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Desiccation induced change in (A) lipid accumulation, (B) generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). (C) Schematic images of histochemical localization of O 2 •−
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The survival of wetland plant species largely relies on physiological adaptations essential for submergence and desiccation. Intertidal seaweeds, unlike terrestrial plants, have unique adaptations to submergence and can also sustain desiccation arising from tidal rhythms. This study determined the differential metabolic regulations in the inter-tid...
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... peroxidation and ROS determination. The decrease in the RWC on desiccation was accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation and ROS generation in the thalli (Fig. 2A). The increase in lipid peroxida- tion was determined from an increased absorbance for malondialdehyde (MDA in nmol g −1 FW). The MDA accumulation showed a linear increase with the increase in desiccation duration. MDA level showed a slight by NBT staining after desiccation and re- ...
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... another 12 h showed two fold increase in lipid peroxidation (4.21 ± 0.21 nmol g −1 FW). Further extension in desiccation duration led to a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. The lipid peroxidation or MDA accumulation increased to 5.25 ± 0.24, 6.43 ± 0.24, 8.47 ± 0.13, 15.67 ± 0.48 nmol g −1 FW after desiccation of 36, 48, 72 and 96 h ( Fig. 2A). Subsequent re-submergence reverted the lipid peroxidation levels to normal. The MDA accumulation on re-submergence was in the range of 2.08 ± 0.14 nmol g −1 FW to 3.41 ± 0.12 nmol g −1 FW for all the time points ...
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... generation was found to increase with an increase in desiccation duration (Fig. 2B). The ROS level (µmol g −1 FW) was found 0.05 ± 0.02 in control thalli while the ROS level showed ten-fold increase (0.15 ± 0.05 µmol g −1 FW) on desiccation for 12 h. The increase in desiccation duration to 24 and 36 h showed a steady increase in ROS levels to 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.28 ± 0.03 µmol g −1 FW. Further increase in desiccation ...
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... for 12 h. The increase in desiccation duration to 24 and 36 h showed a steady increase in ROS levels to 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.28 ± 0.03 µmol g −1 FW. Further increase in desiccation period to 48, 72 and 96 h showed a linear-fold change in ROS generation with recorded values as 0.35 ± 0.05, 0.55 ± 0.04 and 0.68 ± 0.08 µmol g −1 FW respectively (Fig. 2B). On re-submergence for 2, 6 and 12 h after desiccation period of 12 h, the ROS level was estimated as 0.11 ± 0.05, 0.08 ± 0.04 and 0.07 ± 0.05 µmol g −1 FW respectively. The level of ROS remained in the range of 0.04 ± 0.02 to 0.08 ± 0.05 on continued submergence. The decline in ROS level from other desiccation time points were also in ...
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Citations
... Furthermore, the evident adaptation capacity Figure 2C) and at the experiment's conclusion ( Figure 2D), indicating the remarkable adaptability of U. lactuca to thrive in environments abundant in nitrogen compounds. Ulva lactuca can employ several strategies to recover its photosynthetic efficiency, including adjusting the quantum yields of photosystem II [44], adjusting carbohydrate metabolism to utilize ammonia metabolism, and increasing fermentative metabolites [45], regulating antioxidant activity through superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, along with phenolic compounds [46], utilizes the xanthophyll cycle and increases lutein concentration to recover photosynthetic performance [47], and by high nitrogen consumption [22]. These combined strategies allow U. lactuca to maintain and recover its photosynthetic performance in response to shifting environmental conditions. ...
During the production of nitrile rubber, significant amounts of nitrogen in the form of ammonium are generated in the wastewater. The discharge of this high-nitrogen wastewater can lead to serious environmental issues, including eutrophication, disruption of aquatic ecosystems, and groundwater contamination. To mitigate these impacts, this research explored the bioremediation capabilities of the macroalgae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) for removing nitrogen from nitrile rubber production wastewater. The study employed single phase and Michaelis-Menten decay models based on ammonium consumption , using various dilutions of wastewater to identify the optimal concentration for treatment. The physiological state of the macroalgae was monitored by measuring the photosynthetic capacity and specific growth rate during the experiments. In the presence of U. lactuca, ammonium concentrations decreased in all treatment groups, confirming that the ammonium ki-netics conformed to both applied models. Our results show that U. lactuca effectively reduces ammonium concentrations, with an approximate removal rate of 0.020 µM·g −1 ·min −1 across different wastewater concentrations (70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%). Notably, the treatments with 70%, 80%, and 90% wastewater strength achieved about 67% reduction in ammonium, demonstrating the alga's capacity to treat high-nitrogen wastewater. The photosyn-thetic performance of U. lactuca initially declined in control conditions but stabilized across all treatments, highlighting its adaptability. The kinetic analysis How to cite this paper: Lelis, D., Enrich-Prast, A., Chaves, C.R., Anacleto, T.M., Pereira, R.R.C. and de Oliveira, V.P. (2024) Bioremediation Potential of the Macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) for Ammonium Removal in Elastomer Industry Wastewa-ter. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology , 15, 325-343. 326 Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology using the Michaelis-Menten model indicated a Vmax of 1342 μM·g −1 ·DMh −1 , suggesting a robust capacity for ammonium uptake when fully saturated. Our study underscores the potential of Ulva lactuca as a cost-effective and efficient agent for wastewater bioremediation, particularly in settings with high nitrogen loads.
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... At high tide, while algae were submerged in seawater, there was a decrease in both the total content of FAAs and most of the individual amino acids. Probably, the transition of algae from the aquatic environment to the air and back leads to a change in the direction of metabolic processes: in the seawater, the synthesis and accumulation of carbohydrates occurs (glucose, sucrose), in the air -the synthesis and accumulation of compounds with an amino group (amino acids, proteins) [10]. The signal to start these processes is a change in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in algae cells [7,8,10]. ...
Influence of main environmental factors (temperature, intensity of photosynthetically active radiation and tidal cycle) on the contents of free amino acids (FAAs) in Fucus vesiculosus in the Barents Sea during the day was investigated. An undular change in the content of FAAs occurs during the day, associated with the phases of the tidal cycle. Temperature and photosynthetically active radiation influenced the content of FAAs, but their relation probably is a nonlinear. The content of most of FAAs and their total amount reached the highest values at a minimum water level. The lowest values were determined when algae were in seawater. The difference in the content of individual FAAs and their common amounts averaged 1.5-3 times during the day. The reason for the changes in the content of FAAs is probably related to the metabolic processes and their switching during the transition of algae from an aquatic environment to an air and vice versa.
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The metabolic profiles of different tissues and industrially relevant co-products of alginate extraction from Laminaria hyperborea samples harvested in different seasons were assessed using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (HILIC-MS). Positive and negative mode MS data, predicted exact mass data and matching with database and literature searches, allowed the putative identification of 57 major metabolites. The metabolites ranged from known and abundant components (e.g., iodide, mannitol, and various betaines) to components not previously noted in this species and 11 major components which could not be identified. The levels of these components varied between tissues and co-products with some metabolites seemingly specific to certain samples. The components also varied between winter and summer harvested material, perhaps reflecting seasonality in their biosynthesis and accumulation in the tissues and co-products. The approach applied in this work could assess when components of potential specific commercial interest were maximally accumulated and help plan the most efficient exploitation of the harvested biomass. It could also be used to define variation in components in L. hyperborea from different locations or potential biotopes of this species. This initial work extends our ability to understand the phenotype of seaweeds whilst also identifying new components and new commercial opportunities.
... However, the specimens' biomass growth increased, so there was a need to go to the next volumetric system, which was the aquarium with an open area, wherein the specimens presented a lower specific growth rate, which may have been due to a reaction with the different abiotic situation and interactions in a non-septic environment. One possibility was the aeration pattern, which can be similar; however, the aquaria and tank (using the same model in a different scale) may be the key to explain the differences due to aeration being important because of the abiotic pressure in the seaweed cell walls [38][39][40]. In addition, the aquaria and tank are an open-air system; therefore, bacteria/fungi present in the air may also be responsible for part of the change [41][42][43]; thus, further studies are still required. ...
... Moreover, the lack of natural bacteria present in Ulva sp. can be a factor for biochemical changes since the seawater and light in the aquaria were the same between them at all times. Thus, there is the possibility of genetic and metabolic variability between specimens [38][39][40]. ...
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... However, the specimens' biomass growth increased, so there was a need to go to the next volumetric system, which was the aquarium with an open area, wherein the specimens presented a lower specific growth rate, which may have been due to a reaction with the different abiotic situation and interactions in a non-septic environment. One possibility was the aeration pattern, which can be similar; however, the aquaria and tank (using the same model in a different scale) may be the key to explain the differences due to aeration being important because of the abiotic pressure in the seaweed cell walls [38][39][40]. In addition, the aquaria and tank are an open-air system; therefore, bacteria/fungi present in the air may also be responsible for part of the change [41][42][43]; thus, further studies are still required. ...
... Moreover, the lack of natural bacteria present in Ulva sp. can be a factor for biochemical changes since the seawater and light in the aquaria were the same between them at all times. Thus, there is the possibility of genetic and metabolic variability between specimens [38][39][40]. ...
Citation: García-Poza, S.; Morais, T.; Leandro, A.; Cotas, J.; Marques, J.C.; Pereira, L.; Gonçalves, A.M.M. A Comparative Study of the Fatty Acids and Monosaccharides of Wild and Cultivated Ulva sp. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 233. https://doi.
... (Chlorella vulgaris). Previously HypTau has been detected, but not quantified, only in Ulva lactuca (Gupta and Kushwaha, 2017), while Tevatia et al., (2015) found 0.02 mg/100 g d.w. of HypTau in Tetraselmis sp., which is consistent with our result for this specie. So, quantitative information about the content of HypTau is provided for the first time for most of the seaweed and microalgae species included in our study. ...
Amino acids and sulfonic acid derivatives (Taurine-Tau; Hypotaurine-HypTau; Homotaurine-HTau) of 26 different species of commercial macroalgae, microalgae and 10 algae-enriched food products from the market were quantified in a single chromatographic run. Tau and analogues were predominantly distributed in red species followed by green and brown species. Palmaria palmata, Gracilaria longissima and Porphyra sp. were the species with the highest content of Tau and total sulfonic acid derivatives (TAD). Notwithstanding, relatively high concentrations of HTau were found in green algae Ulva lactuca and G. vermicullophyla as well as in the brown algae Undaria pinnatifida. HTau and HypTau were found at lower concentrations than Tau in all species, except in Ulva lactuca. The samples with the highest protein content were the green species Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis, and Afanizomenon-flos aquae, followed by the red algae Gracilaria longissima and Gracilaria vermicullophyla.
Samples of pasta formulated with algae ingredients contained the highest levels of sulfonic acid derivatives, evidencing that these products can provide levels of TAD comparable to those found in foods of animal origin.
This study provides, for the first time, quantitative information regarding the distribution of sulfonic acid derivatives and total amino acids in multiple algae species as well as the nutritional impact of the inclusion of algae ingredients in commercial food matrices.
... Choline was identified from the molecular peak m/z 104.1064 for [M] + (calculated m/z as 104.1069 ± 4.8 ppm for C 5 H 14 NO) in the profiles of axenic U. mutabilis ( Figure 2a). This small polar metabolite was linked to the metabolic homeostasis of Ulva lactuca during tidal cycles [30]. Choline is the precursor of the membrane constituent phosphatidylcholine [31]. ...
Symbiosis is a dominant form of life that has been observed numerous times in marine ecosystems. For example, macroalgae coexist with bacteria that produce factors that promote algal growth and morphogenesis. The green macroalga Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) develops into a callus-like phenotype in the absence of its essential bacterial symbionts Roseovarius sp. MS2 and Maribacter sp. MS6. Spatially resolved studies are required to understand symbiont interactions at the microscale level. Therefore, we used mass spectrometry profiling and imaging techniques with high spatial resolution and sensitivity to gain a new perspective on the mutualistic interactions between bacteria and macroalgae. Using atmospheric pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry (AP-SMALDI-HRMS), low-molecular-weight polar compounds were identified by comparative metabolomics in the chemosphere of Ulva. Choline (2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium) was only determined in the alga grown under axenic conditions, whereas ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecar-boxylic acid) was found in bacterial presence. Ectoine was used as a metabolic marker for localisation studies of Roseovarius sp. within the tripartite community because it was produced exclusively by these bacteria. By combining confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM) and AP-SMALDI-HRMS, we proved that Roseovarius sp. MS2 settled mainly in the rhizoidal zone (holdfast) of U. mutabilis. Our findings provide the fundament to decipher bacterial symbioses with multicellular hosts in aquatic ecosystems Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1313-1322. 1314 in an ecologically relevant context. As a versatile tool for microbiome research, the combined AP-SMALDI and cLSM imaging analysis with a resolution to level of a single bacterial cell can be easily applied to other microbial consortia and their hosts. The novelty of this contribution is the use of an in situ setup designed to avoid all types of external contamination and interferences while resolving spatial distributions of metabolites and identifying specific symbiotic bacteria.
... Moreover, U. lactuca cultivated with sulfathiazole, an aromatic organosulfur drug, showed the absorption into algal tissue and partial degradation of the compound at 5 days of culture (Leston et al. 2014). The complexity of carbon metabolism in U. lactuca has been described as a strategy to survive episodes of desiccation and resubmersion in the intertidal zones to obtain energy from different carbon sources (Gupta and Kushwaha 2017). In addition, U. lactuca is a cosmopolitan species that has been found in the intertidal zones of central Chile, that are polluted with crude oil such as Ventanas and Quintero-Puchuncaví (Muñoz et al. 2020). ...
Main conclusion
Benzopyrene is rapidly incorporated and metabolized, and induces oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant enzymes, and CYP450 and GST metabolizing enzymes in Ulva lactuca.
Abstract
To analyze absorption and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in Ulva lactuca, the alga was cultivated with 5 µM of BaP for 72 h. In the culture medium, BaP level rapidly decreased reaching a minimal level at 12 h and, in the alga, BaP level increased until 6 h, remained stable until 24 h, and decreased until 72 h indicating that BaP is being metabolized in U. lactuca. In addition, BaP induced an initial increase in hydrogen peroxide decreasing until 24 h, superoxide anions level that remained high until 72 h, and lipoperoxides that initially increased and decreased until 72 h, showing that BaP induced oxidative stress. Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (AP), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GP) were increased, whereas dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity was unchanged. The level of transcripts encoding these antioxidant enzymes was increased, but transcripts encoding DHAR remained unchanged. Interestingly, the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was also increased, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and GST activities enhanced the level of BaP in algal tissue, suggesting that these enzymes participate in BaP metabolism.
... Gallic acid and its related compounds showed significant chromosomal influence characteristics [38,39]. In this study, the relative levels of GABA and gallic acid increased at 36 h in the treatment group, which was consistent with the results of Singh et al. (2016), indicating that these two organic acids play a conserved role in U. prolifera and higher plants [28,[38][39][40][41] ...
Ulva prolifera, a type of marine macroalgae, is the causative species behind green tides mainly in the Yellow Sea and adjacent regions. Nevertheless, it can be used as food or animal feed in South China. The vegetative fragments of U. prolifera are an important seed source for successive green tide blooms. Fragmentation shortens the transition time from the vegetative state to the reproductive state. However, the translation of the algal metabolites during gametogenesis is far from well understood. In this study, the dynamic metabolic profiles of U. prolifera thallus during fragmentation-induced proliferation were investigated using non-targeted metabolomics approach via a series of time course experiments in June 2017. After a 30 min low temperature shock, fragmentation induced a reproductive response of 91.57% of U. prolifera in 48 h, whereas the value was only 21.43% in the control group. A total of 156 chromatographic peaks were detected, and 63 metabolites were significantly changed in U. prolifera during reproduction. Aanlysis of the kinetic metabolic pattern showed that the fragments not only induced the formation of sporangia, but also led to complex metabolite accumulation. During fragmentation-induced proliferation, U. prolifera consumed different sugars at different time points. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid, gallic acid, and malic acid may play important roles in germ cell formation and in the release of U. prolifera, whereas n-hexanol, 2-methyl-3-phenylindole, and 3-indoleacetonitrile may be beneficial for biotic stress resistance. Compared with the control group, in the treatment group, metabolites such as alcohols and organic acids also showed significant difference with the photoperiod at the initial stage of proliferation (before 60 h). In conclusion, changes in the levels of metabolites, including sugars, organic acids, and alcohol with photoperiod may be the strategy adopted by U. prolifera to cope with fragmentation in nature.
... For instance, Mehdinia et al.[30] quantified Tau and Htau in several marine macro algae and outlined levels between 0.009 mg/g and 2.5 mg/g for Tau and from 0.0003 mg/g to 0.7 mg/g for Htau. In other previous studies, Hyptau was detected in the green alga Ulva lactuca, but authors did not report quantitative data[23,34,35]. ...
A fast and reliable method for the simultaneous quantification of Taurine, Homotaurine, Hypotaurine and 19 amino acids in algae samples by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–DAD-MS/MS) was optimized and validated.
Target compounds were chromatographically resolved in less than 15 minutes. (ESI)-MS/MS electrospray ionization and pure analytical standards were used to confirm the identity of all analytes, while quantitation was carried out with diode array detection. Validation parameters of the method were satisfactory: Resolution of peak pairs was always higher than 1.55; all analytical curves showed R2 > 0.99, with working ranges between 0.04 mg/g to 33.1 mg/g and 9.13 mg/g to 107 mg/g and the Lack-of-fit test was not significant. The intra and inter-day precision of the method (expressed as relative standard deviation) were lower than 6 % and recovery values ranged between 95% and 105%. The method was demonstrated to be robust to small deliberate variations of seven variables such sample weight, volume of hydrolysis reagent, hydrolysis time and temperature, derivatization time, column temperature and flow rate.
The mean expanded uncertainty for all the target compounds were 0.7 mg/g with a coverage factor of 2.
Method Limits of detection and quantification varied from 0.005 * 10-3 mg/g to 0.11 * 10-3 mg/g and 0.01* 10-3 mg/g to 0.22 * 10-3 mg/g respectively, allowing the routine determination of these bioactive compounds in algae extracts. Therefore, the method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of the 22 target compounds in five seaweed commercial samples.
Relevant compounds were quantified for the first time in the five algae species, namely: i) Taurine in Gracilaria longissima and Chlorella spp., ii) Gamma-aminobutyric acid in G. longissima and L. japonica, iii) Hydroxyproline in G. longissima, Ulva lactuca, Porphyra spp., and L. japonica and iv) Homotaurine and Hypotaurine in the five species studied
