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This investigation adopted documentary analysis research design that guarantees authenticity, accuracy, validity and reliability to ascertain the life expectancy of countries and continents in the world; and to determine whether statistically significant continental inequities exist in the globe. Six continents and 216 countries were randomly sampl...
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... There are several reasons why the strategies used to date have contributed to small and slow improvements in health outcomes in Africa. These include inefficiency in health spending, investment in expensive health systems (Shekar & Otto, 2014); inefficiency of the health system, with 20-40% of health care resources wasted (WHO, 2010); inadequate health facilities and personnel, low rates of service delivery, and poor accessibility of services by patients due to financial constraints (Shekar & Otto, 2014); poverty, as good health has a cost (Kpolovie et al., 2016); declining investment in health care due to funding issues (Kpolovie & Obilor, 2013). To these could be added illiteracy, increase in noncommunicable diseases, poor lifestyle, lack of access to clean water and unsanitary living environment, etc. (Kpolovie et al., 2016). ...
... These include inefficiency in health spending, investment in expensive health systems (Shekar & Otto, 2014); inefficiency of the health system, with 20-40% of health care resources wasted (WHO, 2010); inadequate health facilities and personnel, low rates of service delivery, and poor accessibility of services by patients due to financial constraints (Shekar & Otto, 2014); poverty, as good health has a cost (Kpolovie et al., 2016); declining investment in health care due to funding issues (Kpolovie & Obilor, 2013). To these could be added illiteracy, increase in noncommunicable diseases, poor lifestyle, lack of access to clean water and unsanitary living environment, etc. (Kpolovie et al., 2016). ...
This study investigates whether ICT development modulates the effect of public health expenditure on health outcomes in a sample of forty-eight (48) African countries over the period 2000–2018. We approach health outcomes through under-five mortality, infant mortality, and life expectancy at birth. As measures of ICT indicators, we use mobile cellular subscriptions, the number of Internet users and an ICT development index constructed through principal component analysis (PCA) on the two previous ICT indicators. In addition, the relationship between public health expenditure, ICT development and health outcomes is examined in a dynamic framework using the system generalized method of moments (System-GMM). The results show that ICT development is important in the relationship between public health expenditure and health outcomes in Africa. Indeed, the net effect obtained when ICT is associated with public health expenditure is negative for mortality variables and positive for life expectancy at birth. These results suggest that the penetration of ICT in the African health system improves the population health. The policy implication is that African policymakers should promote the ICT diffusion in the health sector so that the goal of significantly improving health outcomes through committed investments in this sector is achieved in a sustainable manner in Africa.
... In Asia and Latin America, it is around 70 for males and 77 for women. In Africa, life expectancy is significantly low for both genders in comparison to other continents (Kpolovie et al., 2016). ...
... Average life expectancy in different continents (see online version for coloursKpolovie et al. (2016) ...
In this paper, the topic of human catabiosis has been explored from the vantage of thermodynamics. Research works on human catabiosis based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics are summarised. The origin of the human species, reproduction, growth, and ageing are reviewed from the perspective of thermodynamics, and finally, the future direction of the subject is discussed. The choice of dietary patterns and geographical locations influencing the ageing process are also discussed in this article.
... The tendency for the elderly population to contribute to the economic growth in Africa emerged recently in contrast to the global perspective, which started to decline in the last few years. A major factor for this deviation can be the improving life expectancy of Africans [45]. Occasional leftward and downward arrows, that depict the elderly population leading to adverse economic growth were validated by existing studies. ...
The aim of this study is to explore the causal relationship between the economy and the elderly population globally as well as continent-wise. This research was designed as a continent-wide study to investigate the differences between several regions simultaneously. The economy was measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita growth rate while the population aged above 65 as a percentage of the total was considered the elderly population. A panel dataset published by the World Bank for a period of six decades from 1961 to 2020 covering 84 countries was used as data for the analysis. Wavelet coherence was the methodology used for the study since it was considered suitable to present causality as well as the causal direction between the two variables for different sections during the six decades. Thereafter, Granger causality was applied for a cross-country analysis to gain further insights on the causality of individual countries over the years. Findings of the study reveal that the causality and its direction have been changing over time for most continents. Negative correlations with the leading variable interchanging with time are evident for the majority of the regions. Nevertheless, results indicate that in a global perspective, elderly population predominantly leads the economic growth with a positive correlation. Research approach allows ascertaining the short-term and medium-term changes that occurred concerning the direction of the relationship throughout the stipulated period of the study, which could not be drawn by any previous study. Even though region-wise literature is available on this topic, global studies for decades have not been conducted yet.
... It is therefore natural to seek out the reasons. Kpolovie et al. (2016) identify poverty as one of the main reasons against a successful health improvement strategy, as ensuring good health has a cost. Kpolovie and Obilor (2013) highlight the decline in investment in health care due to funding problems as well as an increase in infectious diseases. ...
This study aims to (i) examine the role of economic freedom in ICT diffusion in Africa and (ii) examine how economic freedom complements ICT development to influence health outcomes in thirty-five (35) African countries for the period 2000–2016. Health outcome is measured by the under-five mortality, an ICT development index is constructed, and the Index of Economic Freedom of the Heritage Foundation is used. First, the results show that economic freedom is necessary for ICT diffusion, but the mechanism generating the diffusion effect is not valid beyond 2 consecutive years. Second, the net effect on under-five mortality is negative from the complementarity between economic freedom and ICT development. Overall, the results suggest that economic freedom matters in the relationship between ICT development and health outcomes by playing a critical role in enhancing ICT diffusion.
... noted that the western Africa couple with the Eastern, Middle and Southern Africa would benefit up to an extra of 22 years of life expectancy by cutting back nutritional-related death and diseases. Diseases are spreading for the reason that people find it hard to satisfy their essential health needs, thus, death results(Kpolovie, Oshodi & Iwuchukwu, 2016). Most people tend to encounter ...
This study is a contribution to the debate on the significance of financial inclusion with much emphasis on its impacts on human life span. The sample used for the analyses consisted of 14 West African countries over the period 2010 and 2018. The study employed a dynamic 2-Step System GMM approach, and under different model specifications, control for public and private health expenditure, food production quality, population, access to electricity, and the number of people practicing open defecation. The estimated results, among others, showed considerable evidence of positive feedback of financial inclusion on human life span. As such, substantial improvement in the access to and use of financial services is key to a high life expectancy in the region.
... Even with the global improvement in life expectancy, international inequalities still exist. For Hosseinpoor et al. (2012) and Kpolovie et al. (2016), the epidemic of human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) in African countries in the 1990s was one of the main causes of health inequality across countries. Improvements in lifespan alsobringsome concerns about quality of life, especially of elderly people. ...
Aim: To analyze the changes and inequalities in life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HLE) of 183 World Health Organization (WHO) member states between 2000 and 2015, focusing on gender differences.
Subjects and methods: An exploratory study was carried out. The database containing information about male and female LE and HLE at birth and at the age of 60 years old, for the years 2000 and 2015, was gathered for each country from WHO’s global health observatory.
Results: Countries with low LE (respectively HLE) are obtaining greater gains in LE (respectively HLE), overcoming infant mortality, while countries with greater LE (respectively HLE) are improving the elderly’s survivorship. Gains in LE are expected to be followed by gains in HLE, but such gains are getting smaller over time. The female-male LE gap is strongly correlated with the female-male HLE gap. A regression towards the mean is observed regarding the gender gap.
Conclusions: Monitoring of LE and HLE indicators is important to assess the health situation in countries across time, detecting both successful and unsuccessful cases. In our analysis, we noticed that African countries are overcoming the bad results of the 1990s and that army conflicts are the main cause of losses in LE in the third millennium.
full-text view-only version: http://rdcu.be/yOjv
... The highest possible quality medical care, healthy environment, and constant practice of living a maximally healthy lifestyle must be created and sustained. While infant mortality demands to end (Lee, Park, Khosnood, Hsieh & Mittendorf, 1997), life expectancy at birth which is "the average number of years that a newly born baby is expected to live if the current mortality patterns continue all through his lifetime" must be extremely optimized (Kpolovie, Oshodi & Iwuchukwu, 2016). Excellent nutrition levels, free access to good healthcare services and a very high life expectancy at birth constitute a significant measure of the quality of life in HDI. ...
... The population of this investigation consists of the 253 countries in the seven continents in the world as tabulated. Kpolovie, Oshodi, and Iwuchukwu, (2016) ...
... It conclusively implies authentically that of all continents in the world, Africa has the greatest disregard for provision of means for a long healthy life, access to knowledge and quality education, and decent standard of living (Programmed Aging, 2009;Kirkwood, 2002;1977;Leigh, 2007;Mackenbach, 2002;Mile, 2016). Life expectancy in Africa is the worst in the world as empirically demonstrated by Kpolovie, Oshodi and Iwuchukwu (2016); and shown by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2010;2010a;OECD, 2016). The top 10 causes of death (WHO, 2016;Roser, 2015;Robine & Ritchie, 1991) are much more predominant in Africa than in any of the other continents. ...
Documentary analysis research design was used in this study to reliably, validly, authentically, and accurately ascertain the Human Development Index (HDI) of countries for comparison of continents in the world as objectively measured by the United Nations Development Programme via the World Wide Web. The investigation examined the three HDI indicators (long and healthy life, access to knowledge and quality education, and a decent standard of living) obtained from the different countries in the world and compared the HDI of the seven continents worldwide. A proportionally stratified sample of 182 was drawn from the 253 countries across continents in the globe for the study. Analysis of Variance and Bonferroni Post Hoc Test were adopted to test the null hypothesis of no significant continental difference in Human Development Index at 0.05 alpha. Results showed that Africa has HDI mean of 0.536 which is significantly lower than that for each of the other continents in the world (Asia 0.714, Europe 0.845, North America 0.733, South America 0.738, and Oceania 0.693), and the global average of 0.697. Europe has the highest HDI with significant overwhelming preponderance over the world average and greater than that of all other continents in the universe.
... Previous studies have shown that maximum IOP is obtained mostly between 9 am to 3 pm. [21,22] The statistically significant difference between the IOP in the POAG cases and that of the control group (P = 0.00) in this study agrees with the findings of Singh et al. [13] in India. ...
This paper presents an implantable in-vivo dosimetric probe using a small-volume GaN bulk as scintillator. The high light
yield of GaN under irradiation in radiotherapy conditions is observed. Heavily-doped n-type GaN is chosen because of enhanced
and dominant UV emission. The fabrication process of the probe is described. It is tested using 6 and 18MV photon beams. Measured
results show reproducibility errors of less than 2% for a delivered dose of 50cGy. The linearity of the measure and its independence
of the dose rate are also verified. The probe’s output light has both GaN and fiber contributions. The fiber contribution
may vary with the beam incidence angle (due to dominant Cerenkov effect), while the GaN does not have such dependence.
Keywordsin vivo dosimetry-GaN radioluminescence-fiber optic probe-radiotherapy
This study focused on the long-run relationship among Nigeria’s public healthcare expenditure, life expectancy and economic growth. It adopts the use of time series between years 1981 and 2021. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method was used for estimating the relationship among the variables. From the empirical output, the variables exhibit long run relationship. A negative relationship was established between economic growth and government healthcare expenditure; and a positive and direct relationship between economic growth and life expectancy. In addition, both healthcare expenditure and life expectancy are significant variables in the Nigerian context. Therefore, it is suggested that government should commit more funds to the health sector, and proper health orientation should be given to the populace to heighten their knowledge about health. Alongside these, adoption of policies that ensures total provision of investment in healthcare infrastructures should be maintained.
