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Descriptive variables for obesity classification by body fat percentage in both the young (upper section) and old (lower section) age classifications.
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Obesity has previously been associated with greater muscle strength. Aging, on the other hand, reduces muscle specific force (the force per unit physiological cross-sectional area [PCSA] of muscle). However, neither the effect of obesity on skeletal muscle specific force nor the combined effects of aging and obesity on this parameter are known. Thi...
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Background:
The aim of this study was to quantify changes in body composition during ovarian cancer treatment and relate these changes to rates of complete gross resection (CGR).
Methods:
One hundred two patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery were a part o...
Citations
... Furthermore, fat accumulation in muscle is associated with the loss of relative muscle strength [11,12]. This loss of relative strength is especially true in older women compared to younger women so does not appear to be purely an effect of obesity [13,14]. Other factors contributing to a loss of strength can include metabolic changes such as mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance [15], such factors may also contribute to fat accumulation. ...
Background
Ageing is associated with changes in body composition including an overall reduction in muscle mass and a proportionate increase in fat mass. Sarcopenia is characterised by losses in both muscle mass and strength. Body composition and muscle strength are at least in part genetically determined, consequently polymorphisms in pathways important in muscle biology (e.g., the activin/myostatin signalling pathway) are hypothesised to contribute to the development of sarcopenia.
Methods
We compared regional body composition measured by DXA with genotypes for two polymorphisms (rs10783486, minor allele frequency (MAF) = 0.26 and rs2854464, MAF = 0.26) in the activin 1B receptor ( ACVR1B ) determined by PCR in a cross-sectional analysis of DNA from 110 older individuals with sarcopenia from the LACE trial.
Results
Neither muscle mass nor strength showed any significant associations with either genotype in this cohort. Initial analysis of rs10783486 showed that males with the AA/AG genotype were taller than GG males (174±7cm vs 170±5cm, p = 0.023) and had higher arm fat mass, (median higher by 15%, p = 0.008), and leg fat mass (median higher by 14%, p = 0.042). After correcting for height, arm fat mass remained significantly higher (median higher by 4% p adj = 0.024). No associations (adjusted or unadjusted) were seen in females. Similar analysis of the rs2854464 allele showed a similar pattern with the presence of the minor allele (GG/AG) being associated with greater height (GG/AG = 174±7 cm vs AA = 170 ±5cm, p = 0.017) and greater arm fat mass (median higher by 16%, p = 0.023). Again, the difference in arm fat remained after correction for height. No similar associations were seen in females analysed alone.
Conclusion
These data suggest that polymorphic variation in the ACVR1B locus could be associated with body composition in older males. The activin/myostatin pathway might offer a novel potential target to prevent fat accumulation in older individuals.
... Prior studies suggest that, in addition to cardiac dysfunction, non-cardiac peripheral factors including skeletal muscle (SkM) phenotypic switching, contribute to the reduced physical activity present in HFpEF patients (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Similarly, SkM myopathy and dysfunction are also observed in comorbidities that are commonly seen in HFpEF patients such as hypertension (17), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (18,19), obesity (20,21), chronic kidney disease (22), diabetes mellitus (23, 24), etc. As such, these extracardiac comorbidities may also contribute to the SkM phenotype seen in these patients and to the overall poor outcome (25). ...
Background
Skeletal muscle (SkM) phenotypic switching is associated with exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients with HFpEF have decreased type-1 oxidative fibers and mitochondrial dysfunction, indicative of impaired oxidative capacity. The SAUNA ( SA lty drinking water/ U nilateral N ephrectomy/ A ldosterone) mice are commonly used in HFpEF pre-clinical studies and demonstrate cardiac, lung, kidney, and white adipose tissue impairments. However, the SkM (specifically the oxidative-predominant, soleus muscle) has not been described in this preclinical HFpEF model. We sought to characterize the soleus skeletal muscle in the HFpEF SAUNA mice and investigate its translational potential.
Methods
HFpEF was induced in mice by uninephrectomy, d -aldosterone or saline (Sham) infusion by osmotic pump implantation, and 1% NaCl drinking water was given for 4 weeks. Mice were euthanized, and the oxidative-predominant soleus muscle was collected. We examined fiber composition, fiber cross-sectional area, capillary density, and fibrosis. Molecular analyses were also performed. To investigate the clinical relevance of this model, the oxidative-predominant, vastus lateralis muscle from patients with HFpEF was biopsied and examined for molecular changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, vasculature, fibrosis, and inflammation.
Results
Histological analyses demonstrated a reduction in the abundance of oxidative fibers, type-2A fiber atrophy, decreased capillary density, and increased fibrotic area in the soleus muscle of HFpEF mice compared to Sham. Expression of targets of interest such as a reduction in mitochondrial oxidative-phosphorylation genes, increased VEGF-α and an elevated inflammatory response was also seen. The histological and molecular changes in HFpEF mice are consistent and comparable with changes seen in the oxidative-predominant SkM of patients with HFpEF.
Conclusion
The HFpEF SAUNA model recapitulates the SkM phenotypic switching seen in HFpEF patients. This model is suitable and relevant to study SkM phenotypic switching in HFpEF.
... Obesity is linked to impaired muscle function and reduced strength in humans (45,46). Muscle force can also be impaired in rodents fed with obesogenic diets (47)(48)(49)(50). ...
Background/aim:
Obesity currently affects the whole world, with greater incidence in high-income countries, with vast economic and social costs. Broccoli harvest generates many by-products equally rich in bioactive compounds with potential anti-obesity effects. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of broccoli by-products flour (BF) in obese mice.
Materials and methods:
A commercial high-fat diet formulation (representing a Western diet) was used to induce obesity in mice. BF (0.67% or 1.34% weight/weight) was incorporated as a chemoprevention compound into a control and a hypercholesterolemic diet, at two different concentrations, and fed for 14 weeks to C57BL/6J mice. For a therapeutic approach, two groups were fed with the hypercholesterolemic diet for 10 weeks, and then fed with BF-supplemented diets in the last 4 weeks of the study.
Results:
BF supplementation helped to maintain a lower body weight, reduced adipose tissue accumulation, and enhanced the basal activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase. Although BF supplementation tended to reduce the relative liver weight increased by the Western diet, the differences were not significant.
Conclusion:
BF appears to have a beneficial effect in preventing weight gain and fat accumulation induced by hypercholesterolemic diets.
... All research was of a transversal nature. Body mass index, as one of the parameters of body composition, appears in all reviewed studies (Zaccagni, Barbieri, & Gualdi-Russo, 2014;Witt & Bush, 2005;Bindiya, Gowda, Ashwini, & Roshima, 2017;Tomlinson et al., 2014;Irēna et al., 2012;Pinheiro et al., 2018;Preto et al., 2016;Leblanc et al., 2015;Jürimäe, Sööt, & Jürimäe, 2005;Ingrová, Králík, & Bártová, 2017;Bansode, Borse, & Yadav 2014;Hulens et al., 2001;Farideh, Leila, Maryamaisadata, & Cobra, 2016;Mohammadi & Saberi, 2016;Esco, Olson, & Williford, 2010;Saghand & Gholami, 2013;Schlüssel, dos Anjos, de Vasconcellos, & Kac, 2008;Chandrasekaran et al., 2010;Koley & Singh, 2009;Koley, Kaur, & Sandhu, 2009) based on which a conclusion was made about the relationship between body composition and muscle strength in women. In addition to body mass index, body fat percentage, muscle mass, and lean body mass were used, both in absolute and relative values (Zaccagni et al., 2014;Witt & Bush, 2005;Bindiya et al., 2017;Irēna et al. ., 2012;Pinheiro et al., 2018;Preto et al., 2016;Jürimäe et al., 2005;Ingrová et al., 2017;Hulens et al., 2001;Farideh et al., 2016;Mohammadi & Saberi, 2016;Saghand & Gholami, 2013;), to make the results more relevant in assessing the relationship between body composition and muscle strength Table 1. ...
... They found that there was a relationship between body composition and explosive power of the upper extremities (r = 0.206). When it comes to the strength of the lower extremities and the relationship with BMI in the research of Tomlinson et al. (2014) obtain results on the basis of which it can be said that there is a correlation between body composition and leg muscle strength. In the works of a number of authors, the results of research appear in which there is a statistically significant relationship between BMI and strength, but there is a weak association (Leblanc et al. 2015;Ingrová, Králík & Bártová, 2017;MohammadI & Saberi, 2016;Saghand & Gholami, 2013;Chandrasekaranet al. 2010;Koley & Singh, 2009). ...
The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a connection between body composition and strength in physically active women and whether the parameters of body composition are reliable enough when it comes to muscle strength? The following scientific databases were used to search the literature: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google
Scholar in the period from 2001 to 2018. Studies have been included if they have shown values of strength and body composition parameters and studies showing an association between body composition and strength in physically active women. The total number of studies included in the systematization is 20, and they also refer to the connection between body composition and muscle strength in physically active women. The results indicate that BMI (body mass index) is not a good enough indicator of the state of muscle strength and in most studies BMI is not statistically significantly associated with strength in physically active women. The results of other parameters of body composition: F% (percentage of body fat), MM (muscle mass in kg) and LBM (lean body mass) show a higher statistically significant correlation with strength, especially variables MM and LBM that are directly correlated with muscle strength. Only works that included and measured a number of body composition parameters showed a certain statistical correlation with strength in physically active women and based on a number of body composition
variables can be said and can be sufficiently reliable and relevant when it comes to muscle strength.
... It is also known that there are muscle-specific architectural changes with aging. For example, the gastrocnemius penetration angle is lower during maximal muscle contraction in older adults (Tomlinson, Erskine, Winwood, Morse, & Onambélé, 2014). Thus, it can be postulated that adiposity, aging-induced changes in muscle architecture, and muscle activation can interact to adversely affect the generation of sufficient muscle power in older adults. ...
The authors examined sex-specific relationships between fat mass index (FMI), android/gynoid (A/G) fat ratio, relative skeletal muscle mass index, and Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire derived bone-loading scores (BLSs) in middle-aged and older adults (men, n = 27; women, n = 33; age = 55–75 years). The FMI, A/G fat ratio, and relative skeletal muscle mass index were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess: (a) BLS past (age 1 until 12 months before the study visit), (b) BLS current (last 12 months), and (c) BLS total (average of [a] and [b]) scores. Separate multiple linear regression analysis of (a) age, FMI, and relative skeletal muscle mass index and (b) age, height, and A/G fat ratio versus BLS revealed that FMI and A/G fat ratio were negatively associated with BLS past and BLS total ( p < .05) in women only. Adiposity and, specifically, central adiposity is negatively related to bone-loading physical activity in middle-aged and older women.
... DEXA (Hologic Discovery: Vertec Scientific Ltd, Reading, UK) was used to ascertain participants' body composition following an overnight 12-hour fast. A detailed description of the 7-minute standardized scanning procedure (whole body, EF 8.4 lSv) is reported previously [24]. Scan results were calculated using the Hologic APEX software (version 3.3) and presented in terms of whole body lean mass and fat mass, with the same researcher completing scanning and analysis. ...
... Scan results were calculated using the Hologic APEX software (version 3.3) and presented in terms of whole body lean mass and fat mass, with the same researcher completing scanning and analysis. Primarily DEXA was utilized to quantify total lean and fat mass (along with body fat percentage) for general descriptive characteristics in order to observe how well the sample was matched owing to the influence body composition has upon skeletal muscle characteristics [24]. Secondly, total fat and body fat percentage were utilized as a covariate in correlations due to its impact on estrogen levels [17]. ...
... It is as yet unclear what conditions prevail for the overall result of these two opposing forces (catabolic vs anabolic), to ultimately result in a healthy vs a sarcopenic status. Certainly previous work, including ours, consistently shows a decrease in muscle tissue content with increased age, both in males [62] and females [24,34], which would tend to support the idea that the sarcopenic pathway overrides any anabolic potential in the effects of T3. ...
Background
Previous work suggest a positive skeletal muscle effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on skeletal muscle characteristics This study aimed to quantify any continued positive effect of HRT even after a sustained hiatus in treatment, controlling for two key muscle modulation hormones: Estradiol (E2) and Tri-iodo-thyronine (T3).Method and findingsIn 61 untrained women (18-78yrs) stratified as pre-menopausal, post-menopausal without (No_HRT) and post-menopausal with (Used_HRT) HRT history, body composition, physical activity, serum E2 and T3 were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, Baecke questionnaire and ELISA. Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterior (TA) electromyographic profiles (mean power frequency (mPowerF)), isometric plantar-flexion (PF) and dorsi-flexion (DF) maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), rate of torque development (RTD), isokinetic MVC and muscle volume, were assessed using surface electromyography, dynamometry and ultrasonography. Muscle quality was quantified as MVC per unit muscle size. E2 and E2:T3 ratio were significantly lower in postmenopausal participants, and were positively correlated with RTD even after controlling for adiposity and/or age. Pre-menopausal females had greater MVC in 8/8 PF and 2/5 DF (23.7-98.1%; P
... Tendon properties and, in particular, stiffness play an important role in the transmission of torque during daily tasks such as fall avoidance [7], postural control [8], locomotion [9] and rising from a chair, all of which have been shown to be compromised in obese individuals [10][11][12]. Contributing musculoskeletal factors in obese individuals include lower relative maximum strength [13,14], decreased maximal muscle activation [13,15] and lower muscle quality [16,17], yet a gap remains within the literature on how tendon properties contribute to these task difficulties in obese individuals and, in addition, the positive association observed between tendon injury and adiposity [18]. Interestingly, musculoskeletal adaptations to obesity appear to be age dependent, with young obese individuals demonstrating a partially protective loading adaptation that is usually observed following resistance training [19], whilst in older adults, this effect appears to be all but negated [13], thus potentially magnifying the negative effects of obesity on the tendon as we age. ...
... During the MVC assessment, participants were seated in a supine position on an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM, Cybex International, New York, USA) following the same protocols previously described [13,16,35] and their ankle joint range of motion (ROM) was subsequently assessed during three maximal unloaded plantar-flexor (PF) and dorsi-flexor (DF) rotations, where the largest value was recorded. Briefly, participants' maximal PF and DF isometric contractions over 6 s were recorded while the ankle was positioned at 0°(neutral ankle angle), following a warm up. ...
... The strength assessment was concomitant with electromyography recording on the tibialis anterior to correct for antagonistic muscle co-contraction [13,16,35]. RTD was calculated at 0°using the highest recorded PF MVC, through utilising the slope of the torque-time curve during the first 200 ms from the onset of contraction (defined manually [36] and where no countermovement occurred). ...
Purpose
We investigated the combined impact of ageing and obesity on Achilles tendon (AT) properties in vivo in men, utilizing three classification methods of obesity.
Method
Forty healthy, untrained men were categorised by age (young (18–49 years); older (50–80 years)), body mass index (BMI; normal weight (≥18.5–<25); overweight (≥25–<30); obese (≥30)), body fat% (normal adipose (<28%); high adiposity (≥28%)) and fat mass index (FMI; normal (3–6); excess fat (>6–9); high fat (>9). Assessment of body composition used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, gastrocnemius medialis (GM)/AT properties used dynamometry and ultrasonography and endocrine profiling used multiplex luminometry.
Results
Older men had lower total range of motion (ROM; −11%; P = 0.020), GM AT force (−29%; P < 0.001), stiffness (−18%; P = 0.041), Young’s modulus (−22%; P = 0.011) and AT stress (−28%; P < 0.001). All three methods of classifying obesity revealed obesity to be associated with lower total ROM ( P = 0.014–0.039). AT cross sectional area (CSA) was larger with higher BMI ( P = 0.030). However, after controlling for age, higher BMI only tended to be associated with greater tendon stiffness ( P = 0.074). Interestingly, both AT CSA and stiffness were positively correlated with body mass ( r = 0.644 and r = 0.520) and BMI ( r = 0.541 and r = 0.493) in the young but not older adults. Finally, negative relationships were observed between AT CSA and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β.
Conclusions
This is the first study to provide evidence of positive adaptations in tendon stiffness and size in vivo resulting from increased mass and BMI in young but not older men, irrespective of obesity classification.
... There is a growing suggestion that obesity may exacerbate the muscle ageing response (Tomlinson et al. 2014c;Hill and Tallis 2019;Eshima et al. 2020). Ageing and obesity induced declines in muscle function share similar mechanistic responses, such as, impaired excitation contraction coupling, shifts in fibre type composition and a reduction in myogenesis Larsson et al. 2019). ...
... Unlike in a young population, obesity has been shown to have little effect on the absolute force producing capacity of elderly muscle (Maffiuletti et al. 2013). However, obesity can result in a decline in force to body mass ratio (Miyatake et al. 2000;Villareal et al. 2004;Paolillo et al. 2012;Tomlinson et al. 2014b) and force normalised to muscle size (muscle quality), irrespective of age (Villareal et al. 2004;Tomlinson et al. 2014c;Valenzuela et al. 2020). Diminished muscle quality reflects reduced contractile function per unit of muscle size, and in the case of obesity, results in larger, heavier muscles and in turn an increased force requirement for movement. . ...
The present study uniquely examined the influence of old age and adiposity on maximal concentric and eccentric torque and fatigue of the elbow and knee (KF, KE) flexors and extensors. Forty males were recruited and categorised into young (n = 21, 23.7 ± 3.4) and old (n = 19, 68.3 ± 6.1) and then further into normal (young = 16.9 ± 2.5%, old = 20.6 ± 3.1%) and high adiposity (young = 28.9 ± 5.0%, old = 31.3 ± 4.2%) groups. Handgrip strength, sit-to-stand performance, and isokinetic assessments of peak torque at 60°, 120° and 180°·s ⁻¹ were measured. Older men produced significantly less concentric and eccentric peak torque (P < 0.016) but this was not influenced by adiposity (P > 0.055). For KE and KF, high adiposity groups demonstrated reduced peak torque normalised to body mass (P < 0.021), and muscle and contractile mode specific reduction in torque normalised to segmental lean mass. Eccentric fatigue resistance was unaffected by both age and adiposity (P > 0.30) and perceived muscle soreness, measured up to 72 hours after, was only enhanced in the upper body of the young group following eccentric fatigue (P = 0.009). Despite the impact of adiposity on skeletal muscle function being comparable between ages, these results suggest high adiposity will have greater impact on functional performance of older adults.
Novelty: Irrespective of age, high adiposity may negatively impact force to body mass ratio and muscle quality in a muscle and contractile mode specific manner. Whilst the magnitude of adiposity effects is similar across ages, the impact for older adults will be more substantial given the age-related decline in muscle function.
... The displacement of the MTJ away from the echo absorptive marker was measured at maximal plantarflexion (See Fig. 2c). The total displacement was then divided by the change in the ankle angle through a full ROM (Tomlinson et al., 2014). ...
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in single energy mode has been shown to permit the visualisation of bone and soft tissue, such as the patellar tendon through two-dimensional sagittal imaging. However, there is no validated DXA-based measurement of the Achilles tendon moment arm (dAT). The aims of this study were: 1) to compare in vivo DXA derived measurements of the dAT at rest against two previously validated methods: tendon excursion (TE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three ankle angles (-5°, 0° and +10°). 2) analyse the intra-day reliability of the DXA method at all ankle angles and compare between methods. Twelve healthy adults (mean±SD: 31.4±9.5 years; 174.0±9.5 cm; 76.2±16.6 kg) participated in this study, involving test-retest DXA scans, ultrasound scans and one MRI scan. The dAT was defined as the distance from the centre of the calcaneal-tibial joint axis to the Achilles tendon (AT) muscle-tendon line of action. DXA derived dAT measures were significantly greater than MRI measurements (19.7-24.9%) and were 45.2% significantly larger than the TE method. The test-retest reliability of the DXA technique at 0° was high [CV=1.38%; ICC=0.96] and despite the consistently larger dAT lengths obtained using DXA, MRI and DEXA data were strongly correlated (r=0.878, p<0.001). In conclusion, the DXA technique allowed for highly reproducible in vivo dAT measurement at rest, which has implications for the calculation of AT forces in vivo and the ability to predict the measurement from one tool to the other, thereby providing a novel basis to contrast existing and future studies.
... Skeletal muscle comprises 30-40% of body mass and is the largest secretory organ in humans (Pedersen and Febbraio 2012). Numerous biochemical and histochemical differences have been identified within the skeletal muscle of individuals with obesity (OB) compared to lean (LN) including greater muscle mass and muscle fiber hypertrophy (Gavin et al. 2005;Tomlinson et al. 2014). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying greater muscle mass and muscle fiber hypertrophy in obesity remain elusive. ...
... Individuals with obesity have greater muscle mass (Gavin et al. 2005;Tomlinson et al. 2014) and IGF-1 is a critical regulator of protein synthesis and muscle mass (Bodine et al. 2001). However, we found skeletal muscle IGF-1 was lower in persons with obesity than lean controls at rest and following acute resistance exercise. ...
Purpose:
Obesity is associated with numerous changes in skeletal muscle including greater muscle mass and muscle fiber cross sectional area (FCSA), yet fasted muscle protein synthesis is lower. Activation of the IGF-1/Akt/mTOR pathway is critical for muscle mass maintenance, muscle hypertrophy, and muscle protein regulation. Resistance exercise (RE) increases muscle mass, FCSA, and IGF-1. Persons with obesity have greater skeletal muscle mass and larger skeletal muscle fiber cross sectional area. The IGF-1/Akt/mTOR pathway is critical for the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Our study found men and women with obesity have lower skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA and protein and higher expression of miR-206 an epigenetic regulator of IGF-1, at rest and following an acute bout of resistance exercise. Despite this, Akt mediated signaling was maintained and maintenance of phosphorylation does not appear to be accounted for by compensatory pathways. Our findings suggest a possible negative feedback mechanism via increased miR-206 and in turn decreased IGF-1 to limit further skeletal muscle hypertrophy in persons with obesity. The current work investigated if: (1) obesity dysregulates basal skeletal muscle IGF-1 pathways; and (2) obesity augments the muscle IGF-1 pathway responses to acute RE.
Methods:
Eight sedentary (no self-reported physical activity), lean (LN) and eight sedentary subjects with obesity (OB) had vastus lateralis biopsies taken at rest, and 15 min and 3 h post-acute RE for the measurement of the IGF-1 pathway and muscle FCSA.
Results:
Type II FCSA was larger in OB vs. LN. Skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA and IGF-1 protein were lower in OB vs. LN at rest and post-exercise. Acute RE increased IGF-1 protein similarly in both groups. The expression of miR-206, a post-transcriptional inhibitor of IGF-1 expression, was higher in OB vs. LN and linked with lower IGF-1 mRNA (r = - 0.54).
Conclusion:
In spite of greater muscle FCSA, muscle IGF-1 expression was lower in obesity suggesting negative feedback may be limiting muscle mass expansion in obesity.
