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Some of the most exciting advances in molecular-functional imaging of cancer are occurring at the interface between chemistry and imaging. Several of these advances have occurred through the development of novel imaging probes that report on molecular pathways, the tumor micro-environment and the response of tumors to treatment; as well as through...
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... adenoviral vectors can function as lymphotropic agents and can mediate gene transfer into metastatic prostate cancer cells in the draining lymph nodes (Figure 2) [58]. In a recent study, orthotopically inoculated prostate cancer cells expressing Renilla luciferase were visualized in vivo by bioluminescence imaging. ...
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... On the other hand, optical biopsy could overcome these problems but not without its flaws since this method is limited by weak light penetration into deeper tissues. [9,22,23] Combining both imaging modalities could improve diagnostic capabilities. [24] Bimodal imaging, which combines an MRI contrast agent and a fluorescent probe, is anticipated to show greater diagnostic ability. ...
Nanomedicine presents exciting new opportunities for the detection and treatment of cancer. Current cancer imaging methods and treatment approaches in clinics frequently fall short of entirely curing cancer and can have severe side effects. Theranostic nanoparticles, however, have the potential to revolutionize effective cancer treatment and early cancer detection. The objective of this study is to show how magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and photoluminescent gold nanoclusters (MN-AuNCs) may be combined effectively to produce bimodal imaging nanoparticles that possess magnetic and optical properties and can be used for both magnetic resonance imaging and optical biopsy. These findings demonstrate that MN-AuNCs, when exposed to visible light, also have the capability to produce singlet oxygen, which is necessary for photodynamic therapy of cancer. In addition, it shows that they are non-toxic, accumulate inside the cells, and cause cell death during exposure to visible light. The creation of these MN-AuNCs offers a novel remedy for the current shortcomings in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Since they have both therapeutic and imaging capabilities, MN-AuNCs have the potential to improve patient outcomes while lowering the risk of negative side effects.
... Although PA imaging has a relatively deep tissue penetration among all the optical imaging modalities, the penetration depth is still restricted compared with traditional modalities such as CT and MRI (Penet et al., 2010;Zhou et al., 2020). Most PA imaging-based theranostics utilize first nearinfrared window (NIR-I, 700-900 nm) light as excitation source. ...
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window has gained more and more attention in recent years and showed great potential in the field of bioimaging. Until now, numerous materials have been developed as contrast agents for NIR-II PA imaging. Among them, small molecule dyes hold unique advantages such as definite structures and capability of fast clearance from body. By virtue of these advantages, small molecule dyes-constructed nanoparticles have relatively small size and show promise in the clinical translation. Thus, in this minireview, we summarize recent advances in small molecule dyes-based nanotheranostics for NIR-II PA imaging and cancer therapy. Studies about NIR-II PA imaging-guided phototherapy are first introduced. Then, NIR-II PA imaging-guided phototherapy-based combination therapeutic systems are reviewed. Finally, the conclusion and perspectives of this field are summarized and discussed.
... These types of measurement are critical for many biomedical problems focused on tissue permeability, such as targeted delivery of therapeutics 39 and changes in vascular permeability related to disorders, either as the origin or manifestation of various diseases 40 . For in vivo cases, such measurements are performed with magnetic resonance imaging that have a limited sensitivity of detecting contrast agents 41 and radiolabelling that are associated with safety concerns and high cost 42 . Standard optical methods for tissue permeability, such as Miles assay, fluorescent molecules and labelled bioparticles, are performed either using fibre optics or on dissected tissue slices or extracted organs as these measurements have a limited penetration depth 43 . ...
Fluorescent nanosensors hold the potential to revolutionize life sciences and medicine. However, their adaptation and translation into the in vivo environment is fundamentally hampered by unfavourable tissue scattering and intrinsic autofluorescence. Here we develop wavelength-induced frequency filtering (WIFF) whereby the fluorescence excitation wavelength is modulated across the absorption peak of a nanosensor, allowing the emission signal to be separated from the autofluorescence background, increasing the desired signal relative to noise, and internally referencing it to protect against artefacts. Using highly scattering phantom tissues, an SKH1-E mouse model and other complex tissue types, we show that WIFF improves the nanosensor signal-to-noise ratio across the visible and near-infrared spectra up to 52-fold. This improvement enables the ability to track fluorescent carbon nanotube sensor responses to riboflavin, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide and a chemotherapeutic drug metabolite for depths up to 5.5 ± 0.1 cm when excited at 730 nm and emitting between 1,100 and 1,300 nm, even allowing the monitoring of riboflavin diffusion in thick tissue. As an application, nanosensors aided by WIFF detect the chemotherapeutic activity of temozolomide transcranially at 2.4 ± 0.1 cm through the porcine brain without the use of fibre optic or cranial window insertion. The ability of nanosensors to monitor previously inaccessible in vivo environments will be important for life-sciences research, therapeutics and medical diagnostics. An optical technique is developed that extends the capabilities of fluorescent nanosensors into previously inaccessible ultradeep in vivo locations, including the brain, without the use of fibre optic or cranial window insertion.
... At the same time, the development of nanoparticles with special characteristics was also an exciting opportunity for an effective diagnosis of cancer disease (Zhang et al., 2019b). Fluorescence imaging based on optical processing and MRI has become the least option for conducting useful biomedical innovations owing to their non-aeronautical and non-destructive use (Penet et al., 2010). Nanostructures, including magnetic nanocomposites and QDs, have demonstrated excellent application benefits for MRI and image processing based on optical fluorescence (Serrano García et al., 2018;Tufani et al., 2020). ...
Cancer overlooks are globally one of the most dangerous and life-threatening tribulations. While significant advances have been made in the targeted delivery of anti-cancer medications over the last few years, several challenges, such as low efficacy and strong toxic effects, remain to be addressed. Micro/nanomotors have been thoroughly studied for both effective cancer detection and treatment, as demonstrated by significant advancements in the architecture of smart and functional micro/nanomotor biomedical systems. Able to self-propelled within fluid media, micro/nanomotors have attractive vehicles to maximize the efficacy of tumor delivery. Here, we present the current developments in the delivery, detection, and imaging-guided treatment of micro/nanomotors in the clinical field, including cancer-related specific targeted drug delivery, and then discuss the barriers and difficulties encountered by micro/nanomotors throughout the medical process. Furthermore, this paper addresses the potential growth of micro/nanomotors for medical applications, and sets out the current drawbacks and future research directions for more advancement.
... Advanced MRI applications have been rigorously investigated in the preceding years in the area of NPs-based MRI contrast agents (Gale et al., 2017;Li et al., 2018a;Na and Hyeon, 2009). By applying a strong magnetic field and radio frequency, hydrogen nuclei, which solely consist of a proton, create a signal from the further processed tissues, leading to body image formation according to the density of those nuclei in a specific region (Penet et al., 2010). Hence, contrast agents are usually employed for contrast enhancement between the tissues, which reduces the relaxation parameters (T1 and T2) of water. ...
The core-shell silica-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) possess outstanding properties for developing next-generation therapeutics. CSNPs provide greater surface area owing to their mesoporous structure, which offers a high opportunity for surface modification. This review highlights the potential of core-shell silica-based nanoparticle (CSNP) based injectable nanotherapeutics (INT); its role in drug delivery, biomedical imaging, light-triggered phototherapy, Plasmonic enhancers, gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, immunotherapy, and potential as next-generation theragnostic. Specifically, the conceptual crosstalk on modern synthetic strategies, biodistribution profiles with a mechanistic view on the therapeutics loading and release modeling are dealt in detail. The manuscript also converses the challenges associated with CSNPs, regulatory hurdles, and their current market position.
... 25 However, MRI possesses low sensitivity, in contrast to optical imaging, including fluorescence, which has excellent sensitivity, but suffers from signal attenuation. 26 Therefore, the combination of MRI and optical imaging is desirable, as it can provide more precise and complementary diagnostic information. 27 Various methods have been utilized for the synthesis of highly uniform upconverting nanoparticles, with the coprecipitation of rare earth salts and thermal decomposition of the fluoride precursors of lanthanide ions being the most prominent. ...
Upconverting nanoparticles are attracting extensive interest as a multimodal imaging tool. In this work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of gadolinium-enriched upconverting nanoparticles for bimodal magnetic resonance and optical luminescence imaging. NaYF4:Gd³⁺,Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺ core upconverting nanoparticles were obtained by a thermal coprecipitation of lanthanide oleate precursors in the presence of oleic acid as a stabilizer. With the aim of improving the upconversion emission and increasing the amount of Gd³⁺ ions on the nanoparticle surface, a 2.5 nm NaGdF4 shell was grown by the epitaxial layer-by-layer strategy, resulting in the 26 nm core–shell nanoparticles. Both core and core–shell nanoparticles were coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-neridronate (PEG-Ner) to have stable and well-dispersed upconverting nanoparticles in a biological medium. FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis indicated the presence of ∼20 wt % of PEG-Ner on the nanoparticle surface. The addition of inert NaGdF4 shell resulted in a total 26-fold enhancement of the emission under 980 nm excitation and also affected the T1 and T2 relaxation times. Both r1 and r2 relaxivities of PEG-Ner-modified nanoparticles were much higher compared to those of non-PEGylated particles, thus manifesting their potential as a diagnostic tool for magnetic resonance imaging. Together with the enhanced luminescence efficiency, upconverting nanoparticles might represent an efficient probe for bimodal in vitro and in vivo imaging of cells in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and/or photodynamic therapy.
... Thus, lawsone exhibits inherent fluorescent properties owing to its structure, making it possible to be incorporated within a new anti-cancer theranostic system. Therefore, this study focuses on combining an imaging and a therapeutic agent into a single platform by synthesizing a novel theranostic compound that combines CUR and lawsone in order to take advantage of the anticancer properties [18,19,21,22,27,41] (therapeutic) as well as the fluorescent properties, particularly of lawsone [40,42] (diagnostic). Although both phytochemicals have independently been shown to elicit anticancer activity, each have several limiting factors to advance their clinical application. ...
... Molecules 2020, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20 take advantage of the anticancer properties [18,19,21,22,27,41] (therapeutic) as well as the fluorescent properties, particularly of lawsone [40,42] (diagnostic). Although both phytochemicals have independently been shown to elicit anticancer activity, each have several limiting factors to advance their clinical application. ...
Synthesis of a novel theranostic molecule for targeted cancer intervention. A reaction between curcumin and lawsone was carried out to yield the novel curcumin naphthoquinone (CurNQ) molecule (2,2'-((((1E,3Z,6E)-3-hydroxy-5-oxohepta-1,3,6-triene-1,7-diyl) bis(2-methoxy-4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(naphthalene-1,4-dione). CurNQ's structure was elucidated and was fully characterized. CurNQ was demonstrated to have pH specific solubility, its saturation solubility increased from 11.15 µM at pH 7.4 to 20.7 µM at pH 6.8. This pH responsivity allows for cancer targeting (Warburg effect). Moreover, CurNQ displayed intrinsic fluorescence, thus enabling imaging and detection applications. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the chemotherapeutic properties of CurNQ as CurNQ reduced cell viability to below 50% in OVCAR-5 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines. CurNQ is a novel theranostic molecule for potential targeted cancer detection and treatment.
... MRI methods are noninvasive and can be easily translated from preclinical research to clinical applications, allowing the acquisition of spatial as well as temporal information. However, MRI suffers from less than optimum sensitivity of detection of injected CAs [23]. ...
(1) Background. The main goal of this work was to develop a fluorescent dye-labelling technique for our previously described nanosized platform, citrate-coated Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles (PBNPs). In addition, characteristics and stability of the PB nanoparticles labelled with fluorescent dyes were determined. (2) Methods. We adsorbed the fluorescent dyes Eosin Y and Rhodamine B and methylene blue (MB) to PB-nanoparticle systems. The physicochemical properties of these fluorescent dye-labeled PBNPs (iron(II);iron(III);octadecacyanide) were determined using atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy. A methylene-blue (MB) labelled, polyethylene-glycol stabilized PBNP platform was selected for further assessment of in vivo distribution and fluorescent imaging after intravenous administration in mice. (3) Results. The MB-labelled particles emitted a strong fluorescent signal at 662 nm. We found that the fluorescent light emission and steric stabilization made this PBNP-MB particle platform applicable for in vivo optical imaging. (4) Conclusion. We successfully produced a fluorescent and stable, Prussian blue-based nanosystem. The particles can be used as a platform for imaging contrast enhancement. In vivo stability and biodistribution studies revealed new aspects of the use of PBNPs.
... Studies have shown a correlation between these MR-based biomarkers and histopathological features of tumors. This linkage could provide a powerful technique for monitoring the progression of the disease and the patient's response to chemotherapy (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). ...
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, and early detection remains a principal factor for improved patient outcomes and reduced mortality. Clinically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are routinely used in determining benign and malignant tumor phenotypes and for monitoring treatment outcomes. Static MRI techniques enable superior structural contrast between adipose and fibroglandular tissues, while dynamic MRI techniques can elucidate functional characteristics of malignant tumors. The preferred clinical procedure—dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI—illuminates the hypervascularity of breast tumors through a gadolinium-based contrast agent; however, accumulation of the potentially toxic contrast agent remains a major limitation of the technique, propelling MRI research toward finding an alternative, noninvasive method. Three such techniques are magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and non-contrast diffusion weighted imaging. These methods shed light on underlying chemical composition, provide snapshots of tissue metabolism, and more pronouncedly characterize microstructural heterogeneity. This review article outlines the present state of clinical MRI for breast cancer and examines several research techniques that demonstrate capacity for clinical translation. Ultimately, multi-parametric MRI—incorporating one or more of these emerging methods—presently holds the best potential to afford improved specificity and deliver excellent accuracy to clinics for the prediction, detection, and monitoring of breast cancer.
... Taking into account that each imaging modality has its advantages and limitations (e.g., high sensitivity but poor resolution and shallow tissue penetration in the case of optical imaging, whereas MRI possesses high resolution and good soft tissue contrast but low sensitivity) [136], the development of nMOFs endowed with dual MR/optical imaging potential is desirable for the ultimate goal of in vivo application [98,[137][138][139]. Going a step further, the possibility of integrating three imaging modalities (fluorescence, MR, and PA) together with PTT of cancer under NIR laser irradiation into a single MOF-based platform has been recently demonstrated [98]. ...
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as one of the most fascinating libraries of porous materials with a huge potential in very diverse application areas. In particular, the bioanalytical and biomedical fields have evolved tremendously due to the emergence of these hybrid inorganic–organic MOF-based materials. This is because these materials possess a series of key properties essential for bioapplications, such as minimal toxicity to living cells, intrinsic biodegradability, and possibility of synthesizing with nanoscale sizes. Additional properties of MOFs such as ultra-large surface-to-volume ratios, tunable pore size, high drug loading capacity, tunable structure and chemical composition, and potential for multiple postsynthetic modification make them ideal candidates for drug delivery. This review highlights recent research progress on MOF-based drug delivery systems (DDS), pointing out the evolution of these systems toward the development of theranostic nanoplatforms. Rather than a comprehensive review, representative recent examples are selected to illustrate such an evolution, and a critical discussion of the advantages and limitations of the different DDS types is given. Finally, the remaining challenges and future opportunities in this field are presented, highlighting that overcoming the current issues will pave the way toward the elusive dream of “personalized medicine.”
