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![Design of the endless screw of Archimedes based on the description of Vitruvius (adapted from [44]).](profile/Nicolaos-Theodossiou-2/publication/281842543/figure/fig6/AS:614081371316236@1523419816127/Design-of-the-endless-screw-of-Archimedes-based-on-the-description-of-Vitruvius-adapted.png)
Design of the endless screw of Archimedes based on the description of Vitruvius (adapted from [44]).
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![Figure 3. The Tympanon (adapted from [28]).](profile/Nicolaos-Theodossiou-2/publication/281842543/figure/fig1/AS:614081367121960@1523419815927/The-Tympanon-adapted-from-28_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 8. A sketch of Jījí [40].](profile/Nicolaos-Theodossiou-2/publication/281842543/figure/fig5/AS:614081371328512@1523419816085/A-sketch-of-Jiji-40_Q320.jpg)
The evolution of the major achievements in water lifting devices with emphasis on the major technologies over the centuries is presented and discussed. Valuable insights into ancient water lifting technologies with their apparent characteristics of durability, adaptability, and sustainability are provided. A comparison of the relevant technological...
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Context 1
... screw is rotated within a wooden pipe. The device is placed in the water with a typical slope of 30 degrees (Figure 9). By rotating the screw the water trapped within its coils is lifted towards the upper end of the pipe. ...
Context 2
... series of Archimedes' water-screws in their modern form (in which the walls are not attached to the screw), as implemented in the waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) around the world. As an example, the pump station of WWTP in Bottrop, a city in west central Germany, on the Rhine-Herne Canal, which serves 1,350,000 e.p. (equivalent population), is shown in Figure 19. Its capacity is sufficient to successfully treat a catchment area of approximately 240 km 2 so, in addition to the Emscher water, it can also handle the household and industrial wastewater of four towns. ...
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... Energy sources to power diesel or electrically operated machines for lifting water to homes and farmlands are becoming scarce due to the steady depletion of fossil fuels and increasing fuel prices in the global market. In addition, the depletion of fossil fuel sources and their potential adverse environmental effects have generated interest in utilizing non-polluting water-lifting devices, Yannopoulos et al. [7]. One such device is the spiral water wheel pump, powered by the kinetic energy of flowing water [6,8]. ...
The global expansion in farmland and the increase in the world population has compounded the need for more efficient water use. The spiral water wheel pump can be a valuable and low-cost option for pumping water for surface and subsurface irrigation for farmland near flowing water bodies. This low-cost water-lifting device, which uses the kinetic energy of a flowing stream/river to lift water to homes and farmlands, can help smallholder farmers expand the growing season into the dry season. It is more cost-effective than conventional energy sources. It can be used in areas with limited access to electricity or fossil fuels because the energy of pumping is derived from the kinetic energy of flowing water. Its simplicity, adaptability, and low maintenance requirements make it a valuable tool for communities seeking water security and improved livelihoods. The main objective of this study was to develop performance curves for a version of the pump fabricated from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and wood, materials that are readily accessible to smallholder farmers in Africa, to optimize its performance for different field conditions. Laboratory and field tests were performed in Illinois, United States of America, and Sierra Leone, West Africa, with pumps with several pipe diameters/pipe configurations and wheel diameters. During the laboratory tests, a 0.6m diameter single-layer pump with a 2.5cm pipe diameter (18 coils) lifted water to a maximum height of 3.4m. When a 3.8cm pipe diameter (10 coils) was used, the maximum height was reduced to 2.7m. Field tests at an experimental site in Fulton County, Illinois, generated a maximum height of 3.4m and 3.1m when 2.5cm pipe diameters were used on 1.22m and 0.6m diameter wheels, respectively. In Sierra Leone, the maximum height generated was 16m and 8.5m for the 1.22m and 0.6m diameter wheels, respectively, with a 1.9cm pipe diameter. In all the field tests, the pumps only worked when the water velocity exceeded 0.6 ms-1, smaller streams with a velocity less than 0.6 ms-1 can be channeled if necessary. These results indicate that this pump can improve dry season productivity for farmland near the flowing water bodies in developing countries like Sierra Leone. Key words: Wheel diameter, pipe diameters, pipe configuration, discharge rate, stream velocity
... A lifting mechanism is a mechanical mechanism to make a mechanical component move from a lower position to a higher position, and vice versa. 43 The design of the surgery chair proposed in the current study uses a worm gear as shown in Fig. 2(b). This mechanism consists of a seat base, crankshaft, stepped shaft, worm gear device, frame, direct current motor, and battery. ...
Laparoscopic surgeons can experience musculoskeletal disorders due to standing for long periods during surgical procedures. Surgery chair can help laparoscopic surgeons in overcoming these problems so that they carry out surgical procedures in a sitting position. However, the surgery chairs currently on the market use a hand-controlled pedal for the lifting mechanism, which is an obstacle for laparoscopic surgeons because it interferes with the concentration of the hands in using surgical tools. This study contributes to the development of the latest design of a surgery chair designed for Indonesian laparoscopic surgeons with a foot-controlled pedal so that it does not interfere with the concentration of the laparoscopic surgeon in using surgical tools to carry out surgical procedures. The lifting mechanism of the proposed surgery chair uses a worm gear with the rationalization of the rotation lock, space efficiency, and minimizes sound when lifting mechanism. Computational simulations via the finite element method were carried out on the mechanical components of the current surgery chair to analyze the von Mises stress under the down, middle, and top lifting mechanism conditions. The von Mises stress results show that the proposed surgery chair design is safe. This achievement is expected to be an initiation for the development of a better surgery chair in the future.
... Because wind turbines are revolving equipment that converts wind energy into mechanical energy, they are the most common method of utilizing wind energy to produce electricity. Researchers are currently working on increasing the capacity of wind energy, so that wind energy can be stored for times when there is not much wind [16][17][18][19]. Global wind power capacity has grown significantly over the past decade, from 238 GW in 2011 to 845 GW in 2021. ...
Wind energy is seeing rapid growth and development in many nations, particularly in metropolitan areas. As is generally known, standard commercial wind turbines are intended to operate at high wind speeds. In areas where wind speeds are low, such as urban areas, commercial turbines work at low efficiency. Therefore, it has become necessary to introduce new wind energy technologies to improve the efficiency of turbines, taking into account the cost reduction. Enclosing wind turbines inside a diffuser is believed to be an innovative way to harvest wind energy. This is due to the pressure drop at the outlet of the diffuser, which leads to an increase in the flow rate at the diffuser inlet and hence improved Wind turbine efficiency. This technology allows to use the concept of diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWT) in locations with low wind speeds. The current review presents several diffuser engineering configurations that have been submitted by many researchers, some of which were studied in simulations while others were studied in experiments as well as theoretical studies. The main aims of this study were to provide short notes on DAWT concepts. Moreover, the summary obtained indicated that the new design of the small flanged diffuser, within the ideal geometric parameters, is able to significantly increase the turbine efficiency.
... As electrical energy and energy from fossil fuels were unknown, manually operated mechanical devices, or devices driven by natural forces, such as wind, had to be invented. Such water lifting devices originate in the prehistoric times [3,4]. ...
A vacuum drum based water pumping system (VDBWPS) is a cost effective system for lifting and carrying water from a nearby flowing canal/nallah as well as from standing water of farm pond/open well. The main component of the developed system includes of a mild steel (MS) drum, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, jointer, elbow joint, T-joint, L-joint, regulator valve, and foot valve. In this system water can be filled manually or via other devices, such as a solar pump or a treadle pump. The drum's capacity is nearly 80% filled, and the remaining 20% is kept empty. A continuous supply is created by closing both air release valves and opening the discharge valve. More is the vacuum, better will be the pumping. The testing of vacuum drum based water pumping system was evaluated at different suction lift and carrying horizontal distances, both affecting the discharge. The result show that the water pumping system gave a discharge 2.22 to 2.40 litre per minute (lpm) at a constant suction lift of 0.92 meter (m) and varying distances 0 to 12 m. it was also found that the discharge increase with the distance having peak discharge at 6 m i.e. 3.75 lpm and afterwards it decreases gradually as the carrying length increases. The vacuum drum based water pumping system can give a discharge of 5400 litre per day (lpd) at 0.92 m of suction lift and carrying horizontal distance of 6 m. The cost of operation of vacuum drum based water pumping system was 352.41 ₹/day. It has always been a demand that the "technology should be technically feasible, economically viable and socially acceptable".
... For instance, Walsh (2022) points out how modern deep groundwater exploitation has contributed to dispossession processes and the disappearance of traditional agroecology practices. This impact is particularly obvious in arid regions where farmers traditionally accessed water from shallow wells just beneath the surface (Birkenholtz, 2015;Yannopoulos et al., 2015). For their part, critical physical geographers and sociologists have shown the repercussions of groundwater contamination, particularly in the context of hydraulic fracking for natural gas extraction. ...
This contribution points out that while the importance of hydrologic, geomorphic, ecological, temporal, and socio‐cultural connectivity in the functioning of hydrosystems has been acknowledged in three dimensions (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical), vertical connectivity has often been overlooked. Drawing on a multidisciplinary literature review, the authors aim to highlight the socio‐cultural connectivity of subsurface flows and aquifers as a crucial factor for socio‐hydrosystem understanding and management. The piece builds on emergent literature which underscores how groundwater, shallow groundwater, and the hyporheic zone are coproduced by nature and society through time. Furthermore, the review explores how verticality has become an important heuristic dimension at the intersection of the environmental and social sciences, and there has been a particular focus on the hyporheic zone to look at how notions of interstitiality and (in)visibility can be better integrated with socio‐hydrosystem science and management. Finally, the paper calls for further research to integrate the vertical dimension of hydrosystems into more comprehensive socio‐hydrological frameworks, which remain, at times, empirically and theoretically weak on questions of social power, even if they do incorporate aspects of political systems. Especially as societies' relationships to groundwater may be at the heart of climate change adaptation strategies, greater consideration of the social connectivity to subflows is a necessary direction for sustainable water resource management and scholarship.
This article is categorized under: Human Water > Water Governance
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
... 11,12 Renewable energy sources have several types e.g., hydropower, 13 solar, 14 geothermal, 15 biomass, 9,16 and wind power. 17 However, renewable energy sources have some limitations. They depend on weather conditions; besides, they do not support a continuous feed of energy supply (intermittent). ...
The rapid increase in energy consumption around the world is the main challenge that compromises and affects the environment. Electricity generation, which mainly depends on fossil fuels, produces around 80% of CO2 emissions released into the atmosphere. Renewables are a remarkable alternative for energy production. However, they are intermittent sources of energy. Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a medium-to large-scale energy system used to store and produce energy, and recently, it could compete with other storage systems (e.g., compressed air and pumped hydro), which have geographical constraints, affect the environment, and have a lower energy density than that of LAES. However, the low efficiency, high payback periods, and profit values of LAES hamper its commercialization. LAES is premature to be fully studied because lack of actual operating conditions and results from large plants, which affect the techno-economic predictions, in turn, affecting technology commercialization. Furthermore, the off-design conditions are not fully covered although it is a crucial step in system performance evaluation. To this end, the current mini-review sheds light on the LAES design, history, types, limitations, and the associated techno-economic analysis. In addition, state-of-the-art modelling tools are widely explained with benefits and shortage. Furthermore, LAES integration with other systems is explained widely, as it was found to boost the system performance and increase the profit with lower payback periods.
... Two examples are given in Figure 3a, which depicts a drain in the Agora of ancient Messene in southwestern Peloponnesus, a city built in 379 BC, which was known for its walls, the best preserved in Greece and the strongest in antiquity [15]. Moreover, the great drain and sewer under the Agora in ancient Athens delivered a mix of runoff and wastewater into a large collection basin ( Figure 3b) [16], from which they were directed to the agricultural fields located in the downhill areas-which, nowadays, are known as Elaionas-through brick-lined conduits [17]. Similar systems were found elsewhere; for example, in the hill of Pnyx, where a series of drains were unearthed during archaeological excavations [18]. ...
... Furthermore, unplanned, incidental or de facto reuse of wastewater had a very long history throughout the medieval periods [19]. brick-lined conduits [17]. Similar systems were found elsewhere; for example, in the hill of Pnyx, where a series of drains were unearthed during archaeological excavations [18]. ...
Wastewater treatment and reuse has passed through different development stages with time. This study reviews the most essential changes in water reclamation and reuses over millennia, focusing on initial approaches in the Hellenic world and discussing the current situation. Based on archeological evidence and time records, the awareness of the Greeks regarding land disposal, irrigation, and water reuse is highlighted. The latter has evolved into a plethora of applications, with Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) representing one of the last modern frontiers. Currently, advances in wastewater treatment and the spreading of wastewater treatment plants producing large amounts of treated effluents increase the potential for water reuse. This is regarded as a critical option for the continuing protection of water resources and human health, while concurrently satisfying water demand, particularly in areas subject to increased water scarcity. The main constraints in the expansion of water reuse practices are discussed, focusing on wastewater treatment efficiency and quality effluent standards issues, as well as on the lack of motivations related to the acceptability of this practice by final users. Against these challenges, the need for a transition from an “issue-by-issue” approach to a broader integrated water management framework is highlighted.
... Hydro-powered pumping (HPP) technologies, namely those driven by the energy contained in the water they lift, correspond to a concept as ancient as effective (Rossi et al., 2009;Yannopoulos et al., 2015). Non-direct lifting (i.e., pressure-based) HPP devices started being envisaged by Al-Jazari in the early 13th century (Al-Jazari, et al., 1974), and later on by Taqi Al-Din, Agricola, Ramelli, and other authors during the 16th century. ...
... Renewable energy has shown its potential to meet this growing need for energy with low adverse impacts [3]. Wind energy is a crucial source of non-conventional energy due to the availability of wind at numerous locations with varying velocities [4]. Wind turbines can be classified into two types: vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) and horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) [5]. ...
... 3 Driss et al. [19] Investigated the effect of the blade arc angle on the aerodynamic performance of unconventional Savonius profiles. 4 Abdelaziz et al. [20] Investigated the effect of using curved and straight auxiliary blades connected to the inner endpoints of the conventional buckets to improve the aerodynamic performance at the overlap region. Using curved and straight auxiliary blades enhanced the maximum C p by 8.4% and 9%, respectively. ...
... Using a tapered Savonius profile reduced the performance by 5%. 3 Absi et al. [29] Investigated varying the concave surface of the elliptical profile using a corrugated inner surface, which improved the maximum C p by 18%. 4 Tian et al. [30] Fixed the position of three points (two endpoints and the point of the maximum height) and studied varying the bucket profile of the Savonius rotor based on a specific equation that defines the curvature design connecting the points. The maximum power coefficient was increased by 10.98% for a certain profile curvature compared to the semi-circular profile. ...
Wind energy is a vital renewable energy source due to its abundance. The Savonius turbine has proven to be a
promising vertical axis wind turbine for converting wind kinetic energy to mechanical energy. The performance
of two novel Savonius rotor profiles, the sine, and conical profiles, is investigated in the present research. A 3-D
numerical simulation of a Savonius turbine is conducted using ANSYS Fluent software. Unsteady Reynolds
Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (URANS) are used to solve the flow characteristics of the Savonius turbine
using the SST k-ω turbulence model. The conventional Savonius turbine is validated by comparing the present
numerical results with previous numerical and experimental data. The sine profile reduced the maximum power
coefficient by 1.25% compared to the conventional profile. The conical rotor enhanced the maximum power
coefficient by 8.6% compared to the conventional profile.
... As an example, Philo of Byzantium (ca. 230 B.C.), who was a Hellenic engineer, showed different sketches and draws which corresponded to different types of water wheels (Yannopoulos et al., 2015). The main structure of these mechanisms was made entirely of wood, but the axes were made of copper as it is shown in the Fig. 5. ...
The removal of water from mines was one of the key issues that former miners had to deal with. Roman colonists brought new technology to the Iberian Peninsula that addressed this problem. However, they did not invent this technology because it had already been applied to the growth of other endeavours in the Hellenistic society throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. In the mine, the Archimedes screw, waterwheels, bucket pulleys, and Ctesibius pumps were the primary drainage systems. In this essay, the primary characteristics, and modes of operation of machines are examined. Without leaving out the most significant finds made in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, one of the regions with the longest history of mining exploitation. To serve as a foundation for future research in this field, this work compares the primary mining mechanisms in ancient Huelva on a qualitative and quantitative level by the implementation of a TOPSIS methodology, a multi-criteria decision analysis method.
