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Detection of Francisella halioticida in surviving mussels. All positive control animals, surviving individuals of conditions above LD50 if n >5 and eight randomly selected surviving animals from condition that did not reach 50% mortality were analyzed by specific real-time PCR. Cycle threshold (CT) for each animal was retrieved. Significance was obtained by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn's test. In each figure, the control animals are represented on the left, in grey. A) Ct values of juvenile animals injected with FR22c. B) Ct values of juvenile animals injected with FR22d. C) Ct values of adult animals injected with FR22c. D) Ct values of adult animals injected with FR22d. Dose 1: 3 ×102 CFU/mussel, Dose 2: 3 ×10 3 CFU/mussel, Dose 3: 3 ×10 4 CFU/mussel.

Detection of Francisella halioticida in surviving mussels. All positive control animals, surviving individuals of conditions above LD50 if n >5 and eight randomly selected surviving animals from condition that did not reach 50% mortality were analyzed by specific real-time PCR. Cycle threshold (CT) for each animal was retrieved. Significance was obtained by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn's test. In each figure, the control animals are represented on the left, in grey. A) Ct values of juvenile animals injected with FR22c. B) Ct values of juvenile animals injected with FR22d. C) Ct values of adult animals injected with FR22c. D) Ct values of adult animals injected with FR22d. Dose 1: 3 ×102 CFU/mussel, Dose 2: 3 ×10 3 CFU/mussel, Dose 3: 3 ×10 4 CFU/mussel.

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The bacterium Francisella halioticida, known to induce francisellosis in abalone and Yesso scallop, is suspected of being involved in the blue mussel mortalities observed in France. Recently, several isolates of F. halioticida were obtained from moribund mussels and categorized into two type strains, FR21 and FR22. Two other strains, AG1 and AG3, d...

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Context 1
... viable fraction of cells. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that in the condition with the lowest Ct values (adults injected with FR22c at dose 3), the DNA load ranged from 5.9×10 4 to 9.1×10 5 GU/2 µl/50 mg of tissues, while only 3×10 4 CFU were introduced into the mussels, with an initial load of less than 100 GU/2µl/ 50mg. In surviving mussels (Fig. 5), the number of isolates analyzed were either 8 (conditions not leading to 50% mortality) or the total amount of surviving mussels at the end of the experiment for controls (n = 29) and conditions leading to over 50% mortality (if n >5). Among the surviving control individuals, 17 out of 29 juveniles and 9 out of 29 adults had a ...