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Alternative energy sources such as biogas help us to minimise environmental issues such as desertification, pollution, erosion, and deforestation. In this regard, anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most ecologically favourable waste management technologies and it also represents a long-term fuel supply. The current research examines the product...
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The purpose of this study was to utilize the fruit peel of Baccaurea angulata to produce a fruit jam. The B. angulata fruit was an underutilized fruit known as "Belimbing Hutan" or wild starfruit in Sabah and Sarawak. The peel of B. angulata fruit makes up more than 60% of the fruit and is a significant source of food waste having potential to be e...
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... The highest biogas and methane yields were obtained from breeding manure, followed by layer manure and CD. pH was found to be the most influential factor, followed by temperature and hydraulic retention time [26]. The production of biogas is through the co-digestion of apple, vegetable, and fruit pulp wastes, algae, pond sludge, and CD. ...
The excessive production of vegetable waste near the vegetable market poses a significant threat to the environment. The cost associated with collecting, gathering, and transporting these wastes for disposal over long distances has become prohibitively high. To address this issue, one feasible approach is to utilize anaerobic digestion of biodegradable solid waste, such as cow dung, poultry waste, food waste, and vegetable dumping, to produce methane gas as an environmentally friendly energy source. This study aims to assess the viability of biogas production from vegetable waste in the Perundurai market, located in Erode, India. The experiment was conducted using a lab-scale reactor (0.75 L) equipped with appropriate feeding, gas collection, and residue drainage mechanisms. Biogas generation from the reactors was monitored daily using the water displacement method. For a period of 45 days, the digester setup was fed a mixture of cow dung and vegetable waste with different mixing ratios of 1:1 (R1), 1.5:1 (R2), and 2:1 (R3), at a mesophilic temperature of 35 °C. The results indicated that the highest biogas yield was achieved with the R3 samples, which were approximately 3.9 and 3.0 times higher than those of R1 and R2, respectively. Similarly, the peak methane levels were found to be 66%, 58%, and 53% for R3, R2, and R1, respectively. Moreover, the degradation rate was significantly better for R3 (3.32) compared to R2 (2.93) and R1 (2.24). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that co-digestion of the considered mixtures (vegetable waste + cow dung) in a mesophilic environment could be a promising strategy to enhance biogas production while maintaining nutrient balance and digester stability. The generated biogas can be utilized for various applications, including heating, electricity generation, and as fuel for internal combustion engines, by employing a suitable biogas plant.
... Optimum biogas of 35.50% was obtained at 8% of TS, 0.3 cm particle size, and 7.0 initial pH. Sandhu and Kaushal [19] applied the response surface technique to optimize the variables of co-digestion such as temperature, pH and concentration of wastes. It was also observed that the rate of biogas yield is greatly affected by many factors such as temperature and total solid concentration. ...
... There is no documentation in literature for the optimization of the anaerobic co-digestion of FW and WH. Some of the applications for biogas include; lighting, cooking, heating, etc. [19,20]. The FW and WH are produced in large volumes in many countries. ...
... The quadratic equation could be used to obtain a precise estimate for biogas production because of the high value of R 2 [24]. According to Chanathaworn [19], the adjusted R 2 of 0.9978 indicated that the response surface model created for this study's biogas prediction was completely appropriate. A value greater than 4 is desirable for the "Adequate precision," which measures the signal-to-noise ratio, the ratio of 79.8627 from this study indicated an adequate signal. ...
Many fresh water bodies face a great challenge of an invasive weed called water hyacinth (WH) which has great impacts on the environment, ecology, and society. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that over nine million tons of Fish wastes (FW) are thrown away each year. The fish waste generated poses environmental and health hazards because in most cases it is either disposed into pits or discarded onto the open grounds. Both WH and FW are potential substrates for biogas production. However, utilization of FW substrate alone has a limitation of producing a lot of amounts of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia. Their accumulation in the digester inhibits substrate digestion. Consequently, as stand-alone it is not suitable for anaerobic digestion (AD). This can be overcome by co-digestion with a substrate like WH which has high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio prior to biodigestion. Experimental variable levels for biogas were substrate ratio (WH:FW, 25–75 g), inoculum concentration (IC, 5–15 g/250 mL), and dilution (85–95 mL). Design-Expert 13 was used for optimization and results analysis. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to examine the effects of operating parameters and identify optimum values for biogas yield. Optimum values for maximum biogas with the highest methane yield of 68% were found to be WH:FW ratio, 25:75 g, 15 g of IC, and 95 mL for dilution. The yield was 16% and 32% greater than FW and WH mono-digestion, respectively. The biogas yield was expressed as a function of operating variables using a quadratic equation. The model was significant (P < 0.05). All factors had significant linear and quadratic effects on biogas while only the interaction effects of the two factors were significant. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 99.9% confirmed the good fit of the model with experimental variables.
... Also, optimum values of cumulative biogas and methane were found to be 3401.8 ml and 2266.3 ml, respectively, when KR such as apples, vegetables, fruit pulp wastes as well as algae, pond sludge and CD were codigested (Sandhu and Kaushal 2022a). FLO and KR are better of co-substrates because, even though they are readily available in large amounts in households, it is possible that there is competition for the use of FLO and KR as feed for household animals. ...
Substituting biogas for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in households is a long-awaited sustainable solution for the increasing cost of energy and large amounts of household human-generated waste. Nevertheless, a study of the characteristics of feedstocks is essential to maximise their energy potential. Consequently, this study examined the physico-chemical properties of Human Excreta (HE), Food Leftovers (FLO), Kitchen Residue (KR) and Cow Dung (CD) of Ghanaian origin adhering to recommended standards. Results for volatile to total solid ratios (VS/TS) were 0.81 ± 0.001, 0.97 ± 0.001,0.89 ± 0.001 and 0.85 ± 0.001 for HE, FLO, KR and CD, respectively. The results showed that all feedstocks had high biodegradable content, making them desirable for biogas production. The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios determined from the elemental compositions were 8.29 ± 0.09, 22.14 ± 0.26, 23.34 ± 0.25 and 26.19 ± 0.47 for HE, FLO, KR and CD, respectively. Although the C/N ratios for FLO, KR and CD were within the optimal range, that of HE was significantly low. With a mean alkalinity of 1219.67 ± 1.53, 630.00 ± 0.58, 590.00 ± 2.08 and 15,730.00 ± 6.00 mg CaCO3 eq./L for HE, FLO, KR and CD, it was observed that only CD has the optimal alkalinity value for anaerobic digestion. This brings into perspective the need for co-digestion and the choice of potential co-substrates for household biogas production.
... In recent years, climate and energy policies as well as schemes for the promotion of renewable energy resources have been major drivers promoting household and industrial applications of AD [3]. As such, renewed interest has been diverted to unravelling the AD process in terms of factors influencing biogas yield and process stability [4], the microbial communities driving the process [5] and strategies to enhance methane yield [6,7]. However, the management of the effluent from the AD process has received much less attention. ...
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an established process for waste conversion to bioenergy. However, for the AD process to be viable, it is imperative that all products be adequately valorized to maximize the benefits associated with the technology and in turn promote economic feasibility and technology uptake. Digestate is a byproduct of the AD process that is oftentimes overshadowed by the primary product, biogas, however the potential of digestate is vast. Digestate is composed of undigested organic matter, inorganic matter, and microorganisms. Whilst digestate has frequently been utilized as a soil amendment due to its abundance of readily available plant nutrients, the microbial content of digestate is oftentimes neglected or undermined. The array of microbes prevalent in digestate may contribute to expanding its potential applications. This microbial composition is shaped by several factors including resident microbial communities in inoculum and feedstock, feedstock composition, temperature of the AD system, AD additives and augmenting agents as well as post-treatment strategies, amongst others. Hence, it is hypothesized that digestate microbial content can be manipulated to target particular downstream applications by altering the above-mentioned factors. In so doing, the value of the produced digestate may be improved, which may even lead to digestate becoming the most lucrative product of the AD process. This review provides a holistic overview of the factors influencing the microbial community structure of digestate, the microorganisms in digestate from diverse AD systems and the associated microbial functionality as well as the potential applications of the digestate from a perspective of the resident microflora. The aim of the paper is to highlight the vast potential of microorganisms in digestate so as to broaden its applicability and value.
... A bio-digester test rig was located at the National Institution of Technology (NIT) in Kurukshetra, Haryana, India [23]. The first sample was prepared using a mixture of 35 g (Ca(OH) 2 and NaOH), 6 g pond mud, 55 g algae [24], 1163.6 ml tap water, 748 g fruit squander, 60 g chicken and fish waste, and 636.5 g cow compost. ...
The enduring economic and environmental concerns have prompted extensive research in bioenergy in recent decades. Biogas is an effective carbon-free, sustainable energy source generated by the anaerobic digestion of biological wastes. Biogas production is promoted globally to decrease carbon emissions and maximize resource recycling from various wastes. The extant work examines biogas production in an anaerobic digester using co-digestion, which uses food wastes, algae, chicken, and fish mixed with cow manure. A physicochemical pre-treatment is used to change the lignocellulosic structure of the mixture of the wastes prior to the anaerobic co-digestion.
The response surface technique is used to optimize the co-digestion factors, like pH, F/I ratio, organic loading rate, temperature, and concentration of the wastes. The optimal values of cumulative CO2, methane, and biogas have been obtained as 30.18 ml, 1345.97 ml, and 2244.58 ml, respectively.
The full text is available at :
https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1ezcI7tDQ9KlZ0
... In addition, to reduce the effect and expense of biogas production, these pretreatments are administered concurrently or sequentially with two or more pretreatments, referred to as combined pretreatments. In this case,oil extraction has been defined as a combined pretreatment in the literature and has been successfully applied to biomass (microalgae) grown in water [11].In the literature, there are comprehensive studies on biogas and methane production from a wide variety of organic wastes such as tea factory waste, brewed tea waste, orange pulp, grass, pond sludge mixed with apple, vegetable waste, fruit pulp waste, algae, cow dung, cow urine, wheat straw, water hyacinth and banana peels [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
This research is about the disposal and evaluation of mucilage, which threatens human health, marine ecosystem, social life and economy. For this purpose, the idea of providing benefits by creating an alternative to meet the energy need, which is one of the world's priority problems, has been adopted. It has been determined that mucilage can be used in the production of biogas, which is a popular energy type in recent times, in line with its structural properties and content. Biogas, which has the potential to be an alternative to fossil fuels thanks to its numerous advantages, is a versatile renewable energy source that can be used in many different areas. In this study, the biogas production potential of mucilage was investigated theoretically with two different methods. One of the methods is to calculate the methane yield based on the protein, lipid and carbohydrate content of the organic matter. In the other method, according to the results of elemental analysis, the methane yield was calculated using the stoichiometric equation. According to the analysis and calculations, the theoretical methane yield of the mucilage was found to be 528.68 mL CH4/g VS according to the organic matter content and 526.15 mL CH4/g VS according to the elemental content. Theoretical calculation of the methane yield before the experimental study saves material and time. In this direction, it has been concluded that the biogas production potential of the mucilage is high and suitable for experimental work, since the methane yield values calculated using different methods are high and close to each other. It is believed that this study, which investigates the disposal of mucilage, which is a harmful formation, and its usability in the production of biogas, which is an efficient energy type, makes a multi-faceted contribution to the literature for humanity
... Using a high-temperature muffle furnace (MF-14P, METREX Scientific Instruments (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India), standard procedures of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA METHOD 16.4 2001) were utilised to evaluate various factors (total solid (TS), fixed solid (FS) and volatile solid (VS). Biogas was measured using an Applied Techno Systems ATS-206A biogas analyser [19]. The volume of biogas generated and its contents were then calculated on a daily basis [20]. ...
A variety of feedstock materials have been investigated for biogas production, some of which have never been rigorously studied. In the present study, biogas was produced using three different feedstock materials, namely layer manure, breeding manure and cow dung. Each of these materials was analysed individually using the Taguchi method. The design of experiments (DOE) recommended tests were carried out in a systematic manner. The multi-objective method of grey relational analysis (GRA) was utilised to determine the optimal level of process parameters. It was found that biogas production from layer manure, breeding manure and cow dung was affected by different parameters. Moreover, operating parameters like temperature (25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C), hydraulic retention time (1–30 days) and pH (5–7) were varied to obtain the maximum yield of biogas. The L9 orthogonal array was selected to conduct the experiment. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine every factor’s percentage contribution. The correlation coefficients R², Adj-R² and Pred-R² were found to be statistically significant, indicating that the model was remarkable. It was discovered that biogas and methane yields were at their highest for breeding manure followed by layer manure and cow dung. Meanwhile, the results revealed that pH was the most influential factor, followed by temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT). The optimum values of methane and biogas for breeding manure have been obtained as 1104.77 ml and 1465.22 ml, respectively while the optimum values of methane and biogas for breeding manure have been obtained as 426.55 ml and 832.013 ml respectively.
Graphical abstract
... In addition, to reduce the effect and expense of biogas production, these pretreatments are administered concurrently or sequentially with two or more pretreatments, referred to as combined pretreatments. In this case,oil extraction has been defined as a combined pretreatment in the literature and has been successfully applied to biomass (microalgae) grown in water [11].In the literature, there are comprehensive studies on biogas and methane production from a wide variety of organic wastes such as tea factory waste, brewed tea waste, orange pulp, grass, pond sludge mixed with apple, vegetable waste, fruit pulp waste, algae, cow dung, cow urine, wheat straw, water hyacinth and banana peels [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
This research is about the disposal and evaluation of mucilage, which threatens human health, marine ecosystem, social life and economy. For this purpose, the idea of providing benefits by creating an alternative to meet the energy need, which is one of the world's priority problems, has been adopted. It has been determined that mucilage can be used in the production of biogas, which is a popular energy type in recent times, in line with its structural properties and content. Biogas, which has the potential to be an alternative to fossil fuels thanks to its numerous advantages, is a versatile renewable energy source that can be used in many different areas. In this study, the biogas production potential of mucilage was investigated theoretically with two different methods. One of the methods is to calculate the methane yield based on the protein, lipid and carbohydrate content of the organic matter. In the other method, according to the results of elemental analysis, the methane yield was calculated using the stoichiometric equation. According to the analysis and calculations, the theoretical methane yield of the mucilage was found to be 528.68 mL CH4/g VS according to the organic matter content and 526.15 mL CH4/g VS according to the elemental content. Theoretical calculation of the methane yield before the experimental study saves material and time. In this direction, it has been concluded that the biogas production potential of the mucilage is high and suitable for experimental work, since the methane yield values calculated using different methods are high and close to each other. It is believed that this study, which investigates the disposal of mucilage, which is a harmful formation, and its usability in the production of biogas, which is an efficient energy type, makes a multi-faceted contribution to the literature for humanity.
