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The paper discusses design of wideband diagonally symmetrical flower-shaped patch antenna with reduced ground plane. The anticipated antenna is provided microstrip line feed for signal excitation. The antenna is designed and analyzed using finite-element-based simulator HFSS (version 15.0) and provides wide impedance bandwidth between 1.49 and 2.46...
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... Finally, in Section 7, the conclusion is discussed. Table 1 represents the performance analysis and comparison of proposed wideband antenna with recently published reference antennas [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] in respect of overall antenna size, operating range, resonating frequency, gain, bandwidth, and applications. The overall antenna size comparison of proposed design in terms of electrical size (λ 2 0 ) and physical size (mm 2 ) with reference antennas 13-24 by bar plot is exhibited in Figure 1. ...
... Reported antennas (1747 mm 2 ), 13 (1782 mm 2 ), 17 and (1600 mm 2 ) 23 have large size of antenna with factor of 1.94, 1.98, and 1.78, respectively while reported reference antennas (2021 mm 2 ), 15 (2500 mm 2 ), 16 (1960 mm 2 ), 21 and (1860 mm 2 ) 24 have large size of antenna with factor of 2.25, 2.78, 2.18, and 2.07, respectively. Rest reference antennas (3456 mm 2 ), 18 (6400 mm 2 ), 19 and (3600 mm 2 ) 20 have also large size of antenna with large factor of 3.84, 7.11, and 4, respectively. Thus, the designed antenna not only shows wideband characteristic but also indicates compactness as well as simple fabrication. ...
... 13 F I G U R E 1 Size comparison of proposed antenna with reference antennas. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] where, c = Speed of light (3 Â 10 8 m/s), ƒ r = Design frequency, ε r = Substrate dielectric constant. Effective dielectric constant, ...
This paper presents a compact and wideband square microstrip patch antenna using low cost and easy available FR‐4 substrate of ground size 30 mm × 30 mm (0.51 × 0.51λ02$$ {\lambda}_0^2 $$ at lowest resonant frequency 5.07 GHz). The radiating patch of antenna is designed by embedding three T‐shape notches of same dimension formed by two rectangular notches of size 6 mm × 5 mm and 3 mm × 2 mm. The radiating patch is optimized by parametric variation of notches and feed line. The wideband fractional bandwidth (S11 < −10 dB) of 47.2% (2810 MHz) is achieved from 4.55 to 7.36 GHz with good return loss of −47.27 dB at 5.07 GHz for an optimized dimension of notches and feed line. However, the measured fractional bandwidth of 43.9% (2340 MHz) is achieved from 4.16 to 6.50 GHz with return loss of −37.34 dB at 5.14 GHz. A stable simulated gain of 4.69 to 5.93 dBi and measured gain of 4.4 to 5.9 dBi is observed in complete resonating band. The antenna is excited by line feed of 50 Ω and simulated by IE3D simulation tool. The entire resonating band 4.55–7.36 GHz is suitable for different applications in C‐band (4–8 GHz).
... The proposed FSS structure starts with the use of the bioinspired four-leaf clover-shaped metallic patch element in its unit cell. The structure used in the work was based on the four-leaf clover proposed in [29] as an antenna element. The four-leaf clover-shaped geometry used in the FSS structure design was obtained using the Gielis formula [30] also known as superformula. ...
... Overall, the antenna possessed larger dimensions and exhibited a reasonable gain performance of 4.0 dBi. A flower-shaped antenna with an enhanced BW for portable wireless devices is demonstrated in ref. [20]. The proposed antenna was embedded on 54 × 64 × 1.6 mm 3 laminate and exhibited an FIBW of 49% and a maximum gain of 3.4 dBi. ...
This manuscript examines the design principle and real-world validation of a new miniaturized high-performance flower-shaped radiator (FSR). The antenna prototype consists of an ultra-compact square metallic patch of 0.116λ0 × 0.116λ0 (λ0 is the free space wavelength at 3.67 GHz), a rectangular microstrip feed network, and a partial metal ground plane. A novel, effective, and efficient approach based on open circuit loaded stubs is employed to achieve the antenna’s optimal performance features. Rectangular, triangular, and circular disc stubs were added to the simple structure of the square radiator, and hence, the FSR configuration was formed. The proposed antenna was imprinted on a low-cost F4B laminate with low profile thickness of 0.018λ0, relative permittivity εr = 2.55, and dielectric loss tangent δ = 0.0018. The designed radiator has an overall small size of 0.256λ0 × 0.354λ0. The parameter study of multiple variables and their influence on the performance results has been extensively studied. Moreover, the impact of different substrate materials, impedance bandwidths, resonance tuning, and impedance matching has also been analyzed. The proposed antenna model has been designed, simulated, and fabricated. The designed antenna exhibits a wide bandwidth of 5.33 GHz ranging from 3.67 to 9.0 GHz at 10 dB return loss, which resulted in an 83.6% fractional impedance bandwidth; a maximum gain of 7.3 dBi at 8.625 GHz; optimal radiation efficiency of 89% at 4.5 GHz; strong intensity current flow across the radiator; and stable monopole-like far-field radiation patterns. Finally, a comparison between the scientific results and newly published research has been provided. The antenna’s high-performance simulated and measured results are in a good agreement; hence, they make the proposed antenna an excellent choice for modern smart- phones’ connectivity with the sub-6 GHz frequency spectrum of modern fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication application.
... (Rashid et al. 2021) built an L-slot multiband rectangular patch antenna for IoT, medical, and wearable applications operating at 2.4 and 5.7 GHz. In (Gupta et al. 2019), a partial ground plane-based wideband flowershaped antenna for GPS, GSM, Wi-Max, and Wi-Fi applications was proposed. Assisting AMC in developing dual-band low-profile WLAN and Wi-MAX antennas presented in (Ashish & Rao 2021). ...
An artificial magnetic conductor (AMC)-based patch antenna with a low profile is developed for wireless devices in IoT-based healthcare systems. The proposed antenna comprises two pairs of circular-shaped patches with circular-shaped slots and a dual-band 4 × 4 array of AMC reflectors with two zero-degree reflection responses to enhance the antenna's radiation performance. For the 2.45 GHz ISM and 5.4 GHz WLAN bands, the patch antenna has dimensions of 0.44λ0 × 0.52λ0 × 0.013λ0, with partial ground structures to improve radiation characteristics. Following that, a unique dual-band symmetrical AMC unit cell with dimensions of 22 × 22 × 1.6 mm3 is developed. There is a gap of 15 mm between the antenna and the AMC surface. The antenna is supported by a 4 × 4 AMC array that has a total dimension of 0.72λ0 × 0.72λ0 × 0.15λ0. The reflection coefficient values of less than − 10 dB in the 1.7–2.5 and 5.1–5.6 GHz bands, with a bandwidth percentage of 38 and 9.3%, respectively. The antenna's gains were 7.2 and 4 dBi inside the bands. Furthermore, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value did not match the WHO's safety and health guidelines. The issue was solved by including an AMC surface in the proposed antenna. At 2.45 and 5.4 GHz, SAR values of 0.58 and 1.04 W/Kg were measured. Vector network analyser and anechoic chamber were used to test the performance of antenna and AMC surface prototypes. There is a substantial agreement among measured and simulated parameters of an antenna. Consequently, the developed antenna combination with the AMC structure is suited for wireless devices in ISM and WLAN bands, often used in IoT-based healthcare systems.
... To increase the ability of the model, it is converted to a binary version via binary integer decision. Moreover, the adopted transformation for the binary variables to binary domain bB ij is given in Eq. (14). ...
While considering the technological developments, antennas are playing a bigger role. The ultra wide band antennas has improved the quality and becoming more appealing in current and upcoming distant communication systems. Microstrip antennas are constructed using a microstrip technique on a Printed circuit board (PCB) at microwave frequencies. The patch is affixed to a substrate along a lower plane, which is advantageous for better appearance in different applications. Further, the feed line, ground plane, patch, and dielectric substrate are the major components of a microstrip antenna. This antenna provides a number of advantages, including low weight, cheap cost, small dimensions, and a low profile. Coaxial feeding techniques could be used to build a microstrip antenna with four phased array elements. When compared to a reflector antenna connected to a PCB, it is more compatible. Therefore, this paper introduce an optimized Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design, where the antenna parameters including the patch height, patch length, substrate width and substrate length are optimally tuned using a proposed Shark Smell optimization with Opposition Based Learning (SSO-OBL) algorithm. At last, the performance of developed approach is examined through assessment over extant techniques.
... Apart from these antennas, Deshmukh and Ray [11] also presented an antenna structure of very large size 51 × 110mm 2 for GSM application with L-shapes slot having bandwidth of 28% (290 MHz) while Gupta et al. [12] proposed a flower shape wideband with reduced ground antenna of large size 55 × 64mm 2 resonating at 1.975 GHz between frequency ranges 1.49-2.46 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 49% (970 MHz). ...
... The performance comparison of proposed antenna design with reference antennas reported in [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] in terms of overall size, resonant frequency, operating range, impedance bandwidth, gain and applications are shown in Table 3. It is clearly observed from Table 3 that the proposed antenna is more compact with overall size (1797 mm 2 ) and wide bandwidth of 53.04% (1220 MHz) compared to all reported antennas [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] of single band. ...
... The performance comparison of proposed antenna design with reference antennas reported in [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] in terms of overall size, resonant frequency, operating range, impedance bandwidth, gain and applications are shown in Table 3. It is clearly observed from Table 3 that the proposed antenna is more compact with overall size (1797 mm 2 ) and wide bandwidth of 53.04% (1220 MHz) compared to all reported antennas [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] of single band. In reported antennas of Table 3, only antenna [19] (1920 mm 2 ) has overall size near to proposed antenna (1797 mm 2 ) whereas antennas [12] (3456 mm 2 ) and [20] (3600 mm 2 ) have comparatively large size with factor of 1.92 and 2.01 respectively. ...
This article presents a compact antenna design of overall size 38.4 mm × 46.8 mm having square shape and an inverted F-shape notches. The proposed antenna of single band is resonating between 1.69 and 2.91 GHz at two frequencies 1.98 GHz and 2.56 GHz. The proposed structure of antenna design has three square shape notches at corner and an inverted F-shape notch. The loading of notches inside radiating patch increases the effective current path. Due to increase of current path, radiation of antenna increases and large bandwidth is obtained. The reflection coefficient and impedance bandwidth both are increases gradually by loading different notches in radiating patch. Parametric investigation is also performed to figure out the effect of different parameters. The proposed antenna shows fractional bandwidth of 53.04% (1220 MHz) resonating at frequencies 1.98 GHz and 2.56 GHz with good reflection coefficient of − 27.14 dB and − 21.49 dB respectively. To validate the antenna performance, the simulated results for the proposed antenna are compared with measurements taken with fabricated antenna. The operating frequency band of proposed antenna is useful in L and S-band for PCS (1.85–1.99 GHz), UMTS (1.92–2.17 GHz), WLAN (2.4–2.484 GHz), and WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz). A stable peak gain of 2.9–3.84 dB and antenna efficiency of 81–91% is observed in entire resonating band.
... Microstrip patch antennas are generally preferred in IoT applications due to their compatibility and ease of integration inside the IoT devices. Thus, various researchers are working towards designing of broadband/wideband microstrip antennas for IoT-based applications using number of techniques such as innovative patch antennas' shapes and designs, using a varied range of available antenna feeding methods, presenting different slot structures, shorting pins, stacking of patch antennas, metamaterials, defected/partial ground planes, electromagnetic bandgap materials, etc. [19]. ...
... Chattha et al. [20] designed compact W-shaped printed multiband frequency reconfigurable (over 8 bands) patch antenna for 4G LTE applications. Gupta et al. [19] proposed a wideband diagonally symmetrical flower-shaped patch antenna with reduced ground plane that provides wide impedance bandwidth between 1.49 and 2.46 GHz. It is suitable for GPS (1.57 ...
The article is aimed at proposing the design and investigating the performance of a three-petalled flower-shaped wideband microstrip patch antenna for IoT and next-generation wireless applications. The proposed printed monopole antenna is provided with a microstrip feed line for excitation with a defected ground plane. The antenna is designed and analyzed using a finite-element-based simulator HFSS (version 15.0). The Optimetrics feature in the simulator is used for the performance optimization of the designed antenna that results in wide impedance bandwidth between 2.5 and 5.5 GHz, with add-on benefits such as less human efforts along with fast optimum results. The designed antenna holds an advantage of being low profile and reduced in size as overall diminutive dimensions of the proposed patch antenna are 0.54 λ o × 0.43 λ o × 0.021 λ o m m 3 , making it suitable for use in Wi-Max- and WLAN-enabled IoT applications. The paper is aimed at proposing an innovative optimal design aiming at the concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT and mobile computing, particularly in wireless and mobile networks. The anticipated antenna, owing to its simple and compact design, can be easily integrated into portable mobile devices, and thus, it is considered suitable for 4G and 5G and other next-generation communication applications of IoT devices.
... Shambavi [9] described the design of a microstrip antenna to enhance its gain upto 8.05 dB and bandwidth about 12.72% at frequency 2.45 GHz suitable for WLAN. Gupta et al. [10] designed a reduced ground flower shape wideband diagonally symmetrical antenna of large size 55 × 64 mm resonating between 1.49 and 2.46 GHz with bandwidth 49% at frequency 1.975 GHz and a fractal antenna [11] with optimized structure using PSO with hybrid bacterial foraging (BF). Gangwar et al. [12] also designed a fractal antenna of size 40 × 40 mm having bandwidth 45.16% with six circular and one hexagonal slots. ...
... Simulation and analysis of proposed antenna is carried out by using IE3D [23] simulation tool. Comparative analysis of proposed antenna with references [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] is displayed in Table 1. It shows that proposed antenna is resonating in single band at 3.29 GHz with large bandwidth (1910 MHz) and compact size (1145mm 2 ) compared to all antennas. ...
... The bandwidth and return loss both are improved by loading two notches and a vertical slot in antenna patch. Comparison of bandwidth of proposed antenna with references [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] is displayed by bar plot in Fig. 6. The bandwidth of proposed antenna is larger than all reported antenna of Table 1. ...
In this research paper, compact and slotted patch antenna geometry of size (30.8 × 37.2 mm) has been designed and investigated at frequency 3.30 GHz. The proposed antenna covers 2.08–3.99 GHz frequency band suitable for S-band (2–4 GHz) wireless communication. The proposed geometry of antenna design consist two notches and one vertical slot. The bandwidth of antenna is enhanced gradually by cutting notches and slot in antenna patch. The variation made in antenna structure enhanced the antenna bandwidth and antenna resonating at frequency 3.29 GHz near design frequency. The proposed antenna exhibits impedance bandwidth of 62.9% (1910 MHz) resonating at 3.29 GHz with peak gain of 4.7 dB at frequency 3.89 GHz. Resonating frequency band of antenna is applicable for WLAN/WiMAX. Microstrip line fed antenna geometry is fabricated and simulated through IE3D simulation tool.
... Zhen-Zhong Yang et al [20] have proposed wideband, low-profile, and high-gain antenna loaded with a dual-layer metasurface printed on two dielctric layers and achieved 44% impedance bandwidth and 45% gain bandwidth with peak gain of 11.6dBi. Nancy Gupta et al [21] have proposed design of wideband diagonally symmetrical flower shaped patch antenna and achieved wide impedance bandwidth between 1.49GHz and 2.46GHz. The literature discussed above have mostly tried to make changes in patch and improved the limitations of MSPA but some researchers have done experiment with the change of material of dielectric substrate irrespective of FR4 and RT/Duroid. ...
An experimental study of microstrip patch antenna designed and fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate is presented. Further a performance comparison of designed antenna is made with proposed design using Gallium doped Ba-Sr hexagonal ferrite substrate. Microstrip feed line is used for inputting the signal to antenna. The whole simulation is done on HFSS simulator (version 13.0).The center frequency for proposed antenna is 10GHz and is optimized for significant performance parameters viz return loss, bandwidth, VSWR and gain. It was observed that the designed antenna provides better results with ferrite substrate as compared to FR4 epoxy substrate showing -10db broad bandwidth of 4.2GHz in the frequency region 8.2GHz to 12.4GHz. Although, the results of other parameters like return loss, VSWR and gain are found to be optimum with FR4 substrate as compared to mentioned ferrite substrate. The prototype of proposed antenna with FR4 epoxy substrate is fabricated and tested to attain the experimental results. The measured results are found to be better than simulated results. Thus the proposed antenna structure can be considered suitable for microwave communication application in X-band.
... Also the coaxial probe feeding technique, a widely prevalent feeding method, enhances the complexity with hampering of conformability in structures. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ground planes in patch antennas have emerged as an effective solution to above mentioned restrictions [4][5][6][7][8]. ...
The article investigates the performance of planar and compact CPW-fed microstrip patch antenna that offers 10 dB impedance bandwidth over the wide frequency range between 2.59 and 7.61 GHz. The parametric analysis of various design variables is included to acquire the final design of proposed antenna. The prototype exemplary of designed antenna is experimentally tested to obtain the return loss, VSWR, radiation response and gain characteristics. The close agreement is acquired between simulated and experimental results.The projected antenna has compact size of 0.61λ0 × 0.44λ0 × 0.027λ0 mm3 and offers a 10 dB wide impedance bandwidth of 5.02 GHz. Thus, it may be considered suitable for variety of wireless applications including WLAN, Wi-MAX, fixed satellite services, wireless point-to-point applications etc.
