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Detection of Begomovirus in diseased pepper leaf samples in this study. The agarose gel shows the amplified products obtained from the begomovirus-specific primers PAL1v1978 and PAR1c496 with an estimated size of 1,300 bp (lane 1-9, 11, and 13). Lane M, 100 bp DNA marker; Lane 10 and 12, negative control.
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This study was conducted to determine the incidence, diversity and distribution of viruses infecting pepper ( Capsicum spp.) in the central, northern and northeastern parts of Thailand. During a survey in 2016 - 2019, a total of 2,149 leaf samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic peppers were collected randomly from farmer’s fields, and preliminar...
Citations
... Recent studies highlight the growing concerns of local pepper farmers about the damage viruses inflict on these varieties (Ojinaga et al., 2022b). Virus infections pose a significant challenge in pepper cultivation, as they are known to substantially reduce yield and fruit quality (Patil, 2020;Laprom et al., 2019). Out of the 68 known virus species infecting pepper plants (Pernezny et al., 2003) around 20 from 15 different taxonomic groups are particularly harmful in pepper crops (Moury and Verdin, 2012). ...
The tobamoviruses pose a recent threat to local varieties of Gernika pepper (cv. “Derio”) and Ibarra chili (cv. “Ibarroria”), causing a substantial decrease in both yield and fruit quality. Tobamoviruses such as Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) or Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) are the viruses that cause the greatest impact in pepper crops of northern Spain. The emergence of a novel Tobamovirus, Chili pepper mild mottle virus (CPMMoV; GenBank MN164455.1), firstly identified in Europe, exacerbates these hazards. This situation has jeopardized the ongoing cultivation in some of the virus affected plots. A molecular marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) breeding program was thus initiated to introduce the L3 and L4 resistance genes into these susceptible local varieties. MABC consisted of one crossing followed by four backcrosses and two self-fertilizations. After each crossbreeding event, the selection criteria of plants were based on plants resistance and fruits resemblance with the original sensitive varieties. This study allowed the homozygous introgression of resistance genes in the new obtained genotypes, reducing the reliance on hybrid seed production and associated costs. The resulting genotypes demonstrated robust resistance when inoculated with PMMoV 1.2, PMMoV 1.2.3, and CPMMoV. In addition, greenhouse yield trials were performed during two consecutive years to identify and select the most productive genotypes harboring the L3 or L4 gene, with the aim of registering some of them as commercial varieties. The productivity of the new selected genotypes did not display significant differences when compared to the original sensitive varieties. The introduction of genetic resistance in these local pepper varieties not only mitigates the immediate hazard posed by Tobamovirus but also fosters the preservation of local agricultural genetic resources, ensuring their continued cultivation and economic sustainability
... In recent years, the outbreak of ChiVMV has caused great economic losses to the tobacco industry of China and has severely restricted the production of tobacco [35]. It is also a serious threat to solanaceous plants worldwide [36,37]. In this study, we demonstrated that ChiVMV infection caused the specific expression of ATGs and accumulation of autophagosomes in tobacco plants. ...
Autophagy, as a conserved protein degradation pathway in plants, has also been reported to be intricately associated with antiviral defense mechanisms. However, the relationship between chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) and autophagy has not been investigated in the existing research. Here, we reveal that ChiVMV infection caused the accumulation of autophagosomes in infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and the upregulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Moreover, the changes in gene expression were correlated with the development of symptoms. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors (3-MA or E-64D) could increase the infection sites and facilitate virus infection, whereas treatment with the autophagy activator (Rapamycin) limited virus infection. Then, ATG8f was identified to interact with ChiVMV 6K2 protein directly in vitro and in vivo. The silencing of ATG8f promoted virus infection, whereas the overexpression of ATG8f inhibited virus infection. Furthermore, the expression of 6K2-GFP in ATG8f- or ATG7-silenced plants was significantly higher than that in control plants. Rapamycin treatment reduced the accumulation of 6K2-GFP in plant cells, whereas treatment with the inhibitor of the ubiquitin pathway (MG132), 3-MA, or E-64D displayed little impact on the accumulation of 6K2-GFP. Thus, our results demonstrated that ATG8f interacts with the ChiVMV 6K2 protein, promoting the degradation of 6K2 through the autophagy pathway.
... The molecular characterization revealed that Potyvirus associated with severe mosaic in hot pepper as Potato virus Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most indispensable spices and vegetable cultivated worldwide (Ravishankar et al. 2003). Apparently, the crop is highly vulnerable to myriads of biotic and abiotic stresses thus lead to potential yield loss on hot pepper production (Laprom et al. 2019). The major implication on hot pepper cultivation is propounded by viral diseases and around 65 viruses documented to be infecting hot pepper (Venkataiah et al. 2003;Laprom et al. 2019). ...
... Apparently, the crop is highly vulnerable to myriads of biotic and abiotic stresses thus lead to potential yield loss on hot pepper production (Laprom et al. 2019). The major implication on hot pepper cultivation is propounded by viral diseases and around 65 viruses documented to be infecting hot pepper (Venkataiah et al. 2003;Laprom et al. 2019). Prominently, mosaic diseases were considered to be one of the destructive diseases of hot pepper. ...
The association of Potato virus Y infection with mosaic disease of hot pepper was detected during small scale survey conducted in Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu. The symptomatic plant samples showing prominent mosaic symptoms were collected and subjected to RT-PCR using Potyvirus degenerate primer (PNIb1F& PCPR1) specific to Nib and coat protein genes. The molecular characterization implicated that Potyvirus associated with mosaic disease in hot pepper as Potato virus Y (PVY). Further, phylogenetic analysis explicated that PVY infecting hot pepper as necrotic strain (N). To our knowledge this is the first molecular evidence for the association of ‘N’ strain of Potato virus Y with mosaic disease of hot pepper in India.
... Various pepper cultivars have been reported as being resistant to B. tabaci because of their unattractive egg-laying properties for adult insects, thereby reducing the rate of infection and inducing nymph mortality (Jeevanandham et al. , 2018;Pantoja et al. , 2018) . In Thailand, whitefly, especially B. tabaci biotype Asia1 ( Götz and Winter, 2016) , is considered to be a super-spreader that transmits begomoviruses, causing chilli leaf curl virus disease ( ChiLCVD) and yield loss in Thai peppers ( Laprom et al. , 2019) . Understanding whitefly resistance of Thai pepper cultivars would benefit resistance trait selection and whitefly population management. ...
The tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) causes yield loss of a variety of plants by infesting and transferring viruses. Host-plant resistance to B. tabaci could potentially reduce its impact. However, resistance is low in most Thai pepper (Capsicum spp.) cultivars. In this study, we evaluated host-plant resistance of four common pepper cultivars in Thailand, including C. annuum cv. Jinda, C. annuum cv. Yuak, C. frutescens cv. Keenu (= Khinu), and C. chinensis cv. Karang (= Kareang or Kariang) , by quantifying plant attraction, egg-laying preference, feeding activity, and growth performance of B. tabaci in relation to the four cultivars. Our results showed that C. annuum cv. Jinda and C. annuum cv. Yuak are less attractive to B. tabaci adults, which had a significantly lower egg-laying preference and less feeding activity in relation to C. annuum cv. Jinda. No difference in total growth duration of B. tabaci was found in regards to the different cultivars. We believe that C. annuum cv. Jinda has traits that deter or repel the B. tabaci adults and inhibit their feeding activities.
... Cultivated peppers (Capsicum spp.) are relatively susceptible to viruses that can cause important production losses in this crop worldwide [3][4][5][6][7]. At least 68 viruses have been cited in pepper [8], but approximately 20 species, cause damages in pepper crops [9]. ...
Viral diseases have become one of the main phytosanitary problems for pepper growers in the Basque Country (northern Spain). In 2014, a survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of the most common viruses found in Gernika pepper and Ibarra chili pepper landraces. A total of 97 plots were surveyed and classified according to the crop system. Within these plots, 1107 plants were sampled and tested for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), paprika mild mottle virus (PaMMV), potato virus Y (PVY) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) applying a DAS-ELISA test. PaMMV was verified by the non-radioactive molecular hybridization technique and it was found to be negative. All viruses were detected, but the most prevalent viruses were PVY and TMGMV (19.8% and 10.6% of tested plants, respectively). Differences among cultivation systems were found for most of the tested viruses. PVY had a higher level of infection under open field conditions (27.3%) than under greenhouse conditions (12.3%). Inversely, the viruses belonging to the Tobamovirus genus and TSWV prevailed under greenhouse conditions (28.9% and 5.2%) when compared to open field (11.2% and 1.1%), respectively. Single (28%) and multiple infections (8.9%) were found. All PMMoV isolates were classified as pathotype P1.2. Survey results indicated that tobamovirus and PVY resistance genes would be the most appropriate to be included in breeding programs with these sensitive pepper landraces.
... Infection of viral disease in the field was very high, up to 100% (Sudiono et al., 2005). Several viruses were also found in chili, including Cucumber mosaic virus, Chilli veinal mottle virus (Veniari et al., 2015), Tobacco mosaic virus , and the other viruses from the genus of Begomovirus (Laprom et al., 2019). ...
Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV) is an important pathogen on chili cultivation and is transmitted through the seed. Serological tests are sensitive, accurate, efficient and it has been widely used for the detection of seed-transmitted plant viruses. This study aimed to produce PepYLCIV recombinant protein as a material to produce recombinant antibodies PepYLCIV. DNA was extracted from infected chili leaves collected from Congkrang, Muntilan, Central Java verified using primer PepYLCIV-BamHI and PepYLCIV-EcoRI and produced an amplicon at 840 bp. The amplified fragments were cloned into the pET32a then transformed to Escherichia coli BL21. The percentage of nucleotide sequence identity and sequence of amino acid, PepYLCIV CK-6 isolates had the highest similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences to of chili isolates from Bandung. The expressed recombinant protein was obtained with IPTG concentration 0, 5 mM and harvested at 6 hours after IPTG induction. SDS PAGE analysis of the recombinant plasmid Begomovirus CK-6 showed that the coat protein size was about 29 kDa. Immunization was carried out on rabbits by injecting 150 µg of recombinant protein 4 times with an interval of 1 week to produce crude antiserum and pure antiserum capable of detecting PepYLCIV in chili and Ageratum conyzoides using I-ELISA and DIBA tests.
... PepMoV (9.97%), TMV (4.86%), and PMMoV (1.92%) (Kittipakorn et al. 1993). From 2016 to 2019, pepper viruses including begomoviruses, ChiVMV, CMV, PVY, TMV and TNRV were detected in 13 provinces of Thailand (Laprom et al. 2019). These surveys revealed the incidence of the viruses infecting pepper in Thailand was high, being identified in nearly 70% (1,482/2,149) of the collected samples. ...
... TNRV (19.5%) were detected at varying rates whereas PVY, TMV and TSWV were not detected (31.0% negative samples). Compared to our observations, the results are consistent for ChiVMV and CMV which were present in all regions surveyed and these viruses were the most common in the mixed infection in both the present survey and Laprom et al. (2019). The percentage of PMMoV-infected samples increased from 1.92% from the previous survey (Kittipakorn et al. 1993) to 5.53%, especially in the north. ...
Incidence and distribution of plant viruses infecting peppers in Thailand were surveyed from 2014-2016 to obtain updated information to support development of effective diagnosis and disease management. Field surveys for virus infection were conducted in 15 provinces encompassing 40 pepper-growing locations. Total numbers of 1,319 samples from 33 varieties were tested for virus infection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with locally produced and commercial antibodies specific to chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus Y (PVY), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), tomato necrotic ring virus (TNRV), watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). Of this sample number, 567 were positive to at least one pepper virus. Mean disease incidence (DI) indicated the highest value in the northern (93.41±8.62) followed by northeastern (92.60±9.99) and central (73.80±25.04) regions. The highest DI was in Uttaradit, Phitsanulok and Surin provinces (100%). Overall identified virus incidence was 42.99% whereas the highest value was in Chiang Rai province (72.31%). CMV was the major species among 3 surveyed regions (29.11%) followed by ChiVMV (11.83%), tospovirus serogroup IV (6.67%), PMMoV (5.53%), ToLCNDV (1.21%), PVY (1.14%), TMV (0.53%) and TNRV (0.45%). Mean disease severity showed the highest value in the northeastern (3.00±0.58) followed by northern (2.55±0.54) and central (2.05±0.86) regions. The Yok Siam pepper variety was found to be very susceptible to all viruses examined. Among mixed infections, incidence rate of ChiVMV + CMV was the highest at 41.8%. The information from this research provides useful information to support development of effective disease diagnosis and management for peppers in Thailand.
... The plants from the fields described here were infected with various viruses (PeVYVs, ChiVMV, ChiRSV, CMV, etc.), and the severe viral symptoms of PeVYD in the field may therefore be a complicated synergistic effect of mixed infection (Cheng et al., 2011;Laprom et al., 2019;Zhao et al., 2021). The results of this study indicate that one factor affecting PeVYD symptoms is likely to be the co-infection of PoPeVYV and PoPeVYVaRNA. ...
Tombusvirus-like associated RNAs (tlaRNAs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNAs found in plants co-infected with some viruses of the genus Polerovirus. Pod pepper vein yellows virus (PoPeVYV) was recently reported as a new recombinant polerovirus causing interveinal yellowing, stunting, and leaf rolling in Capsicum frutescens plants at Wenshan city, Yunnan province, China. The complete genome sequence of its associated RNA has now been determined by next-generation sequencing and reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PoPeVYV-associated RNA (PoPeVYVaRNA) (GenBank Accession No. MW323470) has 2970 nucleotides and is closely related to other group II tlaRNAs, particularly tobacco bushy top disease-associated RNA (TBTDaRNA, GenBank Accession No. EF529625). In infection experiments on Nicotiana benthamiana and C. frutescens plants, synergism between PoPeVYVaRNA and PoPeVYV was demonstrated, leading to severe interveinal yellowing of leaves and stunting of plants. The results provide further information on the genetic and biological properties of the various agents associated with pepper vein yellows disease (PeVYD).
... Previous studies have shown that the P0 proteins of poleroviruses display variable RNA silencing suppression activity, and induce distinct symptoms [18,19]. The P0 of PoPeVYV has only 77.5-87.1% amino acid identity to the other PeVYVs, which could account for the distinct symptoms but the field plants were also infected with other viruses (PeVYVs, ChiVMV, ChiRSV, CMV etc.) as frequently happens in the field and which has also been reported in Taiwan and Thailand [20,21]. The severe viral symptoms in the field may therefore be a synergistic effect of mixed infection. ...
Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV), a positive single-strand RNA virus, has one of the longest genomes of the viruses in the genus Potexvirus. In 2019, potato samples with mottle and crinkling symptoms from Huzhou, Zhejiang province, China, were identified to be infected with PAMV, potato virus X (PVX), and potato virus Y (PVY) by transcriptome sequencing. To study the effects of single infection by PAMV, the full-length sequence of PAMV from Huzhou (MT193476) was determined and an infectious full-length cDNA clone was constructed. This cDNA clone was infectious by agro-infiltration, leading to systemic symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, pepper, and potato.
... PVY, therefore, was not the only pathogenic virus spreading in the surveyed fields. Pepper throughout the world can be susceptible to at least 65 viruses that belong to the genera Potyvirus, Tobamovirus, Orthotospovirus, Cucumovirus and Begomovirus [46]. This highlights one of the limitations of virus diagnosis based on symptomatology only. ...
Potato virus Y (PVY) infects economically important solanaceous crops in Zimbabwe. However, there is little information on the genome sequences of isolates occurring in this country. In this study, RNASeq of PVY-infected pepper leaves that were sampled from different locations in Zimbabwe was performed. The PVY genome sequences recovered by de novo assembly of the generated reads were checked for recombination patterns before phylogenetic analyses. Three PVY isolates: d7-Bindura, prime-e5, and q19-Harare were all found to have arisen from a single recombination event involving PVYO and PVYC strains. Phylogenetic analyses provided further evidence of recombination. The isolates in this study were grouped with a pepper-infecting PVY isolate previously found in South Africa. More studies of this kind need to be conducted in Africa to determine the outspread of this particular recombinant virus.
