was assessed for HR, VO2 and Workload by Ordinary Least
Products (OLP) regression, Typical Percentage Error (TE), Intraclass Correlation Coefficients
(ICC) and the Bland Altman plots. No methods-by-groups interaction effects were
detected for HR, VO2 and Workload at AerT and AnT. The OLP analysis showed that at
both thresholds RQA and GE methods had very strong correlations (r >0.8) in all variables
(HR, VO2 and Workload). Slope and intercept values always included the 1 and the 0,
respectively. At AerT the TE ranged from 4.02% (5.48 bpm) to 10.47% (8.53 Watts) (HR
and Workload, respectively) and in all variables ICC values were excellent (�0.85). At AnT
the TE ranged from 2.53% (3.98 bpm) to 6.64% (7.81 Watts) (HR and Workload, respectively)
and in all variables ICC values were excellent (�0.90). Therefore, RQA of HRV time
series is a new valid approach to determine both ventilatory thresholds in individuals with different
physical fitness levels, it can be used when gas analysis is not possible or not
convenient.
Sports exercise is based on systematic scientific principles, directing sportsmen for the highest performances in leisure and sports competitions. In a broad sense, sports training is the entire systematic process of athlete’s preparation for the highest levels of athletic performance. The objective of endurance is to develop the energy production systems to meet the demands of the exercise bouts. Anaerobic means without oxygen, performance involves maximal work intensity, the oxygen demand–delivery ratio is imbalanced since the oxygen delivery rate to the contracting muscles is not sufficient and thus the individual has to rely on the stored reserves of glycogen and glucose. Consequently, the lactate level is mounting, since the muscle is in a state of oxygen debt. High blood lactate along with low fuel stores forces the individual to stop its activity. Full recovery from that strenuous exercise activity is achieved when blood lactate levels are back to resting levels, while aerobic exercise is essential for all events. Aerobic means exercising at an intensity that oxygen is continuously delivered, where fuel and oxygen demand–delivery ratio is balanced. Under these conditions, the end products are energy production, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water. These are removed as sweat and by breathing out. Aerobic endurance is developed through the use of continuous aerobic training methods, such as running, cycling, swimming, and walking. Improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is the result of enhancements in the cardiovascular system (oxygen delivery) and muscular oxygen extraction (a-v)O2.
