Table 3 - uploaded by Davide Lo Presti
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This paper presents a laboratory investigation aiming at establishing a protocol for the production of homogeneous asphalt mixtures test specimens, incorporating reclaimed asphalt, by using gyratory compactor together with coring and trimming works. Stone Mastic Asphalt specimens were compacted at the previously identified target densities with the...
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... replicates were prepared for each target density. Table 3 summarizes the average values of resulting densities and air void contents of specimen C before and after the coring work. The idea was to obtain a relationship between the measured air void content of the cores (100 × 100 mm), and the target density to be set on the gyratory compactor for manufacturing the 150 × 150 mm specimens. ...
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Citations
... We carried out the X-ray tomographic measurements using the Nikon XT H 225 device (Figs 2 and 3) with the reflection source system and the motorized filament alignment system. The device had high parameters of X-ray 225 kV, 225 W. Most of the works related to the asphalt mixtures concern the analysis of aggregate and air voids distribution [10,11], asphalt film thickness of the rubberized recycled hot mix asphalt [12] and arrangement in various compaction conditions [13][14][15][16] X-ray was also found to be an effective means of measuring the moisture distribution in the internal structure of asphalt mixtures [17]. The finite element method was also associated with the imaging technique to analyse stress distributions in a flat state in selected static studies [18,19]. ...
... With the development of computer technology and digital image processing technology, it is possible to obtain the internal structure of the asphalt mixture [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Digital image processing (DIP) is used to extract interesting objectives, so the influence of microstructure on asphalt mixture can be investigated [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Using digital image processing technology, researchers can process slice images taken by CT scans or high-definition cameras and distinguish the materials according to the different CT values and colors on the images, so as to obtain a clear and detailed structure diagram. ...
The void distribution characteristics of the drainage asphalt mixture have a certain influence on its durability. In this paper, X-ray CT technology and digital image processing technology are used to study the void distribution characteristics of three different graded asphalt mixtures, and the void ratio, void quantity, void equivalent diameter, and void fractal dimension of drainage asphalt mixtures are determined. On this basis, the damage characteristics of the asphalt mixture are analyzed with the split strength as the index, and the relationship between the void fractal dimension and the split strength is established. The relationship between the void diameter and the durability of the OGFC mixture is determined by the influence of the void diameter on the void fractal dimension. The results show that the void distribution characteristics of the OGFC mixture have a significant impact on its durability. The void larger than 3 mm in OGFC asphalt mixture has a greater impact on the durability of asphalt mixture. Even if the void ratio of different OGFC mixtures is relatively close, its durability is also very different. The difference in durability is mainly due to the difference of the void structure and the proportion of the number of large voids above 5 mm.
... The asphalt modification that sought to improve asphalt binder properties used modifiers such as crumb rubber (Dong and Tan 2011;Fernandes et al. 2018;Ameli et al. 2020c;Chegenizadeh et al. 2021), styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS) (Ai et al. 2011;Behnood and Ameri 2012;Pasetto and Baldo 2012;Sarang et al. 2015;Chen et al. 2016;Groenniger et al. 2017;GROENNINGER and Wistuba 2017;Fernandes et al. 2018;Sangiorgi et al. 2018;Fan et al. 2019;Ameli et al. 2020a;Huang et al. 2020), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) (Ameli et al. 2020d), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) Oluwasola and Hainin 2016;Chegenizadeh et al. 2021), HDPE (Fernandes et al. 2018), starch (Ai et al. 2011, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (Ameli et al. 2020c), andgeopolymer (Ibrahim et al. 2016). The materials used for aggregate replacement are recycled asphalt pavement (Zhu et al. 2011;Lo Presti et al. 2015;Jagadeesh and Kadayyanvarmath 2017;Fernandes et al. 2018;Bharath et al. 2019;Devulapalli et al. 2019;Fan et al. 2019;Hyzl et al. 2019;Jomoor et al. 2019;Devulapalli et al. 2020), recycled concrete (Kuo and Du 2010;Karim 2014a, 2014b;Pourtahmasb et al. 2015;Nwakaire et al. 2020), steel slag (Behnood and Ameri 2012;Pasetto and Baldo 2012;Hainin et al. 2013;Chen et al. 2015;Jakarni et al. 2015;Chen and Wei 2016;Chen et al. 2016;Oluwasola and Hainin 2016;Groenniger et al. 2017;GROENNINGER and Wistuba 2017;Huang 2017;Alinezhad and Sahaf 2019;Ameli et al. 2020d), palm oil clinker (Babalghaith et al. 2020b(Babalghaith et al. , 2020c, waste ceramic (Huang et al. 2020), shredded waste plastic (Beena and Bindu 2010;Ahmadinia et al. 2011;Ahmadinia et al. 2012;Moghaddam et al. 2012;Rongali et al. 2013;Sarang et al. 2014;Sarang et al. 2015), and crumb rubber (Malarvizhi et al. 2012;Mashaan et al. 2013;Xie and Shen 2013;Shen et al. 2017;Nguyen and Tran 2018;Sangiorgi et al. 2018;Gong et al. 2019;Wang et al. 2019). The filler additives incorporated in the SMA mixes are Portland cement (Beena and Bindu, 2010;Ahmadinia et al. 2011), palm oil fuel ash (Babalghaith et al. 2020b(Babalghaith et al. , 2020c, hydrate lime (Malarvizhi et al. 2012;Gong et al. 2019), carbon powder (Habibnejad Korayem et al. 2020), coal ash (Muniandy and Aburkaba, 2011;Muniandy et al. 2013;Ameli et al. 2020b), rice husk ash (Ameli et al. 2020b), ceramic waste dust, and steel slag dust (Muniandy and Aburkaba, 2011;Muniandy et al. 2013 lime significantly improved the adhesion between asphalt binder and aggregates, which enhanced stripping resistance in moisture conditions (Pasetto and Baldo 2012;Sarang et al. 2015;Nataadmadja et al. 2020). ...
... Flaky aggregates particles have poor tensile strength, so they should be used sparingly in asphalt mixture to avoid pavement deformation (Akbulut and Gürer 2007). The data extracted from the selected articles showed that the waste materials used as aggregate replacement in the SMA mixes are recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) (Zhu et al. 2011;Lo Presti et al. 2015;Jagadeesh and Kadayyanvarmath 2017;Fernandes et al. 2018;Bharath et al. 2019;Devulapalli et al. 2019;Fan et al. 2019;Hyzl et al. 2019;Jomoor et al. 2019;Devulapalli et al. 2020). In this context, the RAP has its own special characteristics. ...
... Chen and Wei 2016;Huang 2017;Alinezhad and Sahaf 2019; Ameli et al. 2020d;Huang et al. 2020), or both the fine and coarse aggregates(Kuo and Du 2010;Zhu et al. 2011;Behnood and Ameri 2012;Pasetto and Baldo 2012;Hainin et al. 2013; Karim 2014a, 2014b;Jakarni et al. 2015;Lo Presti et al. 2015; Pourtahmasb et al. 2015;Oluwasola and Hainin 2016;Groenniger et al. 2017;GROENNINGER and Wistuba 2017;Jagadeesh and Kadayyanvarmath 2017; Fernandes et al. 2018;Bharath et al. 2019;Devulapalli et al. 2019;Fan et al. 2019;Hyzl et al. 2019; Jomoor et al. 2019; ...
The daily utilization of a large amount of raw materials is causing a rapid depletion of natural resources. The growth of the human population is accompanied by higher activities in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors that resulted in a larger volume of waste materials being disposed of in landfills each year. Researchers are seeking ways to reduce the adverse impact of waste materials on the environment. One method for managing waste materials is using them as a substitute for natural materials, for example, as aggregate replacement in the construction of road pavements. This paper reviews the previous studies that explored the use of waste materials as aggregate replacement in stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mix and the performance of asphalt pavements constructed using these materials. A systematic literature search of four databases revealed that waste materials could be used as an alternative to the natural aggregates. Future studies on the SMA mixes should investigate using other waste materials that could improve mix design and enhance pavement performance. There is a need to establish a standard code of practice and train material technologists to use different types of waste in SMA pavement construction. In summary, it is essential to perform a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the economic and environmental impacts of the different waste materials used as aggregates in SMA.
... In recent years, the microstructure has become an important research field in pavement engineering [1], mostly because it can explain the essential reason of pavement distress. Using X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) apparatus, internal structures of asphalt mixture can be scanned and presented by CT gray image, additionally, Digital Image Processing (DIP) is used to extract interesting objectives, so the influence of microstructure on asphalt mixture can be investigated [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Previous research has shown that air-voids have significant influence on the strength and durability of asphalt mixture [9]. ...
The aim of this paper is investigating the microstructural characteristics of asphalt mixture under different compaction powers. In order to achieve this aim, a test track was built to provide asphalt mixture specimens and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) device was used to scan the internal structure. The aggregate particles and air-voids were extracted using Digital Image Processing (DIP), so the relationship between compaction and air-voids was determined at first, and then, the effect of aggregate particles on the morphology of air-voids can be evaluated, finally, fatigue properties of asphalt mixture with different air-void ratio were measured by indirect tensile fatigue test as well. The research results release the distribution of microstructures in asphalt pavement. 3D fractal dimension is an effective indicator to quantize the complexity of aggregate particles and air-voids; suffering the same compaction power, aggregates cause different constitutions of air-voids in asphalt mixture; investigation in this paper can present the essential relationship between microstructures and fatigue properties.
... The components of asphalt mixture, especially the content of fine aggregates, determine the air-voids distribution [18]. Some microstructural characteristics of air-voids, such as the homogeneous of distribution state and discrete degree of morphology, can be analyzed by the XCT images and DIP [19][20][21]. However, most researchers study the asphalt mixture molded in laboratory, it is hard to reflect the real state of internal structure, and the investigations about the relationship between air-voids and fatigue damage are rare. ...
Fatigue damage caused by vehicle loads is the main asphalt pavement distress, and it deteriorates the serviceability and strength seriously. In order to evaluate the fatigue damage of asphalt mixture under repeated load, microstructures were detected to investigate the morphology change of internal structures using Digital Image Processing (DIP). Field pavement named as ISAC test track was built, and cores were drilled to slice into test specimens with different air-voids that can reflect the real internal state of asphalt pavement. Fatigue properties were measured under temperature −10 °C, 0 °C and 10 °C respectively, the frequency of sinusoid load was 0.1 Hz, the minimum value was 0.035 MPa and maximum value was 0.5 MPa. Internal structures of asphalt mixture were scanned by X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) device before and after fatigue damage, thus the relationship between microstructures and fatigue damage can be conducted. The results show that microstructural analysis can effectively determine the internal structure change of asphalt mixture. Charging compaction causes different air-voids distributions and morphologies, which have obvious influence on failure state of asphalt mixture. The effect of temperature and initial air-voids on fatigue performance is significant, and fatigue damage presents a linear relation with the complexity of air-voids. Methodology established in this paper provides an effective method for fatigue damage assessment.
This research quantified the temporal mesostructural evolution of bitumen emulsion–cement composites using the time-lapse high-energy X-ray tomography of a fine-aggregate matrix. The image post-processing and analysis showed that the mastic’s significant temporal decrease in volume complemented the expansion of the pore space. Nevertheless, the volume fractions determined by the image analysis essentially differed from the physical composition of specimens and were several times less sensitive to curing. Because of the extremely heterogenous microstructure and the abundance of calcium, the mastic phase had the highest attenuation of X-rays, but the attenuations of bitumen- and cement-dominated systems experienced contrary temporal trends. The sand and pore space had typically smooth and oppositely evolving axial distributions with the highest-density plateau in the middle, while the mastic was distributed uniformly. The radial distributions evolved less irregularly and notably interfered with the post-processing of beam hardening. The temporal increase in the pore space’s local thicknesses was extremely unevenly distributed across diameters. Except the sand particle size distributions, all results were almost excellently repeatable. Finally, the interaction with X-rays was identified as crucial for the interpretation and validity of the results. Moreover, although water could not be segmented using the conventional X-ray tomography, its discrete signature was present throughout the behaviour of other phases.
Interface stripping is a common distress appeared in asphalt mixture due to the adhesive failure; it increases the cracks and decreases the strength and durability of pavement structure obviously. The aim of this paper is determining the influence of aggregate characteristics on interface stripping based on the microstructural finite element model. A high-resolution X-ray Computational Tomography device was used to scan the asphalt mixtures and provide their internal states; structures (Such as aggregate particles, asphalt mastic and air-voids) can be identified and reconstructed by Adaptive Digital Image Processing technique. Cohesive behaviour was selected to simulate the mechanical behaviour between aggregate particles and asphalt mastic, and then the evolution of interface damage can be evaluated. The investigation shows that the influence of aggregates on interface stripping is significant. Cracks are mainly appeared at the agg–mastic interface at high temperature; increasing the proportion of coarse aggregates cause more serious damage in agg–mastic interface; 3D fractal dimension is a quantitative indicator to evaluate the morphology and distribution of aggregates, and energy consumption presents a linear relationship with the 3D fractal dimension. This paper shows that microstructure can be used to reflect the damage and investigate the adhesive failure effectively.
Air-void is the main structure in asphalt mixture; it significantly affects the strength and durability of asphalt mixture. To better understand the influencing factors of air-voids, one group of specimens with different aggregate gradations were fabricated at the same experimental situations and evaluated at first, then, another group of specimens with the same aggregate gradation were drilled from test track and used to investigate the effect of compaction energy on air-voids. The internal structures can be obtained by X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) device, and digital image processing (DIP) technology was used to extract and reconstruct the spatial models of aggregates and air-voids based on original CT images. Influence of aggregates and compaction energy on air-voids were studied; the results show that the improved extracting and segmenting program, which divides the original CT image into a serial of annular regions firstly, can effectively identify different microstructures; 3D fractal dimension provides a quantitative value of presenting the complexity of microstructures’ morphology, it comprehensively reflects the volume, shape and distribution of aggregates and air-voids; aggregates’ angularity has a significant effect on air-voids, and compaction energy causes different characteristics of air-voids as well. Methodologies developed in this paper are effective to evaluate the influence of aggregate particles on air-voids.
