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This paper presents the performance of the proposed grouted sleeve connector with and without steel spiral as transverse reinforcement under incremental tensile load until failure. The connector utilized mild steel pipe as sleeve where the sleeve consists of external and internal sleeve with the diameter of the external sleeve is larger than intern...
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Citations
... Ling et al. [3] and Hosseini et al. [4] studied the internal spiral restraint effect on the bonding stress-slip relationship of grouting sleeves. Alias et al. [5,6] studied the effects of the anchorage length of the reinforcement, the diameter of the sleeve and the internal structure of the grouting sleeve on the connection performance of grouting sleeves. Harajli et al. [7] studied the local bonding stress-slip relationship between steel bars and highstrength concrete under tensile loads. ...
Grouting sleeves are widely used in the field of assembled construction. The present study aims to investigate the reliability of grouting sleeves under large-deformation repeated tension and compression after high temperature, considering the influences of steel bar diameter, the cooling method, and the protective layer. Through experimentation on 28 test pieces, we analyzed the bonding performance of the test pieces at different high temperatures. The results indicate that within the temperature range of 20–800 °C, the bond performance of the test pieces declines by no more than 9.8%. However, upon reaching a temperature of 1000 °C, the bond performance of the test pieces decreases by over 33.7%, with the compressive strength of the grout material reduced to only 27.50% of that kept at 20 °C. Employing larger-diameter steel bars is advantageous for maintaining the bond performance of the test pieces. Natural cooling shows relatively good bond performance, although its influence is not significant. Furthermore, the protective layer effectively attenuates the heating rate of the test pieces, thus safeguarding their bond performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis reveals that the decomposition of C-H and C-S-H phases is the primary cause of high-temperature degradation of the grouting material. Finally, a recommendation for the correlation coefficient (k) between the average bond strength and the compressive strength of the grout material is proposed, with a suggested value of k ≤ 2.58.
... This includes mild steel pipes (Einea et al., 1995;Henin and Morcous, 2015;Abd. Rahman et al., 2010;Ling et al., 2012;Alias et al., 2014;Alias et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2019;Zheng et al., 2018;Huang et al., 2023), high strength steel (Seo et al., 2016), cast iron (Xu et al., 2019), aluminium tubes (Ling et al., 2008;Tullini and Minghini, 2016), spirals (Aldin Hosseini and Abd. Aldin Hosseini and Abd. ...
A grouted sleeve’s efficiency in splicing steel bars makes it a potential choice for connecting precast elements. While most studies have focused on the feasibility of grouted sleeves under tension, only a few have investigated the real response of precast concrete members connected using grouted sleeves. In this study, Tapered Head Sleeves (THS) were utilized as connections for precast walls. The objectives were to examine their behavior under incremental lateral loads and assess the feasibility of THS as a wall connection. Five test specimens and one control specimen were fabricated, each comprising two walls joined by THS. The load was applied 1.8 m above the joint until specimen failure. Specimens that experienced bar fracture failure exhibited a relatively large drift upon failure, while those failing due to bar bond slip showed smaller drift. Factors contributing to wall drift included horizontal slip, rocking displacement, cantilever bending deformation, and compressive settlement. The ultimate load increased by 71% as the embedded length increased from 75 mm to 175 mm, and it increased by 50% as the sleeve diameter decreased from 75 mm to 50 mm. The sleeves' performance was evaluated for feasibility based on the strength ratio, drift ratio, ductility ratio, failure mode, performance ratio, serviceability ratio, and length ratio. Only THS-8 met all the criteria, suggesting that the bar's embedded length should be at least 11 times the bar diameter.
... The researchers then used various materials to produce GS. This included mild steel pipes [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], high-strength steel [17], cast iron [18], aluminium tubes [19,20], spirals [21][22][23][24], square hollow sections [25], and glass fibre-reinforced polymers [26][27][28][29]. GSs are often tested with tensile loads. ...
A grouted sleeve is a mechanical coupler used to join steel bars. It can be used to join precast concrete walls. Most grouted sleeves are pricey proprietary products. This study investigated the behaviour of a grouted sleeve made of steel pipe sections. The grouted sleeve was used as a wall panel connection. The specimens were subjected to three types of loads: tensile, shear, and flexural. The performance of the specimens was evaluated based on the load-displacement responses. For satisfactory bond strength, a bar embedded length of 11 times the bar diameter was required. The grouted sleeve performed well in tension but poorly in shear load. The service shear load was just one-third of the total load capacity. Thus, the grouted sleeve was not recommended for resisting shear load without shear keys to strengthen the joint.
... And all the factors which increase the hoop stress or reduce the tensile strength of concrete are detrimental to the bond behavior [2]. Figure 1. Balance of the radial components of the bond forces against the tensile stress rings in the anchorage zone [3] Eriksson in 1960 [5] suggested of using cement grout as bonding material between the reinforcing bars and sleeve. Some cement grouts that are used for grouted connection are not adequate enough to become a bonding material due to their gradual strength development and lower tensile strength as compared to polymer grout. ...
Polymer resin grout can be used as bonding material for grouted sleeve connections This paper presents the experimental results on the effectiveness of fly ash as micro filler to the splitting tensile strength of polymer grout. In addition, the cement grout that is usually used as bonding material had been tested for comparison. Eleven proportions, of fly ash as the filler and polymer as binder, were tested with the binder to filler volume ratios of 1:1 and 1:1.5. The test results revealed that fly ash can be used as a micro-filler material to partially replace ordinary river sand in polymer resin grout. The splitting tensile strength of the polymer grout increases with the increase of fly ash contents. However, for higher level of fly ash of more than 22%, the splitting tensile strength deteriorated. For binder: filler ratio of 1:1, the optimum fly ash content of 22% gave the maximum splitting strength of 17.62 MPa, which can be considered acceptable for producing grout with high strength bonding material.
... Grouted Sleeves (GS) were invented in the late 1960 s for splicing reinforcing bars [1,2]. Two common types of GSs are demonstrated in Fig. 1, where the first example is a full grouted sleeve and the second example is a half grouted sleeve (or hybrid grouted sleeve). ...
... Specimen YZZ2-2 of reference [22] Figs. 6 and 7, The only specimen of reference [21] Figs. 14 and 16, Table 4 successfully used in previous studies [29][30][31][32][33] and was adopted in the reported study. There are ten parameters that needs to be defined for the MP steel model, with the values of yield strength f y , elastic modulus E s , and density being obtained from material testing, and the remaining seven parameters being defined using empirical values (see Table 2) based on recommendations from previous studies [21][22][23][24][25] and the Seismostruct user manual [1]. As noted previously, the tensile strength of a GS assembly is analogous to that of a rebar, whereas the elastic modulus of a GS assembly is lower than for a reinforcing bar. ...
... Where M j is the joint moment, τ j is the joint shear stress, τ jy , τ ju , and τ jf are the joint shear stress at yield, ultimate and failure limits respectively, γ jy , γ ju , and γ jf are the joint shear deformation at yield, ultimate and failure limits respectively, G c , E c and ν are the shear modulus, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of concrete respectively, A s and A ′ s are the cross-sectional area of rebar in the tension zone and the compression zone respectively, and f y and f ′ y are the yield strengths for rebars in the tension zone and the compression zone respectively. The definition of other notation such as L b that is used in Equation A (1) Fig. A2. Equation A(1) was originally proposed by Alath and Kunnath [37] and was modified in the reported study so that the effect of the joint panel height (h j ) and width (b j ) can be calculated. ...
It has previously been concluded that the seismic performance of Precast Concrete (PC) frames with grouted sleeves is inferior to that of corresponding Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames. In order to both improve the seismic performance and reduce the construction cost as much as possible, a construction technique referred to as an ‘intermediate connection’ was proposed and used for PC frames. The basic design philosophy of the ‘intermediate connection’ is that PC columns were joined in
their central region where the bending moment is reduced. In order to study the effect of intermediate connections, numerical simulations were implemented using modelling methods that were validated by comparing numerical results with experimental data of columns, joints and frames from previous studies. Incremental
Dynamic Analysis (IDA) and a probabilistic based approach were used to derive fragility functions for the considered PC and RC frames, and Cost Analysis was undertaken to evaluate the practicability of the improvements for PC frames with grouted sleeve.
... loads [4][5][6][7][8]. The effects of different load conditions and research parameters, such as rebar diameter, sleeve dimension, anchoring length, and grouting defects, etc., on the mechanical properties of the connectors were evaluated, and the results showed that the grouted splice connectors with reasonable design parameters met the requirements of strength, stiffness, and ductility. ...
... As shown in Figure 1a, two rebars located in a line are placed in the center of the sleeve and connected by non-shrinkage grouting material to form a whole. Since Yee [3] invented the grouting sleeve technology for splicing rebars, researchers have carried out extensive experimental studies on the performance of grouted splice connectors under uniaxial tension and cyclic loads [4][5][6][7][8]. The effects of different load conditions and research parameters, such as rebar diameter, sleeve dimension, anchoring length, and grouting defects, etc., on the mechanical properties of the connectors were evaluated, and the results showed that the grouted splice connectors with reasonable design parameters met the requirements of strength, stiffness, and ductility. ...
The grouted sleeve lapping connector called the APC connector has the advantages of high fault tolerance, convenient construction, compacted grouting, and low cost, together with realizing full prefabrication of vertical components. In this paper, a quasi-static test of two fully prefabricated L-shaped walls connected with two types of APC connector and a cast-in-place wall was carried out under high axial compression ratio (0.5) to compare their seismic performance. The results indicated that the two types of connectors effectively transferred the rebar stress in the prefabricated walls, and the failure modes and final crack distribution of the prefabricated walls and the cast-in-place wall were basically identical. The failure of the cast-in-place wall occurred at the root of the wall limb, while the failure of the prefabricated walls occurred at the top of the sleeve due to the constraint of the sleeve. The bearing capacity, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation of the prefabricated specimen connected by the type-I sleeve was comparable to that of the cast-in-place wall, while the prefabricated wall connected by the type-II sleeve showed greater bearing capacity, stiffness, and ductility. Finally, some suggestions for seismic design of prefabricated components connected with APC connectors are proposed.
... Currently, grouting is the most cost-effective method of construction [35][36][37] and is used in offshore wind turbines. According to many researchers, the manner in which grout sleeves are connected is a crucial factor in determining structural mechanics [38][39][40][41]. However, no studies have yet been carried out to investigate the use of grouting materials in offshore wind turbines. ...
With the active development of offshore wind power worldwide, the development of a green and ecofriendly grouting material (GEGM) has garnered global attention. Such a material must also be developed in Taiwan. Therefore, in this study, a series of environmentally friendly recycled materials were mixed in different proportions to develop a GEGM which can be implemented in the future construction of offshore wind turbines. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the GEGM, low water-to-binder (W/B) ratios (i.e., 0.21, 0.27, and 0.35) were used; cement was replaced with fixed amounts (20%) of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash; 2%, 2.5%, and 3% superplasticizers (SPs) were added; and two levels of sand content (60% and 70%) were used. The setting time of the GEGM was used to evaluate its workability; its compressive strength and flexural strength were used to evaluate its mechanical properties; and its sulfate resistance, length changes, and four-terminal resistance were used to evaluate its durability. The relationship between the durability and drying shrinkage of the GEGM was subsequently evaluated, and the ratio of final to initial setting times (F/I value) was calculated to determine the effects of the amount of SP added on workability. The highest F/I value (7.7) was achieved when 2 wt.% modified lignin sulfonate (MLS) was added because of the high viscosity of MLS, which compromised the workability of the concrete. The optimal compressive strength (83.62 MPa) was achieved when a W/B ratio of 0.21 was used, when the sand content was 70%, and when a 2% polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) was added, whereas the optimal flexural strength (20.86 MPa) was achieved when 2.5% PCE was added. According to the nondestructive test results and the R2 value (>0.7) obtained from regression analyses of mechanical properties, the study results are reliable and may serve as a reference for future construction projects.
... To optimize an appropriate structural form and prove the The connection of vertical distributed steels is a crucial factor so to affecting their seismic performance [14][15][16]. Several literature have confirmed the excellent integrity and seismic performance of precast shear walls via using sleeve connections [17][18][19]. Khaled et al. [14] compared the seismic performance tests of shear walls with different types of steel connections. The results proved that the best seismic performance of the specimens with grouted sleeve connections and shear connectors was achieved, while bolted connections were not a good choice. ...
Ceramsite concrete, with its advantages such as excellent long-term durability and thermal insulation properties, is suitable to be utilized as precast sandwich wall panels. While the lack of assessment of the seismic performance of such wall panel joints has been studied. Therefore, an experimental program was carried out to investigate and improve the seismic performance of the new type of wall panel joints. The seismic performances of the specimens were experimentally evaluated, including failure mode, loading and deformation capacity, ductility, the strain of vertically distributed steels, stiffness, and energy dissipation. The insulated sandwich wall panel joints have good seismic performance shown by the quasi-static test. The ductility coefficient of all specimens was greater than 3. The structure of the control group specimen presented a better match in stiffness, bearing capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation. The sleeve connection confirmed that the integrity of the joint, and the L-shaped hidden column could improve the ductility coefficient and equivalent viscous damping coefficient by about 4.2%. The results can promote the research of such wallboard system. This design approach of sandwich wall panel joints with lightweight concrete is broadly applicable to the exploration of more types of energy-saving wallboard systems.
... The results of an experimental study conducted by Ling et al. [8] showed that the bearing capacity of the connector was increased by reducing the inner diameter of the sleeve and increasing the embedded length. Alias et al. [9] showed in an experimental study that the stiffness of the connectors was increased with the increase in the connector. Furthermore, there have also been many studies of grouted splice connectors under repeated load [13][14][15][16][17]. Liu et al. [18] carried out tests of grouted splice connectors under uniaxial tension, high stress, and large deformation during repeated tension and compression, and they analysed the effects of the steel bar diameter, sleeve form, and deflection of the steel bar on the mechanical properties of the connectors. ...
In this study, uniaxial tension tests and high-stress repeated tension and compression tests were conducted on 32 APC (all vertical members precast in concrete structures) connectors. After high-stress repeated tension and compression, the bearing capacities of the connector specimens improved due to the strengthening of the steel bars, and the ductility of the specimens was reduced due to the further development of cracks between the steel bars and the grout. The residual deformation values of the specimens, namely u0 (uniaxial tension) and u20 (repeated tension and compression), were reduced with the increase in the lapping length of the specimens. The longitudinal compressive strain and hoop tensile strain of the middle section of the sleeve near the steel bar side were reduced under the ultimate load state when the specimens were stretched under uniaxial tension and in the last tension process after repeated loading with the increase in the lapping length. The distribution and development of the longitudinal compression stress of the sleeve were analysed based on the bonding stress of the steel bar and concrete. Finally, the ultimate bonding strength and critical lapping length formulas were proposed, which involved the introduction of a grouting defect coefficient ω.
... s the Precast Concrete (PC) technology continues to thrive in the construction industry, there is a need to ensure the safe transfer of loads at the connections during the erection of the structure and in its lifetime service. While there are various ways of connecting PC members, the use of grouted sleeve connection is more common in the construction industry worldwide [1][2][3][4]. It is used in the horizontal and vertical connection of PC structural members, as shown in Fig. 1 (b,c) [2,3]. ...
... While there are various ways of connecting PC members, the use of grouted sleeve connection is more common in the construction industry worldwide [1][2][3][4]. It is used in the horizontal and vertical connection of PC structural members, as shown in Fig. 1 (b,c) [2,3]. The mechanical properties of this connection are achieved by injecting non-shrink grouting materials to connect the two reinforcement bars within the sleeve dowel, which provides confinement effects of the grouting materials to enhance the grout-bar bond and the tensile resistance of the configuration [5][6][7][8]. ...
The presence of grouting defects emanating from construction operations constitutes a major threat to the structural integrity of the grouted sleeve connection of precast concrete members. This work presents a location-based assessment of the impact of grouting defects on the tensile performance of the grouted sleeve connection. Twenty-two specimens with different configurations of defects were subjected to a uniaxial tensile experiment. Corresponding numerical models were proposed, validated and used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the connection to the defect's location while considering different design confinements of grouting materials. Experimental and numerical studies revealed the following outcome: In consideration of confinement parameters, when the defect of size 3d is located in the mid-span anchorage length, the variation of the sleeve-to-bar diameter (ds/d) from 2.66 (lower design limit) to 3.55 (upper design limit) changed the drop in the ultimate capacity from 19% to 44% below the connection's design requirement. The governing parameters of the grout-bar bond stiffness were the defect's location and degree of confinement. This work proposes a theoretical diagnosis model and a risk assessment catalogue as a promising step toward establishing a computerized diagnosis model of the defective connection to enlighten rational maintenance actions in actual construction.
