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Details of the chelicera and pedipalps of Rowlandius pedrosoi sp. n., male (MNRJ 04267). A Fixed finger of chelicera B Cheliceral setae G1 C Mesal view of right chelicera showing setal groups; the arrow indicates the Basidiobolus fungus D Right pedipalp of a β-heteromorphic, ectal view E Left pedipalp of a β-heteromorphic, mesal view.
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The Rowlandius dumitrescoae species group is reviewed and rediagnosed, and its composition is revised. The group now includes R. cousinensis, R. decui, R. dumitrescoae, R. insignis, R. linsduarte, R. monensis, R. peckorum, R. potiguar, R. sul, R. ubajara, and R. pedrosoi sp. n. A new species is described from a cave in northeast Brazil (Santa Quité...
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Citations
... Material for this study originated from literature (Briggs & Hom, 1972, 1988Brignoli, 1974;Cokendolpher & Reddell, 1984Cokendolpher et al., 2010;de Armas, 1989de Armas, , 2010de Armas & Delgado-Santa, 2012;de Armas et al., 2009;De Francesco Magnussen et al., 2022;Dumitresco, 1977;Framenau et al., 2018;Gertsch, 1940;Giupponi et al., 2016;Gröhn, 2015;Harms et al., 2018;Harvey & Humphreys, 1995;Harvey, 1988Harvey, , 1992Harvey, , 2000aHarvey, , 2000bHarvey, , 2001Krüger & Dunlop, 2010; Monjaraz-Ruedas, Size and paleodiversity of Schizomida 2013; Monjaraz-Ruedas & Francke, 2015Monjaraz-Ruedas et al., 2016;Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996;Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1986, 1991Rowland, 1971aRowland, , 1971bRuiz & Valente, 2019;Santos et al., 2013;Sissom, 1980;Teruel, 2007Teruel, , 2012Teruel, , 2013Teruel, , 2018Teruel & de Armas, 2012;Yamasaki & Shimojana, 1974) and from the Palaeo-Evo-Devo Research Group Collection of Arthropods at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München (PED 0183, PED 0370, PED 0398, PED 0504, PED 0528, PED 0646, PED 0693, PED 0705, PED 1035, PED 1067, PED 1118, PED 1163, PED 1193 and PED 1222). These were legally purchased on the trading platform ebay. ...
Representatives of Schizomida, known as short-tailed whip scorpions, are an understudied group within Megoperculata. They are found subterraneanly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. They lack eyes, have superior mobility, and possess a flagellum which is relevant to their mating, but in general little is known about their general biology. Fossil representatives of Schizomida from a variety of time periods are available for study. Using 23 fossil specimens (14 of which are described here for the first time) and 86 extant individuals from the literature, changes in both body size and flagella shape in Schizomida were compared over time. Measurements of prosoma length and leg length were used as a proxy for body size, and a comparative size analysis was carried out. Individuals from the Cretaceous period were found to be significantly smaller than extant individuals, contrary to our expectations. For flagellum shape, images were used to create reconstructions, which were then analysed using an elliptic Fourier analysis followed by a principal component analysis. The morphological diversity of the male flagellum shape was found to have decreased significantly between the Cretaceous and modern fauna. We discuss potential explanations for our findings, although a greater understanding of the general biology of Schizomida is required to properly interpret our results.
... The genus Rowlandius Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 comprises 62 described species and is the most diverse neotropical genus of Schizomida (Giupponi et al. 2016;Ruiz & Valente 2019;Santos et al. 2013). Most Rowlandius species are recorded from the Caribbean islands, mainly Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995;Santos et al. 2013), whereas only five species are known from Brazil (Giupponi et al. 2016). ...
... The genus Rowlandius Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 comprises 62 described species and is the most diverse neotropical genus of Schizomida (Giupponi et al. 2016;Ruiz & Valente 2019;Santos et al. 2013). Most Rowlandius species are recorded from the Caribbean islands, mainly Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995;Santos et al. 2013), whereas only five species are known from Brazil (Giupponi et al. 2016). Among the Brazilian species, two occur at epigean habitats in the Amazon (R. sul Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000) or the Atlantic Forest (R. linsduarteae Santos, Dias, Brescovit & Santos, 2008). ...
... Among the Brazilian species, two occur at epigean habitats in the Amazon (R. sul Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000) or the Atlantic Forest (R. linsduarteae Santos, Dias, Brescovit & Santos, 2008). The remaining three species are cave dwellers known only from the semiarid Caatinga domain (R. pedrosoi Giupponi, Miranda &Villarreal, 2016 andR. potiguar Santos, Ferreira &Buzatto, 2013) or forested humid enclaves (R. ubajara Santos, Ferreira & Buzatto, 2013) (Giupponi et al. 2016;Santos et al. 2013). ...
A new species of schizomid, Rowlandius ufpi sp. nov., is described based on individuals collected in gallery and riverine forests in a Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone in northeastern Brazil. Rowlandius ufpi sp. nov. is the sixth species of the genus found in Brazil and raises to 62 the number of described species of genus Rowlandius. This is also the first epigean species of Rowlandius inhabiting a Brazilian dry forest leaf litter. Males of Rowlandius ufpi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other conspecifics by the presence of three depressions in the dorsal region of the flagellum, with the posteromedian depression located in the posterior third part of the dorsal surface. The females of Rowlandius ufpi sp. nov. are recognized by the sub-square shaped spermathecae with short median lobes.
... In Brazil, approximately 20 schizomid species have been reported so far (Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995;Adis et al., 1999;Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000;Peres et al., 2006;Bonaldo & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2007;Santos et al., 2008;Santos & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2009;Santos et al., 2013;Oliveira & Ferreira, 2014;Giupponi et al., 2016;Pinto-da-Rocha et al., 2016;Salvatierra, 2018;Ruiz & Valente, 2017. ...
Herein we report for the first time a schizomid for the Southern region of Brazil, Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), found in association with termite nests. This is the southernmost record of any schizomid for the Neotropical region. We hypothesize that the species was recently introduced by the sudden population growth of Florianópolis – along with the intense touristic activity – which might have contributed to the inadvertent transportation of this species.
... SEM images have been used since only in a series of studies (chelicera: [22][23][24][25][26]; chelicera and male flagellum: [27,28]; female flagellum: [24]). Also, Giupponi et al. [29] and Villarreal et al. [30] published SEM illustrations of the chelicera, pedipalp, male and female flagella and some leg details. Santos et al. [31] and Pinto-da-Rocha et al. [32], besides presenting SEM images of the flagellum of both sexes, illustrated spermathecae and cuticular structures with SEM. ...
The male genitalia of Surazomus algodoal Ruiz & Valente, 2017 are described. Since this is the first attempt to describe male genitalia in the schizomids, we propose new terminology to describe the sclerites of the male genital chamber in the order. We believe that the male genitalia may provide a large set of characters for taxonomic research in schizomids, as the female genitalia have proven to do. The setae and other cuticular structures were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The female of S. algodoal is described for the first time, including the genitalia, and we highlight the sexual dimorphism present in the species. We also present descriptions of: 1) microtrichia, with respect to their presence/length/distribution, 2) cuticular sensilla, glandular openings and other cuticular structures, proposing new terminology, 3) setae of the pedipalpal trochanter and tarsus. Some changes on the terminology of setae of pedipalpal tibia are also given. These advances may be useful for description in other schizomids. The pygidial glands, mostly ignored in modern papers, were assessed and commented upon.
... The genus Draculoides is defined based on the absence of a mesal spur on the pedipalpal trochanter, which is present in most other hubbardiid genera (Harvey, 1992;Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1995). With the addition of 54 new OTUs Draculoides is the most diverse genus (72 species) known worldwide -the next most diverse genus is Rowlandius Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1995 with 64 species ( Giupponi et al., 2016). ...
The formation of the Australian arid zone, Australia's largest and youngest major biome, has been recognized as a major driver of rapid evolutionary radiations in terrestrial plants and animals. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic diversity and evolutionary history of subterranean short-tailed whip scorpions (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), which are a significant faunal component of Western Australian hypogean ecosystems. We sequenced two mitochondrial (12S, COI) and three nuclear DNA markers (18S, 28S, ITS2) from ∼600 specimens, largely from the genera Draculoides and Paradraculoides, including 20 previously named species and an additional 56 newly identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Phylogenetic analyses revealed a large and rapid species radiation congruent with Cenozoic aridification of the continent, in addition to the identification of a new genus in Western Australia and the first epigean schizomid from the Pilbara. Here, we also synonymise Paradraculoides with Draculoides (new synonymy), due to paraphyly and a lack of reliable characters to define the two genera. Our results are consistent with multiple colonisations of the subterranean realm from epigean ancestors as their forest habitat fragmented and retracted, with ongoing fragmentation and diversification of lineages underground. These findings illustrate the remarkable diversity and high incidence of short-range endemism of Western Australia's subterranean fauna, which has important implications for identifying and managing short-range endemic subterranean fauna. They also highlight the advantages of including molecular data in subterranean fauna surveys as all specimens can be utilized, regardless of sex and life stage. Additionally, we have provided the first multi-gene phylogenetic framework for Australian schizomids, which will enable researchers and environmental consultants to identify new taxa or align them to existing lineages.
... The same event seems to have occurred with the anterior pockets (AP). The AP pair is ventrally located and separate by the stalk in hubbardiines, such as in Naderiore and Cangazomus [27] (figs 2, 3, 5 and 6), Calima [31] (figs 3b, 3c, 7b and 7c), Mayazomus [20] (figs 19, 31, 45, 60, 72, 90 and 107); [21] (figs 9F and 9G), Rowlandius [32] (figs 2B and 2D), Piaroa [14] (figs 3, 6, 25 and 28), and in most species of Surazomus, being always anterior to Dm1, as seen in S. rafaeli (Fig 8A and 8B). From that pattern, within Surazomus, the AP pair began moving dorsally, becoming closer together, as we see in S. algodoal (Fig 8C and 8D). ...
Surazomus saturninoae sp. nov. is described from eastern Amazon. The male has a pentagonal flagellum, similar to those of three other species in the genus. These four species are herein gathered as the arboreus-group of Surazomus. We present a brief synopsis of chaetotaxy description in hubbardiines and several homology proposals for the flagellum of the species in the arboreus-group: the posterior lobes may be homologous to the lateral lobes of hubbardiine species with trilobed flagella; the setal brush with 4–5 setae on the posterior lobe may be composed of one Dl2 seta and enlarged lobular microsetae; the single, median posterior coupling pocket may be homologous to the pair of posterior pockets seen in other hubbardiines; the single, median anterior coupling pocket may be homologous to the pair of pockets on the anterior border of the flagellum seen in other hubbardiines. Based on the morphology of these pockets and the chelicerae within Surazomus, we discuss the anchoring mechanism during the mating march.
... The schizomids are arachnids whose distribution is strongly influenced by microhabitat conditions, which is reflected in its preference for moist environments (Ruiz & Valente, 2017) such as Tropical Rain Forests, Tropical Andean Forest and Caves in South America (e.g. Armas & Delgado-Santa, 2012a, 2012bDelgado-Santa & Armas, 2013;Santos et al., 2013;Moreno-González et al. 2014;Giupponi et al., 2016;Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2016;Moreno-González & Villarreal, 2017). For this reason, it is not surprising that recordings of Colombian Schizomid fauna have largely been restricted to the Andean region, which is comprised of Tropical Andean forest biomes (e. ...
Herein, we describe a new schizomid species from the genus Piaroa Villarreal, Giuponni & Tourinho, 2008, Piaroa turbacoensis sp. nov., based on individuals collected in the Botanical Garden "Guillermo Piñeres", Turbaco, Bolivar, Colombian Caribbean region. Piaroa turbacoensis is the sixth species of the genus to be found in Colombia, and the tenth to be found with regards to the genus as a whole. This species is the first Colombian species to be recorded in a Dry Tropical Forest biome. Piaroa turbacoensis is easily distinguishable by the presence of spermathecae lateral lobes with massive circular stalk bases, and male pedipalp with ventroectal truncate process over the femur and ventroectal depression over the patella. Here, we provide an updated distribution map of the genus and comments about the natural history of the new species.
... Classification of adult males in heteromorphic and homomorphic forms follows Armas (1989), i.e., pedipalps either different from or similar to females, respectively. The subdivision of the former into "α and β heteromorphics" by Giupponi et al. (2016) is not followed here. Although obvious and generally correct, it fails to cover the complete variation range in heteromorphics: when samples large enough become available for any species, it is common to find one or more discrete forms that do not match the dichotomy of Giupponi et al. (2016), by being either intermediate or outside the range. ...
... The subdivision of the former into "α and β heteromorphics" by Giupponi et al. (2016) is not followed here. Although obvious and generally correct, it fails to cover the complete variation range in heteromorphics: when samples large enough become available for any species, it is common to find one or more discrete forms that do not match the dichotomy of Giupponi et al. (2016), by being either intermediate or outside the range. For detailed examples of such greater variation, see Armas & Teruel (2002: 48-49, 51; tabs. ...
The schizomid fauna of Isla de Pinos (the second largest island in the Cuban archipelago), is revised. A new genus is described to accommodate Schizomus insulaepinorum Armas, 1977 (currently in the genus Luisarmasius Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995), which is redescribed and fully illustrated according to the modern standards in schizomid taxonomy; its geographical distribution is also updated, with a new locality record. A second new, monotypic genus with a new species is also described from the same geographical area: the residual marble hills of the northeast of the island. As results, the schizomid fauna of Isla de Pinos is now known to comprise two nominal genera and species (both endemic to the island), the Cuban schizomid fauna reaches 13 genera and 57 species (being endemics 10 and 56 of them, respectively), and Luisarmasius is left monotypic and becomes the only genus endemic to Puerto Rico.
... Cokendolpher & Mitov (2007) described and illustrated what they interpreted as unidentified arthropod eggs on the appendages of a European sironid harvestman, but their illustration clearly shows an 'Amphoromorpha'. Giupponi, Villarreal & Miranda (2016) illustrated an 'Amphoromorpha'-like structure from the chelicera of a short-tailed whip-scorpion (Schizomida). Until now, however, these fungi have never been recorded from spiders. ...
... Recently and as was discussed in Giupponi et al. (2016), species groups are a good approach to recognize, organize and to better understand the relationships within New World schizomids, because aside from the Protoschizomidae, the fact that the family Hubbardiidae groups all the other species in the world is a reflection of the lack of phylogenetic reconstruction and classification in the order. ...
The North American genus Stenochrus is represented by 22 species distributed mainly in Mexico, Central America and the U.S.A.; the genus was erected originally to place the species Stenochrus portoricensis and was characterized by the presence of lateral lobes reduced on female spermathecae, male flagellum without important dorsal relief, pedipalps without distinctive armature and without posterodorsal process on segment XII. Here we describe five new species from the Mexican state of Oaxaca; we discuss the presence of dimorphic males in the genus. With this contribution the genus Stenochrus reaches 27 species, becoming the second most diverse genus of schizomids in the New World.
